Do schools kill creativity? | Sir Ken Robinson | TED

23,154,961 views ・ 2007-01-07

TED


Mesedez, egin klik bikoitza beheko ingelesezko azpitituluetan bideoa erreproduzitzeko.

Translator: Jon Goikolea Reviewer: Martin Segovia
Egun on. Zer moduz? Izugarria izan da, ezta?
00:27
Good morning. How are you?
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00:29
(Audience) Good.
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00:31
It's been great, hasn't it?
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Guzti honek gaindituta nauka.
00:33
I've been blown away by the whole thing.
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00:35
In fact, I'm leaving.
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Egia esan, hemendik hanka egitekotan nago (barreak)
00:37
(Laughter)
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Nik azaldu nahi dudanarekin erlazio
00:43
There have been three themes running through the conference,
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estua duten hiru gai jorratu dira
00:46
which are relevant to what I want to talk about.
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00:48
One is the extraordinary evidence of human creativity
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hitzaldi saio hauetan.
Lehena, orain arte izandako hitzaldi guztiek
00:53
in all of the presentations that we've had
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agerian jarri duten
00:55
and in all of the people here;
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00:57
just the variety of it and the range of it.
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giza sormenaren aparteko erakustaldia da. Izandako barietatea
eta aukera ezberdinak alegia. Bigarrenez,
01:01
The second is that it's put us in a place
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01:03
where we have no idea what's going to happen
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etorkizuna guztiz ezezaguna den eszenario batetan kokatu gaituzte.
01:05
in terms of the future.
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Ideiarik ez
01:07
No idea how this may play out.
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guzti hau nola garatu daitekeen.
01:10
I have an interest in education.
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Interesa dut hezkuntzan --
01:11
Actually, what I find is, everybody has an interest in education.
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egia esan, konturatu naiz guztiok dugula interesa hezkuntzan.
01:16
Don't you?
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Ezta egia? Oso interesgarria deritzot.
01:17
I find this very interesting.
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Afari batetan bazaude, eta hezkuntzan lan
01:19
If you're at a dinner party, and you say you work in education --
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egiten duzula esanez gero --
01:23
actually, you're not often at dinner parties, frankly.
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beno, hezkuntzan lan eginten baduzu ez zara afari askotan egongo.
01:25
(Laughter)
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01:29
If you work in education, you're not asked.
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(Barreak) Inork ez zaitu gonbidatzen.
01:32
(Laughter)
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Ezta, aldiz, inoiz gonbidatu ezkero, berriz deitzen ere. Arraroa da.
01:35
And you're never asked back, curiously. That's strange to me.
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01:39
But if you are, and you say to somebody,
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Baina afariren batetan egotekotan, eta norbaitekin hitz egitean,
01:41
you know, they say, "What do you do?"
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badakizu, "Zertan lan egiten duzu?" galdetzen dizute
01:43
and you say you work in education,
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eta zuk hezkuntzan lan egiten duzula erantzun,
01:45
you can see the blood run from their face.
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segidan ikusi dezakezu nola aurpegia zurbiltzen zaien, pentsatuz,
01:47
They're like, "Oh my God. Why me?"
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01:48
(Laughter)
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"Alajaina! Zergaitik niri? Aste osoko irtenaldi bakarra..." (barreak)
01:51
"My one night out all week."
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01:52
(Laughter)
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01:55
But if you ask about their education, they pin you to the wall,
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Baina aldiz, beraien hezkuntzari buruz galdetuz gero,
hormaren kontra jarriko zaituzte. Gizakiak barne-barnean ukitzen
01:58
because it's one of those things that goes deep with people, am I right?
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dituen gauza horietako bat delako.
02:02
Like religion and money and other things.
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Erlijioa, dirua eta beste gauza batzuekin batera.
02:05
So I have a big interest in education, and I think we all do.
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Interes handia dut hezkuntzan, eta uste dut guztiok dugula interes hori.
Interes pertsonal izugarria dugu,
02:10
We have a huge vested interest in it,
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02:11
partly because it's education that's meant to take us into this future
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hezkuntza delako unean ulertezina den
etorkizun horretara gidatuko gaituena.
02:15
that we can't grasp.
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02:16
If you think of it,
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Pentsatuz gero, aurten eskolan hasitako umeak
02:18
children starting school this year will be retiring in 2065.
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2065 urtera arte egingo dute lan. Inork ezin dezake asmatu,
02:25
Nobody has a clue,
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02:26
despite all the expertise that's been on parade for the past four days,
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azken lau egunetan izan dugun jakituri festa hau izanda eta guzti --
nolakoa izango den mundua
02:30
what the world will look like in five years' time.
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hemendik bost urtetara. Eta ustez,
02:33
And yet, we're meant to be educating them for it.
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mundu horretarako hezten ditugu umeak. Beraz, predikzioak egiteko zailasuna,
02:35
So the unpredictability, I think, is extraordinary.
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nire aburuz, izugarria da.
02:37
And the third part of this is that we've all agreed, nonetheless,
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Guzti honen hirugarren partea da guk guztiok, dena dela,
umeek dituzten aparteko ahalmenak
02:41
on the really extraordinary capacities that children have --
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goraipatzean elkar hartu dugula --
02:46
their capacities for innovation.
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berrikuntzarako duten ahalmen hori. Abidibez, bart, Serena miresgarri aritu zen.
02:49
I mean, Sirena last night was a marvel, wasn't she?
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Egin dezakeena ikusi hutsaz,
02:51
Just seeing what she could do.
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02:53
And she's exceptional, but I think she's not, so to speak,
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aparteko neska da, baina nire ustez bera ez da, nola esan,
apartekoa umeen artean.
02:59
exceptional in the whole of childhood.
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Izugarri saiatu ondoren, iaotasun bat aurkitu duen pertsona bat da.
03:02
What you have there is a person of extraordinary dedication
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03:04
who found a talent.
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Eta nire argudioa da
03:06
And my contention is, all kids have tremendous talents,
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ume guztiek dituztela izugarrizko iaotasunak.
03:08
and we squander them, pretty ruthlessly.
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Eta guk erruki gabe alferrik galtzen ditugu.
Beraz hezkuntzari eta sormenari buruz hitz egin nahiko nuke
03:11
So I want to talk about education,
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03:13
and I want to talk about creativity.
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Neure ustez, gaur egun sormena hezkuntzan
03:14
My contention is that creativity now is as important in education as literacy,
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alfabetatzea bezain garrantzitsua da
eta irrika berberaz zaindu beharko genuke.
03:21
and we should treat it with the same status.
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03:23
(Applause)
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(Txaloak) Eskerrik asko. Hau izan da guztia.
03:24
Thank you.
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03:26
(Applause)
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03:30
That was it, by the way. Thank you very much.
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Esker mila guztioi. (Barreak) Beraz
03:32
(Laughter)
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03:34
So, 15 minutes left.
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oraindik 15 minutu ditut. Ongi, nire jaioterria... ez (Barreak)
03:36
(Laughter)
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03:39
"Well, I was born ... "
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03:41
(Laughter)
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Duela gutxi istorio bat entzun nuen -- Oso gustoko istorio hau kontatzea --
03:45
I heard a great story recently -- I love telling it --
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Neskato gazte bat marrazketa klasean zegoen. 6 urteko neska zen
03:47
of a little girl who was in a drawing lesson.
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03:50
She was six, and she was at the back, drawing,
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eta gelaren atzekaldean, marrazten zebilen.
03:52
and the teacher said this girl hardly ever paid attention,
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Irakasleak esan zuen, neskato honek arreta oso urritan jartzen zuen arren,
marrazketa klase hartan atentzio osoz zebilela.
03:55
and in this drawing lesson, she did.
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03:56
The teacher was fascinated.
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03:58
She went over to her, and she said, "What are you drawing?"
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Liluratuta, irakaslea neskatoari hurbildu zitzaion
eta galdetu zion, "Zer ari zara marrazten?"
04:01
And the girl said, "I'm drawing a picture of God."
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eta neskatoak erantzun zion, "Jaungoikoa marrazten ari naiz."
04:04
And the teacher said, "But nobody knows what God looks like."
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Eta irakasleak esa zion, "Baina, inortxok ere ez daki eta Jaungoikoak nolako itxura duen."
04:07
And the girl said, "They will in a minute."
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Eta neskak esan zuen, "Minutu bat barru jakingo dute."
04:10
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
Ingalaterran nire semeak lau urte zituenean --
04:21
When my son was four in England --
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beno, egia esateko Ingalaterran eta leku guztietan zituen lau urte (Barreak)
04:24
actually, he was four everywhere, to be honest.
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Zehatzak izateko, edonon egonda ere lau urte zituen urte hartan.
04:26
(Laughter)
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04:28
If we're being strict about it, wherever he went, he was four that year.
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04:31
He was in the Nativity play. Do you remember the story?
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Natibitatearen antzezpenean zegoen.
Istorioa gogoratzen duzue? Ez, handia zen bada.
04:34
(Laughter)
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04:35
No, it was big, it was a big story.
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Istorio handia alegia. Mel Gibsonek ondorengoa filmatu zuen.
04:37
Mel Gibson did the sequel, you may have seen it.
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04:39
(Laughter)
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Agian ikusi duzue: "Natibitatea II." James-i Joseren papera eman zioten
04:41
"Nativity II."
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04:42
But James got the part of Joseph, which we were thrilled about.
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gure poztasunerako.
04:46
We considered this to be one of the lead parts.
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Paper garrantzitsua zela uste genuen.
04:49
We had the place crammed full of agents in T-shirts:
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Antzezlekua jendez beteta geneukan, aproposko kamisetekin:
"James Robinson JOSE da!" (Barreak)
04:52
"James Robinson IS Joseph!"
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04:53
(Laughter)
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04:54
He didn't have to speak, but you know the bit where the three kings come in?
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Ez zuen hitz egin beharrik, baina badakizue hiru erregeak
datozeneko zatia. Opariak dakartzate,
04:58
They come in bearing gifts, gold, frankincense and myrrh.
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urrea, intsentsua eta mirra.
05:00
This really happened.
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Hau benetan gertatu zen. Hortxe eserita geuden
05:02
We were sitting there, and I think they just went out of sequence,
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eta uste dut eszenan agertzeko ordena nahastu zutela,
05:05
because we talked to the little boy afterward and said,
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bukatu ondoren umearekin hitz egin genuen eta galdetu genion,
05:07
"You OK with that?" They said, "Yeah, why? Was that wrong?"
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"Egindakoarekin konforme?" Eta erantzun zuen, "Bai, zer ba? Txarto egon ahal da?"
Ordena aldatu zuten, besterik ez.
05:10
They just switched.
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05:11
The three boys came in, four-year-olds with tea towels on their heads.
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Dena dela, hiru mutikoak eszenatokian agertu ziren --
4 urteko umeak sukaldeko trapuak buruan zituztela --
eta zeramatzaten kutxak lurrean jarrita
05:15
They put these boxes down, and the first boy said, "I bring you gold."
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"Urrea dakartzut" esan zuen lehen mutikoak.
05:18
And the second boy said, "I bring you myrrh."
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"Nik mirra dakartzut" bigarrenak.
05:20
And the third boy said, "Frank sent this."
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05:22
(Laughter)
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Eta hirugarrenak esan zuen, "Frank-ek hau bidaltzen dizu" (Ingelesez "intsentsu" hitzaren antzeko esaldia da).
05:35
What these things have in common is that kids will take a chance.
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Guzti honek erakusten duena umeak arriskatu egiten direla da.
05:38
If they don't know, they'll have a go.
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Ez badakite, beste zerbaitekin saiatzen dira.
Zuzen ari naiz? Ez diete beldurrik hutsegiteei.
05:42
Am I right? They're not frightened of being wrong.
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Hala ere, ez dut esan nahi huts egitea eta kreatiboa izatea gauza berdina direnik.
05:45
I don't mean to say that being wrong is the same thing as being creative.
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05:49
What we do know is, if you're not prepared to be wrong,
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Dakiguna honako hau da,
huts egiteko ongi prestatua ez bazaude,
05:53
you'll never come up with anything original --
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ezin izango duzu sekula asmatu gauza originalik.
05:55
if you're not prepared to be wrong.
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Ume horiek helduak
05:57
And by the time they get to be adults, most kids have lost that capacity.
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bihurtuko diren momenturako, gaitasun hori galdua dute.
Hutsegiteak burutzeari beldur dira.
06:02
They have become frightened of being wrong.
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06:04
And we run our companies like this.
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Eta gure enpresak era honela zuzentzen ditugu, baita ere.
06:06
We stigmatize mistakes.
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Erroreak estigamtizatzen ditugu. Eta hutsegiteak egin daitezkeen
06:08
And we're now running national education systems
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gauzarik txarrentzat jotzen dituzten
06:10
where mistakes are the worst thing you can make.
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hezkuntza sistemak ditugu martxan gaur egun.
06:13
And the result is that we are educating people
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Era honen ondorioz, sormen ahalmen gabeko jendea
06:16
out of their creative capacities.
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hezten ari gara eskoletan. Behin Picassok honakoa esan zuen.
06:19
Picasso once said this, he said that all children are born artists.
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Esan zuen ume guztiak artista jaiotzen direla.
06:23
The problem is to remain an artist as we grow up.
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Arazoa heldu ahala artista izaten jarraitzean dagoela zioen. Hitz hauetan sinisten dut bihotzez:
06:26
I believe this passionately, that we don't grow into creativity,
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ez gara sormenerantz hezten,
06:30
we grow out of it.
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sormenetik hazten gara. Edo bestela esanda, hezkuntzak berezko sormena mugatzen digu.
06:31
Or rather, we get educated out of it.
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Zergaitik gertatzen da hau?
06:34
So why is this?
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Stratford-on-Avon-en bizi izan naiz duela bost urte arte.
06:37
I lived in Stratford-on-Avon until about five years ago.
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06:39
In fact, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles.
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Stratfordetik Los Angelesera joan ginen alegia.
Imagina dezakezue zein leuna izen zen aldaketa.
06:42
So you can imagine what a seamless transition this was.
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06:45
(Laughter)
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(Barreak) Egitez,
06:47
Actually, we lived in a place called Snitterfield,
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Snitterfiel izeneko leku batetan bizi ginen
06:49
just outside Stratford,
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Stratford inguruan, Shakespeare-ren aita
06:50
which is where Shakespeare's father was born.
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jaio zen lekuan. Ez ahal dizue honek ideia berririk ekarri? Niri bai.
06:53
Are you struck by a new thought? I was.
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06:55
You don't think of Shakespeare having a father, do you?
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Ez dugu egiten gogoeta Shakespeare-ren aitari buruz, ezta?
06:58
Do you?
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Ezta ere Shakespeare ume bat
06:59
Because you don't think of Shakespeare being a child, do you?
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izan zenari buruz, ezta?
07:02
Shakespeare being seven?
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Shakespeare zazpi urterekin? Ez nuen honi buruz pentsatu sekula. Hau da,
07:03
I never thought of it.
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07:04
I mean, he was seven at some point.
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zazpi urte eduki zituen momenturen batetan
07:06
He was in somebody's English class, wasn't he?
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eta norbaiten ingeles klaseak jasotzen zituen. Zein gogaikarria izan zitekeen hura.
07:08
(Laughter)
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07:15
How annoying would that be?
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(Barreak) "Gehiago saiatu behar da" Bere aitak nola bidaltzen zuen ohera, badakizue,
07:17
(Laughter)
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07:24
"Must try harder."
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07:26
(Laughter)
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07:30
Being sent to bed by his dad, to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now!"
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"Oherako ordua da!"
07:33
To William Shakespeare.
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William Shakespeare-ri, "Eta utzi ezazu arkatz hori behingoz!
07:34
"And put the pencil down!"
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Eta utzi horrela hitzegiteari. Mundu guztia nahasten duzu."
07:36
(Laughter)
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07:37
"And stop speaking like that."
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07:38
(Laughter)
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07:42
"It's confusing everybody."
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07:43
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
07:48
Anyway, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles,
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Dena den, Stratford-etik Los Angeles-era joan ginen bizitzera,
eta honi buruz zertxobait esan nahiko nuke.
07:54
and I just want to say a word about the transition.
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Nire semeak ez zuen etorri nahi.
07:56
Actually, my son didn't want to come.
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07:58
I've got two kids; he's 21 now, my daughter's 16.
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Bi seme-alaba ditut. Mutilak 21 urte ditu orain; alabak 16.
08:00
He didn't want to come to Los Angeles.
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Ez zuen Los Angelesera etorri nahi. Oso gustoko zuen arren,
08:03
He loved it, but he had a girlfriend in England.
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Ingalaterran neskalaguna zuen. Bere bizitzako maitalea, Sarah.
08:06
This was the love of his life, Sarah.
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Duela hilabete eskas ezagutzen zirela elkar.
08:09
He'd known her for a month.
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Egin kontu, beraien laugarren urteurrena izango zen,
08:11
(Laughter)
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08:12
Mind you, they'd had their fourth anniversary,
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16 urte dituzunean denpora asko baita hilabete bat.
08:15
because it's a long time when you're 16.
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08:17
He was really upset on the plane.
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Dena den, oso atsekabetuta zegoen hegazkinean,
08:19
He said, "I'll never find another girl like Sarah."
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eta esan zuen, "Sarah bezelako neskarik ezin izango dut sekula aurkitu"
08:21
And we were rather pleased about that, frankly --
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Eta, egia esan, gu oso pozik geunden,
neskato hura baitzen Ingalaterra uzteko arrazoi nagusia.
08:24
(Laughter)
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08:32
because she was the main reason we were leaving the country.
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08:35
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
Baina zerbaitetaz ohartzen zara Amerikara joaterakoan,
08:41
But something strikes you when you move to America
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eta mundu osoan ere berdina geratzen da:
08:43
and travel around the world:
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munduko hezkuntza sistema guztiek ikasgai hierarkia berbera jarraitzen dute.
08:44
every education system on earth has the same hierarchy of subjects.
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Guztiek. Non zauden axola gabe.
08:48
Every one. Doesn't matter where you go.
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Gauzak bestelakoak direla pentsa dezakezu, baina ez.
08:50
You'd think it would be otherwise, but it isn't.
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Goi muturrean matematikak eta hizkuntzak,
08:52
At the top are mathematics and languages, then the humanities.
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ondoren giza zientziak, eta guztien azpian arteak.
08:55
At the bottom are the arts. Everywhere on earth.
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Mundu guztian zehar berdin.
08:58
And in pretty much every system, too, there's a hierarchy within the arts.
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Eta sistema askotan ere,
arteek ere hierarkia berdina jarraitzen dute.
09:02
Art and music are normally given a higher status in schools
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Normalean, artea eta musikari garrantzia gehiago ematen zaie
09:05
than drama and dance.
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drama eta dantzari baino. Munduan ez da existitzen egunero umeei
09:06
There isn't an education system on the planet
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09:08
that teaches dance every day to children
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dantza erakusten dien eskolarik
09:10
the way we teach them mathematics.
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matematikekin egiten dugun moduan. Zergaitik?
09:12
Why?
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09:13
Why not?
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Zergaitik ez? Nire ustez hau garrantzitsua da.
09:14
I think this is rather important.
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Matematika oso garrantzitsua da, baina dantza ere da oso.
09:16
I think math is very important, but so is dance.
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09:18
Children dance all the time if they're allowed to, we all do.
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Utziz gero, umeak une oro dabiltza dantzan. Guztiok bezala.
09:21
We all have bodies, don't we? Did I miss a meeting?
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Guztiok dugu gorputz bat, ezta? Zerbait galdu al dut bidean?
09:24
(Laughter)
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(Barreak) Benetan gertatzen dena da,
09:27
Truthfully, what happens is, as children grow up,
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umeak hazten diren einean, gerritik gora hezten
09:29
we start to educate them progressively from the waist up.
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hasten gara pixkanaka. Eta azkenik hezkuntza buruaz soilik arduratzen da.
09:32
And then we focus on their heads.
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Eta buruaren alde batez bereziki.
09:34
And slightly to one side.
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Extralurtar batek gure hezkuntza aztertuko balu,
09:37
If you were to visit education as an alien
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09:39
and say "What's it for, public education?"
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eta galdetu "Zertarako balio du hezkuntza publikoak?"
09:42
I think you'd have to conclude, if you look at the output,
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Konklusioa -- emaitzak aztertuz gero,
09:44
who really succeeds by this,
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nork lortzen duen arrakasta ikusita,
09:46
who does everything they should,
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nork egiten duen egin beharreko guztia,
09:48
who gets all the brownie points, who are the winners --
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nork lortzen dituen garaikurrak, nortzuk diren irabazleak --
09:50
I think you'd have to conclude the whole purpose of public education
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Uste dut aterako zukeen ondorioa, mundu osoko
09:54
throughout the world
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hezkuntza publikoari buruz,
09:55
is to produce university professors.
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1979
honen helburu bakarra unibertsitate irakasleak sortzea dela. Ezta hola?
09:57
Isn't it?
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09:58
They're the people who come out the top.
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1984
Goian dabiltzan pertsonak dira.
10:00
And I used to be one, so there.
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10:02
(Laughter)
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Ni ere beraietako bat nintzen (Barreak)
Eta ez pentsa ez ditudanik gustoko unibertsitate irakasleak,
10:06
And I like university professors,
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10:08
but, you know, we shouldn't hold them up
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baina ez genituzke eduki beharko giza lorpenen abibide hobezin bezala.
10:10
as the high-water mark of all human achievement.
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10:13
They're just a form of life.
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Soilik bizitzeko modu bat dute.
10:15
Another form of life.
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Modu ezberdin bat. Baina nahiko bitxiak dira,
10:16
But they're rather curious.
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xamurtasunez diot hau, ez pentsa.
10:18
And I say this out of affection for them:
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10:19
there's something curious about professors.
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Nire esperientziak diost irakasle gehientsuenak
10:22
In my experience -- not all of them, but typically -- they live in their heads.
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bere buruetan bizi direla soilik.
10:25
They live up there and slightly to one side.
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Hor goian bizi dira, eta alde bakarrerantz orientatuta.
Gorputzetik kanpo bizi dira, modu ia literal batean.
10:28
They're disembodied, you know, in a kind of literal way.
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10:31
They look upon their body as a form of transport for their heads.
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Beraientzat, gorputza burua garraiotzeko
instrumentua da soilik, ezta?
10:35
(Laughter)
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10:41
Don't they?
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10:42
It's a way of getting their head to meetings.
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(Barreak) Burua batzarretara eramateko modua da.
10:44
(Laughter)
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Gorputzez-kanpoko esperientziren bat ezagutu nahi izanez gero
10:50
If you want real evidence of out-of-body experiences, by the way,
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pasatu zaitez goi mailako akademikoen
10:53
get yourself along to a residential conference of senior academics
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konferentziren batetik,
10:57
and pop into the discotheque on the final night.
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eta azken gaueko diskotekatik bueltatxo bat eman.
10:59
(Laughter)
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(Barreak) Hor ikusiko duzu -- hazitako gizon eta emakumeak
11:02
And there, you will see it.
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11:03
Grown men and women writhing uncontrollably, off the beat.
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kontrol gabe bihurrikatzen, erritmo barik,
11:08
(Laughter)
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musika noiz bukatuko irrikitan, etxera joan eta horri buruz artikuluren bat idazteko.
11:10
Waiting until it ends, so they can go home and write a paper about it.
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Gaur egun, gure hezkuntza sistema gaitasun akademikoetan oinarritzen da.
11:14
(Laughter)
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1981
11:16
Our education system is predicated on the idea of academic ability.
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Eta arrazoi bat dago.
11:20
And there's a reason.
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11:21
Around the world, there were no public systems of education,
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Sistema osoa eraiki zen -- mundu osoan ez zegoen
hezkuntza publikorik 19. mendea heldu arte.
11:24
really, before the 19th century.
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Denak sortuak izan ziren
11:27
They all came into being to meet the needs of industrialism.
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industrializazioaren beharrak asetzeko.
Honela, hierarkia bi ideia nagusitan errotua dago.
11:30
So the hierarchy is rooted on two ideas.
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11:32
Number one, that the most useful subjects for work are at the top.
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Lehena, lanerako baliogarrienak diren ikasgaiak
garrantzitsuenak dira. Seguruenik, eskolan gustokoen
11:37
So you were probably steered benignly away from things at school
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zenituen gauzetatik aldendua izan zinen
11:40
when you were a kid,
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horiekin lan bat lortzea
11:41
things you liked,
247
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1153
11:42
on the grounds you would never get a job doing that.
248
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ezinezkoa izango zelakoan etorkizunean.
11:44
Is that right?
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1151
Musikarik ez, ezara izango musikaria eta.
11:46
"Don't do music, you're not going to be a musician;
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2412
Arterik ez, ezara izango artista eta.
11:48
don't do art, you won't be an artist."
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1851
11:50
Benign advice -- now, profoundly mistaken.
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Aholku ona zena, orain errore bihurtu da. Mundu osoa
11:53
The whole world is engulfed in a revolution.
253
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dago iraultza batetan murgilduta.
11:55
And the second is academic ability,
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2097
Eta bigarrena, gaitasun akademikoa da, zeinek inteligentziaren ikuspegia
11:57
which has really come to dominate our view of intelligence,
255
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menperatu duen,
unibertsitateak sistema beraien irudira eraiki baitute.
12:00
because the universities design the system in their image.
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Ondo pentsatuta, mundu guztiko
12:03
If you think of it,
257
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1151
12:04
the whole system of public education around the world is a protracted process
258
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helkuntza sistema publikoak unibertsitaterako sarrera
prestatzen dute soilik.
12:07
of university entrance.
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1151
Honen ondorioz, takentuzko jendeak,
12:09
And the consequence is that many highly talented,
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12:11
brilliant, creative people think they're not,
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oso argi eta sormen handikoak uste dute ez direla horrelako ezer,
12:13
because the thing they were good at at school
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eskolan menperatzen zituzten arloek
ez zutelako baliorik, edo estigmatizaturik zeudelako.
12:16
wasn't valued, or was actually stigmatized.
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12:18
And I think we can't afford to go on that way.
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Eta uste dut ezin dugula bide honetatik jarraitu.
12:20
In the next 30 years, according to UNESCO,
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Hurrengo 30 urteetan, UNESCO-ren arabera,
12:23
more people worldwide will be graduating through education
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jende gehiago graduatuko da mundu osoan zehar,
12:26
than since the beginning of history.
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historiaren hasieratik graduatu izan direnak baino.
12:28
More people.
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Jende gehiago, eta hau da
12:29
And it's the combination of all the things we've talked about:
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hitz egin dugun guztiaren konbinazioa --
12:32
technology and its transformational effect on work,
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teknologia eta honen transformazioak duen eragina lanean,
12:35
and demography and the huge explosion in population.
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eta demografiaren hazkunde itzela.
12:37
Suddenly, degrees aren't worth anything.
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Bapatean, tituluek ez dute baliorik. Ez da horrela?
12:40
Isn't that true?
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Ni ikaslea nintzenean, titulu bat bazenuen, lana zeneukan.
12:41
When I was a student, if you had a degree, you had a job.
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12:44
If you didn't have a job, it's because you didn't want one.
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Lanik ez bazenuen, nahi ez zenuelako izango zen.
12:47
And I didn't want one, frankly.
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Eta nik ez nuen lanik nahi, egia esan. (Barreak)
12:50
(Laughter)
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Baina orain, tituludun gazteak sarritan
12:51
But now kids with degrees are often heading home
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12:55
to carry on playing video games,
279
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beraien etxeetara itzultzen dira, bideo jokoetan jolasten jarraitzeko,
orain masterra behar delako, lehen batxillergoa behar zen lekuan,
12:57
because you need an MA where the previous job required a BA,
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eta orain doktoregoa behar delako bestearen lekuan.
13:00
and now you need a PhD for the other.
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13:02
It's a process of academic inflation.
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Inflazio akademiko honek
13:04
And it indicates the whole structure of education is shifting beneath our feet.
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gure azpian hezkuntza egitura guztia kolokan
jartzen du. Era erradikal batean birplanteatu behar dugu
13:07
We need to radically rethink our view of intelligence.
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inteligentziaz dugun ikuspegia.
Hiru gauza dakizkigu inteligentziari buruz.
13:10
We know three things about intelligence.
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Lehena, anitza dela. Munduari buruz gogoeta egiteko erak
13:12
One, it's diverse.
286
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1151
13:13
We think about the world in all the ways that we experience it.
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bizipenak beste daude. Ikusmenaz egiten dugu gogoeta,
13:16
We think visually, we think in sound, we think kinesthetically.
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soinuekin, kinestesikoki.
13:19
We think in abstract terms, we think in movement.
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Gauza abstraktuetan pentsatzen dugu, mugimenduetan baita.
13:21
Secondly, intelligence is dynamic.
290
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1996
Bigarrenez, inteligentzia dinamikoa da.
13:24
If you look at the interactions of a human brain,
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2303
Burmuineko interakzioei begiratuz gero, atzoko
13:27
as we heard yesterday from a number of presentations,
292
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3023
aurkezpenetan ikusi genuen bezala,
13:30
intelligence is wonderfully interactive.
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inteligentziaren interaktibitate txundigarria da.
13:32
The brain isn't divided into compartments.
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Burmuina ez dago konpartimentutan banatuta.
13:34
In fact, creativity --
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Izatez, sormena -- balioa duten idea originalak
13:36
which I define as the process of having original ideas that have value --
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4020
edukitzearen prozezua --
13:40
more often than not comes about
297
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1930
gauzak ikusteko era ezberdinen interakzioaren emaitza
13:42
through the interaction of different disciplinary ways of seeing things.
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izaten da gehienetan.
Burmuina apropos da -- hain zuzen,
13:47
By the way, there's a shaft of nerves that joins the two halves of the brain,
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burmuinaren bi aldeak batzen dituen nerbio talde bat dago
13:51
called the corpus callosum.
300
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corpus callosum izenekoa. Emakumeetan zabalagoa da.
13:52
It's thicker in women.
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Helenek atzo esandakoari jarraikiz, uste dut
13:54
Following off from Helen yesterday,
302
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1723
honexegaitik direla hobeak emakumeak gauza bat baino gehiago
13:56
this is probably why women are better at multitasking.
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3011
13:59
Because you are, aren't you?
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egiten aldi berean, ez da egia?
14:01
There's a raft of research, but I know it from my personal life.
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3334
Asko aztertu da honen gainean, baina nik nire bizitza pertsonaletik ezagutzen dut.
14:04
If my wife is cooking a meal at home, which is not often ...
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Nire emaztea sukaldean badabil zerbait prestatzen --
zorionez ez da sarritan gertzatzen. (Barreak)
14:09
thankfully.
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14:10
(Laughter)
308
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2690
Baina sukaldean badabil -- ez, gauza batzutan ona da --
14:13
No, she's good at some things.
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1452
baina zerbait prestatzen badabil,
14:14
But if she's cooking, she's dealing with people on the phone,
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eta norbaitekin telefonotik hizketan,
14:17
she's talking to the kids, she's painting the ceiling --
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umeekin hizketan, sabaia pintatzen,
14:20
(Laughter)
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1015
bihotzeko kirurgiaren bat burutzen baita ere.
14:21
she's doing open-heart surgery over here.
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2025
14:23
If I'm cooking, the door is shut, the kids are out,
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2998
Ni sukaldean banago, atea itxita dago, umeak kanpoan,
14:26
the phone's on the hook,
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1239
telefonoa eskegita eta emaztea sartu ezkero haserretu egiten naiz.
14:27
if she comes in, I get annoyed.
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1690
14:29
I say, "Terry, please, I'm trying to fry an egg in here."
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2790
Diot, "Terry mesedez, arrautza bat frijitzen ari naiz. Utzi nazazu bakean." (Barreak)
14:32
(Laughter)
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14:39
"Give me a break."
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1200
14:40
(Laughter)
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14:42
Actually, do you know that old philosophical thing,
321
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2499
Benetan, badakizue filosofi galdera zahar hori,
14:44
"If a tree falls in a forest, and nobody hears it, did it happen?"
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basoan zuhaitz bat erori ezkero, eta inork entzun ez badu,
benetan gertatu ahal da? Duela gutxi kamiseta
14:48
Remember that old chestnut?
323
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1329
14:49
I saw a great T-shirt recently, which said,
324
889605
2910
zoragarri bat ikusi nuen, zioen "Gizon batek baso batetan hitz eginez gero
14:52
"If a man speaks his mind in a forest, and no woman hears him,
325
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3437
eta ez badago emakumerik entzuteko,
14:56
is he still wrong?"
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1396
erratuta al dago oraindik gizona? (Barreak)
14:57
(Laughter)
327
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5606
15:05
And the third thing about intelligence is,
328
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2039
Inteligentziari buruzko hirugarren gauza
15:07
it's distinct.
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1369
apartekoa dela da. Liburu berri bat ari naiz idazten
15:09
I'm doing a new book at the moment called "Epiphany,"
330
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2504
"Epifania" izenekoa. Elkarrizketa batzuetan oinarrituta,
15:11
which is based on a series of interviews with people
331
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2441
jendeak euren talentua nola aurkitu zuen azaltzen da.
15:14
about how they discovered their talent.
332
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1864
Liluratuta nago jendeak horra heltzeko bideekin.
15:15
I'm fascinated by how people got to be there.
333
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2121
Honek emakume zoragarri batekin izandako
15:18
It's really prompted by a conversation I had with a wonderful woman
334
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3191
elkarrizketa bat gogorarazten dit, seguruenik
15:21
who maybe most people have never heard of, Gillian Lynne.
335
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ezezaguna askorentzat, Gillian Lynne izenekoa,
ezagutzen duzue? Batzuek bai. Koreografoa da
15:24
Have you heard of her? Some have.
336
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1596
15:25
She's a choreographer, and everybody knows her work.
337
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2452
eta mundu guztiak ezagutzen du bere lana.
"Cats" eta "Operako mamua" egin zituen.
15:28
She did "Cats" and "Phantom of the Opera."
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2016
Zoragarria da. Ingalaterran, Royal Ballet-eko kontseiluan egoten nintzen
15:30
She's wonderful.
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15:31
I used to be on the board of The Royal Ballet, as you can see.
340
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2947
ikusi dezakezuen bezala.
15:34
(Laughter)
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1929
Dena den, Egun baten Gillianekin bazkaldu nuen eta esan nion,
15:36
Gillian and I had lunch one day. I said, "How did you get to be a dancer?"
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3525
"Gillian, nola heldu zinen dantzari izatera?"
15:39
It was interesting.
343
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1151
Interesgarria izan zen, eskolan zegoenean,
15:41
When she was at school, she was really hopeless.
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2247
ez zuen inolako esperantzarik. Eta 30. hamarkadan, eskolak
15:43
And the school, in the '30s, wrote to her parents and said,
345
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2789
bere gurasoei idatzi zien esanez, "Uste dugu
15:46
"We think Gillian has a learning disorder."
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2035
Gillianek ikasketa desordena duela." Ezin zen zentratu,
15:48
She couldn't concentrate; she was fidgeting.
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2098
asko mugitzen zen. Orain agian hiperaktibitate
15:50
I think now they'd say she had ADHD.
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trastornua zuela esango zuten. Baina 1930 urtea zen,
15:52
Wouldn't you?
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15:53
But this was the 1930s, and ADHD hadn't been invented at this point.
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eta hiperaktibitate trastornua ez zen oraindik asmatu.
15:57
It wasn't an available condition.
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Ez zegoen oraindik aukeragai katalogoan (Barreak)
15:59
(Laughter)
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Ez zekiten hori izan zitekeela.
16:03
People weren't aware they could have that.
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Dena den, espezialista bat ikustera joan zen. Haritzezko hormez inguratua,
16:05
(Laughter)
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2425
16:07
Anyway, she went to see this specialist.
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bere amarekin zegoen bertan,
16:11
So, this oak-paneled room, and she was there with her mother,
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3707
eskina batetan eserarazi zuten neska,
20 minutuz, amak espezialistarekin
16:15
and she was led and sat on this chair at the end,
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2327
hitz egiten zuen bitartean eskolan Gillianek
16:17
and she sat on her hands for 20 minutes,
358
977805
1945
zituen problema guztiei buruz. Beste guztiak gogaitzen zituen,
16:19
while this man talked to her mother
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1681
16:21
about all the problems Gillian was having at school,
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2464
etxeko lanak beti berandu
16:23
because she was disturbing people, her homework was always late, and so on.
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entregatzen zituen, eta horrela, 8 urteko umeak.
Azkenean, medikua Gilliani hurbildu eta
16:27
Little kid of eight.
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1151
16:28
In the end, the doctor went and sat next to Gillian and said,
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2911
esan zion, "Gillian,
16:31
"I've listened to all these things your mother's told me.
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2713
zure amak esandakoa entzun dut eta
berarekin hitz egin nahiko nuke pribatuan"
16:34
I need to speak to her privately.
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1594
Esan zion, "Itxaron hemen, laster itzuliko gara."
16:36
Wait here. We'll be back. We won't be very long,"
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2316
16:38
and they went and left her.
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2650
eta neska bakarrik uzti zuten gelan.
Baina gelatik irtetean, mahai gaineko
16:41
But as they went out of the room,
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1640
16:42
he turned on the radio that was sitting on his desk.
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2856
irratia piztu zuen. Gelatik kanpo
zeudenean, esan zion amari,
16:45
And when they got out of the room,
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1638
"Gelditu hemen eta begiratu umeari." Eta gelatik irten eta berehala,
16:47
he said to her mother, "Just stand and watch her."
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2378
16:49
And the minute they left the room,
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2512
neskatoa zutik zegoen, musikarekin batera mugitzen.
16:52
she was on her feet, moving to the music.
373
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2595
Zenbait minutuz begira geratu ziren
16:54
And they watched for a few minutes, and he turned to her mother and said,
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3503
eta medikuak orduan amari esan zion,
16:58
"Mrs. Lynne, Gillian isn't sick.
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1979
"Lynne andrea, Gillian ez dago gaixorik, dantzaria da.
17:00
She's a dancer.
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1664
Eraman neska dantza eskola batetara."
17:03
Take her to a dance school."
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1386
17:04
I said, "What happened?"
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1228
Nik esan nion, "Zer gertatu zen orduan?"
17:06
She said, "She did. I can't tell you how wonderful it was.
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2976
Erantzun zidan, "Amak egin zuen. Zoragarria izan zen niretzako.
17:09
We walked in this room, and it was full of people like me --
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1029000
2829
Eskola hartatik genbiltzala, ikusi genuen
17:11
people who couldn't sit still,
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2222
ni bezalako jendez beteta zegoela. Geldi egoten ez zekitenak.
17:14
people who had to move to think."
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2907
Pentsatzeko mugitu beharra zutenak."
17:17
Who had to move to think.
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1832
Balleta, dit tap, jazz,
17:18
They did ballet, they did tap, jazz; they did modern; they did contemporary.
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3610
modernoa, dantza garaikidea egin zuten.
Beranduago Royal Ballet School-entzako frogak egin zituen,
17:22
She was eventually auditioned for the Royal Ballet School.
385
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2746
eta solista bihurtu zuen, eta karrera zoragarria izan zuen.
17:25
She became a soloist; she had a wonderful career at the Royal Ballet.
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3253
Ondoren Royal Ballet School-en
17:28
She eventually graduated from the Royal Ballet School,
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2555
graduatu eta bere konpainia
propioa fundatu zuen -- Gillian Lynne Dance Company --
17:31
founded the Gillian Lynne Dance Company,
388
1051146
1928
17:33
met Andrew Lloyd Webber.
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1237
eta Andrew Lloyd Weber ezagutu. Historiako musikal
17:34
She's been responsible for
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1054359
1296
17:35
some of the most successful musical theater productions in history,
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3148
arrakastatsuenetarikoen arduraduna izan da,
17:38
she's given pleasure to millions,
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1596
milioika ikusleri plazerra emanez,
17:40
and she's a multimillionaire.
393
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1407
17:41
Somebody else might have put her on medication and told her to calm down.
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3710
eta oso aberatsa da. Beste norbaitek
17:45
(Applause)
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6782
medizinak emango zizkiokeen eta
lasaitzeko esan.
Orain, uste dut... (Txaloak) Hau da uste dudana:
17:53
What I think it comes to is this:
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1073603
1573
17:55
Al Gore spoke the other night
397
1075200
1776
Bart Al Gorek ekologiari buruz
17:57
about ecology and the revolution that was triggered by Rachel Carson.
398
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4519
hitz egin zuen, eta Rachel Carsonek hasitako iraultzari buruz.
Uste dut etorkizunerako gure esperantza bakarra
18:02
I believe our only hope for the future
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1082257
2112
18:04
is to adopt a new conception of human ecology,
400
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3875
gizakiaren ekologiaren ikuskera berri bat hartzea dela,
zeinekin giza gaitasunen aberastasuna
18:08
one in which we start to reconstitute our conception
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1088292
2527
18:10
of the richness of human capacity.
402
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2261
beste era batera tratatuko dugun.
18:13
Our education system has mined our minds
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1093128
3371
Gure hezkuntza sitemak gure burmuinak ustiatu ditu
18:16
in the way that we strip-mine the earth for a particular commodity.
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3441
guk lurra ustiatzen dugun bezala: lehengai partikular baten bila.
Eta etorkizunari begira, honek ez du balioko.
18:20
And for the future, it won't serve us.
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2422
18:22
We have to rethink the fundamental principles
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2153
Berriz pentsatu behar ditugu funtsezko oinarriak
18:25
on which we're educating our children.
407
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2063
zeinen gainean gure umeak hezten ditugun.
18:27
There was a wonderful quote by Jonas Salk, who said,
408
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2674
Jonas Salk-en esaldi bat dago, dioena, "Intsektu guztiak lurretik
18:29
"If all the insects were to disappear from the Earth,
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5097
desagertuko balira, 50 urtetan
18:34
within 50 years, all life on Earth would end.
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1114906
2783
lurreko bizitza guztia bukatu egingo zen.
Gizaki guztiak lurretik desagertuko balira,
18:38
If all human beings disappeared from the Earth,
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3037
50 urtetan bizitza forma guztiak loratu egingo lirateke."
18:41
within 50 years, all forms of life would flourish."
412
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2634
Eta arrazoia du.
18:45
And he's right.
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1125378
1285
TED-ek ospatzen duena gizakiaren imajinazioa da.
18:47
What TED celebrates is the gift of the human imagination.
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3731
Dohain hau jakituriaz erabili behar dugu,
18:51
We have to be careful now that we use this gift wisely,
415
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4234
aipatutako eszenario oker batzuk saihestu ahal izateko.
18:55
and that we avert some of the scenarios that we've talked about.
416
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3229
Eta hau honela izateko modu bakarra
18:59
And the only way we'll do it is by seeing our creative capacities
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3755
gure sormen ahalmenak bere aberastasun
19:02
for the richness they are
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1787
osoan ikustea da eta gure umeak
19:04
and seeing our children for the hope that they are.
419
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3182
benetan diren esperantza bezala ikustea. Eta gure
19:07
And our task is to educate their whole being,
420
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2398
betebeharra umeak osotasuanean heztea da, etorkizunari aurre gin diezaioten.
19:10
so they can face this future.
421
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1413
19:11
By the way -- we may not see this future,
422
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2505
Guk, agian, ez dugu etorkizun hori ikusiko,
19:14
but they will.
423
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1563
baina beraiek ikusiko dute. Eta gure lana
19:15
And our job is to help them make something of it.
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2718
etorkizun hori zerbaitetan bihurtzen laguntzea da. Eskerrik asko.
19:18
Thank you very much.
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1185
19:19
(Applause)
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1159766
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