Murray Gell-Mann: Do all languages have a common ancestor?

52,836 views ใƒป 2008-06-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yifat Adler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Dan Liebeschutz
00:13
Well, I'm involved in other things, besides physics.
0
13160
4000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
00:17
In fact, mostly now in other things.
1
17160
2000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืจื’ืข - ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:19
One thing is distant relationships among human languages.
2
19160
4000
ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
00:24
And the professional, historical linguists in the U.S.
3
24160
4000
ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข, ื”ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
00:28
and in Western Europe mostly try to stay away
4
28160
3000
ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง
00:31
from any long-distance relationships, big groupings,
5
31160
4000
ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื—; ืžื”ืงื‘ืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
00:35
groupings that go back a long time,
6
35160
3000
ื”ืงื‘ืฆื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš,
00:38
longer than the familiar families.
7
38160
3000
ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช.
00:41
They don't like that. They think it's crank. I don't think it's crank.
8
41160
4000
ื”ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”; ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ. ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ.
00:45
And there are some brilliant linguists, mostly Russians,
9
45160
3000
ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืจื•ืกื™ื,
00:48
who are working on that, at Santa Fe Institute and in Moscow,
10
48160
4000
ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืกื ื˜ื” ืคื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”,
00:52
and I would love to see where that leads.
11
52160
4000
ื•ืื ื™ ืืฉืžื— ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ.
00:56
Does it really lead to a single ancestor
12
56160
3000
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉืคืช ืื ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
00:59
some 20, 25,000 years ago?
13
59160
3000
ืœืคื ื™ 20, 25 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื?
01:02
And what if we go back beyond that single ancestor,
14
62160
3000
ื•ืžื” ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•,
01:05
when there was presumably a competition among many languages?
15
65160
4000
ืืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช?
01:09
How far back does that go? How far back does modern language go?
16
69160
3000
ืขื“ ืœืืŸ ื ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขื‘ืจ? ืขื“ ืœืืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช?
01:13
How many tens of thousands of years does it go back?
17
73160
3000
ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช?
01:16
Chris Anderson: Do you have a hunch or a hope for what the answer to that is?
18
76160
3000
ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืื• ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš?
01:19
Murray Gell-Mann: Well, I would guess that modern language must be older
19
79160
3000
ืžืืจื™ ื’ืœ-ืžืืŸ: ืื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:22
than the cave paintings and cave engravings and cave sculptures
20
82160
4000
ืžืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื•ืžืชื’ืœื™ืคื™ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืคืกืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช
01:26
and dance steps in the soft clay in the caves in Western Europe,
21
86160
5000
ื•ืžืฆืขื“ื™ ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืžืจ ื”ืจืš ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
01:31
in the Aurignacian Period some 35,000 years ago, or earlier.
22
91160
6000
ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืื•ืจื™ื ื™ืืงื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ 35,000 ืฉื ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:37
I can't believe they did all those things and didn't also have a modern language.
23
97160
3000
ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืœื ืฉืคื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
01:40
So, I would guess that the actual origin goes back at least that far and maybe further.
24
100160
5000
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:45
But that doesn't mean that all, or many, or most
25
105160
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช
01:48
of today's attested languages couldn't descend perhaps
26
108160
4000
ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจ, ืื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ, ืื• ืจื•ื‘ืŸ
01:52
from one that's much younger than that, like say 20,000 years,
27
112160
4000
ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžืฉืคื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืขื™ืจื”, ืื•ืœื™ ืžืœืคื ื™ 20 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื
01:56
or something of that kind. It's what we call a bottleneck.
28
116160
3000
ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”. ื–ื”ื• ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง.
02:00
CA: Well, Philip Anderson may have been right.
29
120160
1000
ื›ืจื™ืก: ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืคื™ืœื™ืค ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ ืฆื“ืง.
02:01
You may just know more about everything than anyone.
30
121160
3000
ืืชื” ืื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ.
02:04
So, it's been an honor. Thank you Murray Gell-Mann.
31
124160
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“. ืชื•ื“ื” ืžืืจื™ ื’ืœ-ืžืืŸ.
02:06
(Applause)
32
126160
4000
[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7