Do schools kill creativity? | Sir Ken Robinson | TED

Translator: Miriam Matejova Reviewer: Lucia Lukanova

Dobré ráno. Ako sa máte? Bolo to skvelé, že?

Good morning. How are you?

(Audience) Good.

It's been great, hasn't it?

Celé ma to dorazilo.

I've been blown away by the whole thing.

In fact, I'm leaving.

Vlastne, odchádzam. (Smiech)

(Laughter)

Mali sme tu tri témy,

There have been three themes running through the conference,

počas konferencie, ktoré sa týkajú

which are relevant to what I want to talk about.

One is the extraordinary evidence of human creativity

toho, o čom chcem hovoriť.

Jedna je neobyčajný dôkaz ľudskej tvorivosti

in all of the presentations that we've had

vo všetkých týchto prezentáciách

and in all of the people here;

just the variety of it and the range of it.

a vo všetkých ľuďoch, ktorí tu sú. Tá rôznorodosť

a jej rozsah. Po druhé,

The second is that it's put us in a place

where we have no idea what's going to happen

v tomto mieste nevieme, čo sa bude diať

in terms of the future.

z hľadiska budúcnosti. Nevieme,

No idea how this may play out.

ako sa to skončí.

I have an interest in education.

Zaujíma ma vzdelanie,

Actually, what I find is, everybody has an interest in education.

vlastne zisťujem, že všetkých zaujíma vzdelanie.

Don't you?

Vás nie? Zdá sa mi to veľmi zaujímavé.

I find this very interesting.

Ak ste na večierku a poviete, že

If you're at a dinner party, and you say you work in education --

pracujete v školstve,

actually, you're not often at dinner parties, frankly.

vlastne často nie ste na večierkoch, ak pracujete v školstve.

(Laughter)

If you work in education, you're not asked.

(Smiech) Nikto vás nepozýva.

(Laughter)

A nikto vás znova nepozve, čo je zvláštne.

And you're never asked back, curiously. That's strange to me.

But if you are, and you say to somebody,

Ale ak tam ste a niekomu poviete,

you know, they say, "What do you do?"

viete, že sa spýtajú: "Čo robíte?"

and you say you work in education,

a vy poviete, že pracujete v školstve,

you can see the blood run from their face.

a sledujete, ako im mizne krv z tváre. Pomyslia si:

They're like, "Oh my God. Why me?"

(Laughter)

"Ó Bože, prečo ja? Môj jediný voľný večer za celý týždeň." (Smiech)

"My one night out all week."

(Laughter)

But if you ask about their education, they pin you to the wall,

Ale ak sa spýtate na ich vzdelanie,

pritlačia vás k stene, pretože to je jedna z vecí,

because it's one of those things that goes deep with people, am I right?

ktoré im idú do kostí, že?

Like religion and money and other things.

Ako náboženstvo a peniaze a iné veci.

So I have a big interest in education, and I think we all do.

Vzdelanie ma veľmi zaujíma, a myslím, že nás všetkých.

Veľmi nás zaujíma,

We have a huge vested interest in it,

partly because it's education that's meant to take us into this future

čiastočne preto, že vzdelanie nás má

vziať do budúcnosti, ktorú nechápeme.

that we can't grasp.

If you think of it,

Ak sa nad tým zamyslíte, deti, ktoré tento rok začínajú školu

children starting school this year will be retiring in 2065.

pôjdu do dôchodku v 2065-tom. Nikto nevie --

Nobody has a clue,

despite all the expertise that's been on parade for the past four days,

napriek všetkým znalostiam predvedeným za posledné štyri dni --

ako bude svet vyzerať

what the world will look like in five years' time.

o päť rokov. A napriek tomu

And yet, we're meant to be educating them for it.

máme na to vzdelať. Tá nepredvídateľnosť

So the unpredictability, I think, is extraordinary.

je nevídaná.

And the third part of this is that we've all agreed, nonetheless,

A tretia časť je,

že sme všetci súhlasili, že

on the really extraordinary capacities that children have --

deti majú mimoriadne schopnosti

their capacities for innovation.

inovovať. Včera večer bola Sirena zázrak.

I mean, Sirena last night was a marvel, wasn't she?

Len skúšajúc, čo dokáže.

Just seeing what she could do.

And she's exceptional, but I think she's not, so to speak,

Je výnimočná, no nemyslím si, že je

výnimočná v porovnaní s ostatnými deťmi.

exceptional in the whole of childhood.

Máte tu človeka s výnimočným odhodlaním,

What you have there is a person of extraordinary dedication

who found a talent.

ktorý má talent. A ja tvrdím, že

And my contention is, all kids have tremendous talents,

všetky deti majú náramné talenty.

and we squander them, pretty ruthlessly.

A my nimi mrháme, dosť nemilosrdne.

Chcem hovoriť teda o vzdelávaní a

So I want to talk about education,

and I want to talk about creativity.

o tvorivosti. Tvrdím, že

My contention is that creativity now is as important in education as literacy,

tvorivosť je rovnako dôležitá ako gramotnosť

a mali by sme ju dať na rovnakú úroveň.

and we should treat it with the same status.

(Applause)

(Potlesk) Ďakujem.

Thank you.

(Applause)

That was it, by the way. Thank you very much.

Ďakujem veľmi pekne. (Smiech) Takže, zostalo nám 15 minút.

(Laughter)

So, 15 minutes left.

Takže, narodil som sa...nie. (Smiech)

(Laughter)

"Well, I was born ... "

(Laughter)

Nedávno som počul skvelý príbeh - rád ho poviem -

I heard a great story recently -- I love telling it --

o malom dievčatku, ktoré malo hodinu kreslenia. Mala šesť rokov

of a little girl who was in a drawing lesson.

She was six, and she was at the back, drawing,

a sedela vzadu a kreslila,

and the teacher said this girl hardly ever paid attention,

a učiteľka povedala, že toto malé dievča len zriedka

dávalo pozor, ale na tejto hodine dávalo.

and in this drawing lesson, she did.

The teacher was fascinated.

She went over to her, and she said, "What are you drawing?"

Užasnutá učiteľka k nej podišla

a povedala: "Čo kreslíš?"

And the girl said, "I'm drawing a picture of God."

A dievča na to: "Kreslím Boha."

And the teacher said, "But nobody knows what God looks like."

A učiteľka odvetila: "Ale nikto nevie, ako Boh vyzerá."

And the girl said, "They will in a minute."

A dievča povedalo: "O chvíľu uvidia."

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

Keď mal môj syn 4 roky v Anglicku --

When my son was four in England --

vlastne, on mal 4 roky všade. (Smiech)

actually, he was four everywhere, to be honest.

Všade kam išiel mal toho roku 4 roky.

(Laughter)

If we're being strict about it, wherever he went, he was four that year.

He was in the Nativity play. Do you remember the story?

Hral narodenie Ježíša.

Pamätáte si ten príbeh?

(Laughter)

No, it was big, it was a big story.

Bol čímsi. Mel Gibson spravil pokračovanie.

Mel Gibson did the sequel, you may have seen it.

(Laughter)

Možno ste ho videli: "Jasličky II." James však hral Jozefa,

"Nativity II."

But James got the part of Joseph, which we were thrilled about.

a my sme boli z toho vzrušení.

We considered this to be one of the lead parts.

Považovali sme to za jednu z hlavných rolí.

We had the place crammed full of agents in T-shirts:

Celú miestnosť sme zaplnili tričkami:

"James Robinson JE Jozef!" (Smiech)

"James Robinson IS Joseph!"

(Laughter)

He didn't have to speak, but you know the bit where the three kings come in?

On nemusel nič povedať, ale tú časť poznáte,

keď prídu traja králi. Nesú dary,

They come in bearing gifts, gold, frankincense and myrrh.

a donesú zlato, kadidlo a myrhu.

This really happened.

Toto sa naozaj stalo. Sedeli sme tam

We were sitting there, and I think they just went out of sequence,

a myslím, že oni nešli v poradí,

because we talked to the little boy afterward and said,

pretože sme sa potom s tým malým chlapcom rozprávali:

"You OK with that?" They said, "Yeah, why? Was that wrong?"

"Si spokojný?" A on povedal: "Áno, prečo, bolo to zlé?"

Len zamenili poradie.

They just switched.

The three boys came in, four-year-olds with tea towels on their heads.

Takže, traja chlapci vošli,

štvorroční s uterákmi na hlavách,

a položili na zem krabice,

They put these boxes down, and the first boy said, "I bring you gold."

a prvý chlapec povedal: "Prinášam ti zlato."

And the second boy said, "I bring you myrrh."

A druhý chlapec povedal: "Ja ti prinášam myrhu."

And the third boy said, "Frank sent this."

(Laughter)

A tretí chlapec povedal: "Frank poslal toto." (Smiech)

What these things have in common is that kids will take a chance.

Toto všetko znamená, že deti sa chopia šance.

If they don't know, they'll have a go.

A ak niečo nevedia, skúsia.

Je to tak? Neboja sa omylov.

Am I right? They're not frightened of being wrong.

Nechcem tým povedať, že mýliť sa je to isté ako byť tvorivý.

I don't mean to say that being wrong is the same thing as being creative.

What we do know is, if you're not prepared to be wrong,

Ale vieme, že

ak nie ste pripravení mýliť sa,

you'll never come up with anything original --

nikdy neprídete s niečím originálnym.

if you're not prepared to be wrong.

Ak nie ste pripravení mýliť sa. Kým dospejú,

And by the time they get to be adults, most kids have lost that capacity.

väčšina detí stratí túto schopnosť.

Začnú sa báť svojich omylov.

They have become frightened of being wrong.

And we run our companies like this.

A mimochodom, my takto riadime naše firmy.

We stigmatize mistakes.

Stigmatizujeme omyly. A riadime

And we're now running national education systems

národné školstvo, kde

where mistakes are the worst thing you can make.

omyly sú to najhoršie, čo môžete urobiť.

And the result is that we are educating people

A výsledok je, že vzdelávame ľudí

out of their creative capacities.

bez ich tvorivých schopností. Picasso raz povedal:

Picasso once said this, he said that all children are born artists.

všetky deti sa narodia umelcami.

The problem is to remain an artist as we grow up.

Problém je zostať umelcom ako vyrastáme. Tomuto zapálene verím:

I believe this passionately, that we don't grow into creativity,

nevyrastáme do tvorivosti,

we grow out of it.

odrastáme z nej. Vzdelanie nás od nej odďaľuje.

Or rather, we get educated out of it.

Prečo je to tak?

So why is this?

Žil som v Stratforde na Avone až na posledných päť rokov.

I lived in Stratford-on-Avon until about five years ago.

In fact, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles.

Presťahovali sme sa zo Stratfordu do Los Angeles.

Viete si predstaviť, aká to bola zmena.

So you can imagine what a seamless transition this was.

(Laughter)

(Smiech) Vlastne,

Actually, we lived in a place called Snitterfield,

žili sme v Snitterfielde,

just outside Stratford,

na okraji Stratfordu, kde

which is where Shakespeare's father was born.

sa narodil Shakespearov otec. Napadlo vás niečo? Mňa áno.

Are you struck by a new thought? I was.

You don't think of Shakespeare having a father, do you?

Zvyčajne nemyslíte na Shakespearovho otca, že?

Do you?

Pretože nemyslíte

Because you don't think of Shakespeare being a child, do you?

na Shakespeara ako na dieťa, že?

Shakespeare being seven?

Sedemročný Shakespeare? Nikdy ma to nenapadlo..

I never thought of it.

I mean, he was seven at some point.

Raz musel mať však sedem rokov.

He was in somebody's English class, wasn't he?

Niekto ho mal v triede na angličtine. Aké otravné to muselo byť?

(Laughter)

How annoying would that be?

(Smiech) "Snaž sa viac." Jeho otec ho posielal do postele

(Laughter)

"Must try harder."

(Laughter)

Being sent to bed by his dad, to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now!"

hovoriac, "Choď do postele, hneď,"

To William Shakespeare.

"a polož tú ceruzku.

"And put the pencil down!"

A prestaň tak rozprávať. Nikto tomu nerozumie."

(Laughter)

"And stop speaking like that."

(Laughter)

"It's confusing everybody."

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

Anyway, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles,

Presťahovali sme sa zo Stratfordu do Los Angeles,

poviem trochu o tom sťahovaní sa.

and I just want to say a word about the transition.

Môj syn nechcel ísť.

Actually, my son didn't want to come.

I've got two kids; he's 21 now, my daughter's 16.

Mám dve deti. On má teraz 21, moja dcéra má 16.

He didn't want to come to Los Angeles.

On nechcel ísť do Los Angeles. Páčilo sa mu to,

He loved it, but he had a girlfriend in England.

ale mal priateľku v Anglicku. Bola to jeho životná láska, Sarah.

This was the love of his life, Sarah.

Poznal ju mesiac.

He'd known her for a month.

Ale už mali za sebou štvrté výročie,

(Laughter)

Mind you, they'd had their fourth anniversary,

lebo to je dlhý čas, keď máte 16.

because it's a long time when you're 16.

He was really upset on the plane.

V lietadle bol veľmi rozrušený,

He said, "I'll never find another girl like Sarah."

a povedal: "Nikdy nenájdem také dievča ako Sarah."

And we were rather pleased about that, frankly --

A nám sa to páčilo,

lebo ona bola hlavný dôvod, prečo sme opúšťali krajinu.

(Laughter)

because she was the main reason we were leaving the country.

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

Ale niečo vás ohromí, keď sa presťahujete do Ameriky,

But something strikes you when you move to America

a keď cestujete po svete:

and travel around the world:

každý školský systém na svete má rovnakú hierarchiu predmetov.

every education system on earth has the same hierarchy of subjects.

Každý. Nezáleží na tom, kam idete.

Every one. Doesn't matter where you go.

Mysleli by ste si, že by to bolo naopak, ale nie je.

You'd think it would be otherwise, but it isn't.

Na vrchu je matematika a jazyky,

At the top are mathematics and languages, then the humanities.

potom sú ľudské vedy, a na spodku umenie.

At the bottom are the arts. Everywhere on earth.

Všade na svete.

And in pretty much every system, too, there's a hierarchy within the arts.

A v každom systéme

je hierarchia v umeniach.

Art and music are normally given a higher status in schools

Umenie a hudba zvyčajne majú vyššie postavenie v škole

than drama and dance.

než divadlo a tanec. Na svete nie je školský systém,

There isn't an education system on the planet

that teaches dance every day to children

kde sa deti každý deň učia tanec

the way we teach them mathematics.

rovnako ako sa učíme matematiku. Prečo?

Why?

Why not?

Prečo nie? Myslím, že je to dôležité.

I think this is rather important.

Myslím, že matematika je veľmi dôležitá ale aj tanec.

I think math is very important, but so is dance.

Children dance all the time if they're allowed to, we all do.

Deti tancujú stále, ak ich necháme. My všetci tancujeme.

We all have bodies, don't we? Did I miss a meeting?

Všetci máme telá, nie? Ušlo mi niečo?

(Laughter)

(Smiech) Stane sa, že

Truthfully, what happens is, as children grow up,

ako deti rastú, začneme ich učiť

we start to educate them progressively from the waist up.

progresívne od pása nahor. A potom sa sústredíme na ich hlavy.

And then we focus on their heads.

A trochu viac na jednu stranu.

And slightly to one side.

Ak by ste navštívili školstvo ako mimozemšťan,

If you were to visit education as an alien

and say "What's it for, public education?"

a spýtali sa: "Načo je štátne vzdelanie?"

I think you'd have to conclude, if you look at the output,

Museli by ste zhrnúť - ak sa pozriete na výsledok,

who really succeeds by this,

kto je v tomto naozaj úspešný,

who does everything they should,

kto robí všetko čo má,

who gets all the brownie points, who are the winners --

kto dostane všetky červené body, kto je víťaz --

I think you'd have to conclude the whole purpose of public education

Museli by ste zhrnúť, že celý cieľ školstva

throughout the world

na celom svete

is to produce university professors.

je vychovať univerzitných profesorov.

Isn't it?

They're the people who come out the top.

To sú ľudia, ktorí sú na vrchu.

And I used to be one, so there.

(Laughter)

A ja som jedným bol. (Smiech)

Mám rád univerzitných profesorov, ale viete,

And I like university professors,

but, you know, we shouldn't hold them up

nemali by sme sa na nich pozerať ako na najvyšší úspech ľudstva.

as the high-water mark of all human achievement.

They're just a form of life.

Oni sú len forma života,

Another form of life.

iná forma života. Sú zvláštni,

But they're rather curious.

a hovorím to z náklonnosti k nim.

And I say this out of affection for them:

there's something curious about professors.

Z mojej skúsenosti je na profesoroch niečo zvláštne.

In my experience -- not all of them, but typically -- they live in their heads.

Nie na všetkých, ale zvyčajne žijú vo svojich hlavách.

They live up there and slightly to one side.

Žijú tam hore a trochu na jednu stranu.

Akýmsi doslovným spôsobom sú bez tela.

They're disembodied, you know, in a kind of literal way.

They look upon their body as a form of transport for their heads.

Vnímajú svoje telo

ako dopravný prostriedok pre svoju hlavu.

(Laughter)

Don't they?

It's a way of getting their head to meetings.

(Smiech) Je to spôsob ako dostať ich hlavy na pracovné stretnutie.

(Laughter)

Ak chcete skutočný dôkaz mimotelového zážitku,

If you want real evidence of out-of-body experiences, by the way,

choďte na konferenciu

get yourself along to a residential conference of senior academics

starších akademikov,

and pop into the discotheque on the final night.

a v posledný večer usporiadajte diskotéku.

(Laughter)

(Smiech) A uvidíte dospelých mužov a ženy,

And there, you will see it.

Grown men and women writhing uncontrollably, off the beat.

ako sa nekontrolovateľne vrtia mimo rytmu,

(Laughter)

čakajúc, kým to skonči, aby mohli ísť domov a písať o tom.

Waiting until it ends, so they can go home and write a paper about it.

Naše školstvo je založené na akademických schopnostiach.

(Laughter)

Our education system is predicated on the idea of academic ability.

A to je dôvod.

And there's a reason.

Around the world, there were no public systems of education,

Celý systém bol založený - po celom svete,

keď neexistoval žiaden systém štátneho školstva pred 19-tym storočím.

really, before the 19th century.

Celý boli založený, aby

They all came into being to meet the needs of industrialism.

uspokojil potreby industrialiizácie.

Takže hierarchia má základ v dvoch myšlienkach.

So the hierarchy is rooted on two ideas.

Number one, that the most useful subjects for work are at the top.

Poprvé, najlepší pracovníci

sú na vrchu. Pravdepodobne ste boli nežne odklonení

So you were probably steered benignly away from things at school

ako školáci od vecí ktoré ste mali radi,

when you were a kid,

na základe toho, že by ste

things you liked,

on the grounds you would never get a job doing that.

v tom nikdy nedostali prácu. Je to tak?

Is that right?

Nevenuj sa hudbe, nebudeš muzikantom.

"Don't do music, you're not going to be a musician;

Nevenuj sa umeniu, nebudeš umelec.

don't do art, you won't be an artist."

Benign advice -- now, profoundly mistaken.

Nežná rada - dnes veľmi pomýlená. Celý svet je

The whole world is engulfed in a revolution.

pohltený revolúciou.

And the second is academic ability,

A druhá je akademická schopnosť, ktorá skutočne vládne

which has really come to dominate our view of intelligence,

nad naším pohľadom na inteligenciu,

pretože univerzity navrhli systém vo svoj obraz.

because the universities design the system in their image.

Ak sa nad tým zamyslíte, celý systém

If you think of it,

the whole system of public education around the world is a protracted process

štátneho školstva na svete je dlhý proces

univerzitného prijatia.

of university entrance.

A následok je, že veľa vysoko talentovaných,

And the consequence is that many highly talented,

brilliant, creative people think they're not,

skvelých, tvorivých ľudí si myslí, že takí nie sú.

because the thing they were good at at school

Pretože veci, v ktorých boli v škole dobrí

neboli ocenené, alebo boli stigmatizované.

wasn't valued, or was actually stigmatized.

And I think we can't afford to go on that way.

Myslím si, že si nemôžeme dovoliť ísť touto cestou.

In the next 30 years, according to UNESCO,

Podľa UNESCA v nasledujúcich 30 rokoch

more people worldwide will be graduating through education

vo svete skončí školu viac ľudí

than since the beginning of history.

ako od začiatku histórie.

More people.

Viac ľudí, a je to kombinácia

And it's the combination of all the things we've talked about:

všetkého, o čom sme hovorili --

technology and its transformational effect on work,

technológia a jej transformačný vplyv na prácu, demografia

and demography and the huge explosion in population.

a obrovský rast populácie.

Suddenly, degrees aren't worth anything.

Naraz diplomy nič neznamenajú. Nie je to pravda?

Isn't that true?

Keď som bol študentom, ak ste mali diplom, mali ste prácu.

When I was a student, if you had a degree, you had a job.

If you didn't have a job, it's because you didn't want one.

Ak ste nemali prácu, znamenalo to, že ste ju mať nechceli.

And I didn't want one, frankly.

Ja som mať nechcel, úprimne. (Smiech)

(Laughter)

Ale dnes, decká s diplomami

But now kids with degrees are often heading home

to carry on playing video games,

idú často domov hrať videohry.

Pretože potrebujete Magistra, kde ste predtým potrebovali Bakalára

because you need an MA where the previous job required a BA,

a teraz potrebujete doktorát.

and now you need a PhD for the other.

It's a process of academic inflation.

Je to proces akademickej inflácie.

And it indicates the whole structure of education is shifting beneath our feet.

A poukazuje na to, že celá konštrukcia vzdelania

sa nám hýbe pod nohami. Musíme radikálne premyslieť,

We need to radically rethink our view of intelligence.

ako sa pozeráme na inteligenciu.

Vieme tri veci o inteligencii.

We know three things about intelligence.

Po prvé, je rozmanitá. Premýšľame o svete všetkými spôsobmi, ktorými

One, it's diverse.

We think about the world in all the ways that we experience it.

ho zažívame. Myslíme vizuálne,

We think visually, we think in sound, we think kinesthetically.

myslíme zvukom, kyneticky.

We think in abstract terms, we think in movement.

Myslíme v abstraktných pojmoch, myslíme v pohybe.

Secondly, intelligence is dynamic.

Po druhé, inteligencia je dynamická.

If you look at the interactions of a human brain,

Ak sa pozriete na interakcie ľudského mozgu, ako sme počuli

as we heard yesterday from a number of presentations,

včera v mnohých prezentáciách,

intelligence is wonderfully interactive.

inteligencia je nádherne interaktívna.

The brain isn't divided into compartments.

Mozog je rozdelený do častí.

In fact, creativity --

Tvorivosť, ktorú pokladám za proces, ktorý

which I define as the process of having original ideas that have value --

prinesie originálne nápady, ktoré majú význam --

more often than not comes about

často dosiahneme vďaka vzájomnému pôsobeniu

through the interaction of different disciplinary ways of seeing things.

odlišných spôsobov náhľadu na veci.

Mozog je úmyselne -- mimochodom,

By the way, there's a shaft of nerves that joins the two halves of the brain,

je tam mostík nervov, ktoré spájajú dve polovice mozgu,

called the corpus callosum.

nazývaný svorové teleso (corpus callosum). Ženy ho majú hrubšie.

It's thicker in women.

Nadväzujúc na Helen zo včerajška, myslím, že

Following off from Helen yesterday,

to je dôvod prečo ženy môžu lepšie robiť veľa vecí naraz.

this is probably why women are better at multitasking.

Because you are, aren't you?

Pretože môžete, nie?

There's a raft of research, but I know it from my personal life.

Je na to výskum, ale ja to viem z osobného života.

If my wife is cooking a meal at home, which is not often ...

Ak moja žena doma varí,

čo sa vďakabohu nestáva často. (Smiech)

thankfully.

(Laughter)

Nie, ona je dobrá v mnohých veciach,

No, she's good at some things.

ale ak varí,

But if she's cooking, she's dealing with people on the phone,

rozpráva s niekým cez telefón,

she's talking to the kids, she's painting the ceiling --

hovorí niečo deťom, maľuje strop,

(Laughter)

operuje srdce.

she's doing open-heart surgery over here.

If I'm cooking, the door is shut, the kids are out,

Ak ja varím, dvere sú zavreté, deti sú vonku,

the phone's on the hook,

telefón je vyvesený, ak ona vstúpi, nahnevám sa.

if she comes in, I get annoyed.

I say, "Terry, please, I'm trying to fry an egg in here."

Poviem: "Terry, prosím ťa, snažím sa tu usmažiť vajíčko. Daj mi pokoj." (Smiech)

(Laughter)

"Give me a break."

(Laughter)

Actually, do you know that old philosophical thing,

Poznáte tú starú filozofiu.

"If a tree falls in a forest, and nobody hears it, did it happen?"

Ak spadne strom v lese a nikto to nepočuje,

stalo sa to? Pamätáte ten starý gaštan?

Remember that old chestnut?

I saw a great T-shirt recently, which said,

Minule som videl skvelé tričko, na ktorom stálo: "Ak muž povie, čo si myslí

"If a man speaks his mind in a forest, and no woman hears him,

v lese, a žiadna žena ho nepočuje,

is he still wrong?"

stále je na omyle?" (Smiech)

(Laughter)

And the third thing about intelligence is,

A tretia vec o inteligencii je,

it's distinct.

že je odlišná. Pracujem na novej knihe

I'm doing a new book at the moment called "Epiphany,"

nazvanej "Zjavenie," ktorá je založená na sérii

which is based on a series of interviews with people

rozhovorov s ľuďmi o tom, ako objavili

about how they discovered their talent.

svoj talent. Fascinuje ma, ako to ľuďia urobili.

I'm fascinated by how people got to be there.

Podnietil ma k tomu rozhovor

It's really prompted by a conversation I had with a wonderful woman

s úžasnou ženou, o ktorej možno veľa ľudí

who maybe most people have never heard of, Gillian Lynne.

nikdy nepočulo. Volá sa Gillian Lynne.

Počuli ste o nej? Niektorí áno. Je choreografka

Have you heard of her? Some have.

She's a choreographer, and everybody knows her work.

a každý pozná jej dielo.

Spravila "Mačky," a "Fantóm Opery."

She did "Cats" and "Phantom of the Opera."

Je skvelá. Kedysi som bol členom rady Kráľovského Baletu v Anglicku,

She's wonderful.

I used to be on the board of The Royal Ballet, as you can see.

ako môžete vidieť.

(Laughter)

V jeden deň som obedoval s Gillian a povedal som:

Gillian and I had lunch one day. I said, "How did you get to be a dancer?"

"Gillian, ako si sa stala tanečnicou?" A ona povedala, že

It was interesting.

to bolo zaujímavé. Keď bola v škole,

When she was at school, she was really hopeless.

bola beznádejná. A zo školy, v 30-tich rokoch,

And the school, in the '30s, wrote to her parents and said,

napísali jej rodičom: "Myslíme, že

"We think Gillian has a learning disorder."

Gillian má poruchu učenia." Nemohla sa sústrediť,

She couldn't concentrate; she was fidgeting.

vrtela sa. Dnes by povedali, že

I think now they'd say she had ADHD.

mala ADHD (porucha sústredenia v dôsledku hyperaktivity). To boli 1930-te roky

Wouldn't you?

But this was the 1930s, and ADHD hadn't been invented at this point.

a ADHD ešte nebola vynájdená.

It wasn't an available condition.

Nebola to dostupná porucha. (Smiech)

(Laughter)

Ľudia nevedeli, že ju môžu mať.

People weren't aware they could have that.

Išla navštíviť odborníka.

(Laughter)

Anyway, she went to see this specialist.

Bola tam so svojou matkou,

So, this oak-paneled room, and she was there with her mother,

ktorá ju posadila na stoličku,

a ona si sedela na rukách 20 minút, kým

and she was led and sat on this chair at the end,

sa ten muž rozprával s jej matkou o všetkých

and she sat on her hands for 20 minutes,

problémoch Gillian mala v škole. A na konci všetkého,

while this man talked to her mother

about all the problems Gillian was having at school,

pretože vyrušovala ľudí,

because she was disturbing people, her homework was always late, and so on.

vždy meškala s úlohami, atď.

Malé osemročné dieťa -- nakoniec si lekár prisadol

Little kid of eight.

In the end, the doctor went and sat next to Gillian and said,

k Gillian a povedal: "Gillian,

"I've listened to all these things your mother's told me.

počul som, čo tvoja matka

povedala a musím sa s ňou porozprávať osamote."

I need to speak to her privately.

Povedal: "Počkaj tu, hneď sa vrátime."

Wait here. We'll be back. We won't be very long,"

and they went and left her.

a odišli.

Ako vychádzali z miestnosti, zapol rádio

But as they went out of the room,

he turned on the radio that was sitting on his desk.

na stole. A keď

vyšli z miestnosti, povedal jej matke:

And when they got out of the room,

"Len sa na ňu pozrite." A v momente, keď vyšli z miestnosti,

he said to her mother, "Just stand and watch her."

And the minute they left the room,

bola na nohách a hýbala sa do hudby.

she was on her feet, moving to the music.

Niekoľko minút ju pozorovali

And they watched for a few minutes, and he turned to her mother and said,

až sa otočil k jej matke a povedal:

"Mrs. Lynne, Gillian isn't sick.

"Pani Lynne, Gillian nie je chorá. Ona je tanečnica.

She's a dancer.

Zoberte ju do tanečnej školy."

Take her to a dance school."

I said, "What happened?"

Povedal som: "Čo sa stalo?"

She said, "She did. I can't tell you how wonderful it was.

Ona odvetila: "Vzala ma. Nevieš si predstaviť, aké úžasné to bolo.

We walked in this room, and it was full of people like me --

Vstúpili sme do tej miestnosti plnej

people who couldn't sit still,

ľudí ako ja. Ľudí, ktorí nevedeli ticho obsedieť.

people who had to move to think."

Ľudí, ktorí sa museli hýbať, aby mohli rozmýšľať."

Who had to move to think.

Venovali sa baletu, stepu, džezu,

They did ballet, they did tap, jazz; they did modern; they did contemporary.

venovali sa moderným tancom.

Prijali ju do Kráľovskej Baletnej Školy.

She was eventually auditioned for the Royal Ballet School.

Stala sa sólistkou, mala skvelú kariéru

She became a soloist; she had a wonderful career at the Royal Ballet.

v Kráľovskej Baletnej Škole.

She eventually graduated from the Royal Ballet School,

Ukončila školu a

založila si vlastnú spoločnosť - Tanečnú Spoločnosť Gillian Lynne,

founded the Gillian Lynne Dance Company,

met Andrew Lloyd Webber.

stretla sa s Andrewom Lloyd Weberom. Je zodpovedná za

She's been responsible for

some of the most successful musical theater productions in history,

niektoré z najúspešnejších hudobných divadelných

she's given pleasure to millions,

produkcií v histórii, potešila milióny ľudí,

and she's a multimillionaire.

Somebody else might have put her on medication and told her to calm down.

a je multi-milionárkou. Niekto iný

(Applause)

by jej možno dal lieky a povedal jej,

aby sa utíšila.

Myslím si -- (Potlesk)

What I think it comes to is this:

Al Gore spoke the other night

Al Gore minule rozprával

about ecology and the revolution that was triggered by Rachel Carson.

o ekológii, a revolúcii, ktorú začala Rachel Carson.

Verím, že naša jediná nádej do budúcna

I believe our only hope for the future

is to adopt a new conception of human ecology,

je prijať nový pojem ľudskej ekológie,

taký, v ktorom začneme meniť naše chápanie

one in which we start to reconstitute our conception

of the richness of human capacity.

bohatstva ľudských schopností.

Our education system has mined our minds

Náš školský systém nám vydoloval mysle tak,

in the way that we strip-mine the earth for a particular commodity.

že my dolujeme zo zeme určité suroviny.

V budúcnosti nám to bude na nič platné.

And for the future, it won't serve us.

We have to rethink the fundamental principles

Musíme premyslieť základné princípy toho,

on which we're educating our children.

ako vyučujeme naše deti.

There was a wonderful quote by Jonas Salk, who said,

Jonas Salk povedal: "Ak by všetok hmyz

"If all the insects were to disappear from the Earth,

zmizol zo Zeme,

within 50 years, all life on Earth would end.

do 50 rokov by skončil všetok život na Zemi.

Ak by ľudia zmizli zo Zeme,

If all human beings disappeared from the Earth,

do 50 rokov by všetky formy života prekvitali."

within 50 years, all forms of life would flourish."

A má pravdu.

And he's right.

TED oslavuje dar ľudskej predstavivosti.

What TED celebrates is the gift of the human imagination.

Musíme byť opatrní, aby sme tento dar použili

We have to be careful now that we use this gift wisely,

múdro, a aby sme predišli niektorým scenáriám,

and that we avert some of the scenarios that we've talked about.

o ktorých sme hovorili. Dosiahneme to

And the only way we'll do it is by seeing our creative capacities

jedine tak, že sa pozrieme na naše tvorivé schopnosti,

for the richness they are

ich bohatosť, a na

and seeing our children for the hope that they are.

naše deti ako nádej, ktorou sú. Našou úlohou

And our task is to educate their whole being,

je vzdelať ich ucelené bytosti, aby mohli čeliť budúcnosti.

so they can face this future.

By the way -- we may not see this future,

Mimochodom, my tú budúcnosť možno neuvidíme,

but they will.

ale oni áno. A našou úlohou je pomôcť

And our job is to help them make something of it.

im niečo z toho spraviť. Ďakujem veľmi pekne.

Thank you very much.

(Applause)