Do schools kill creativity? | Sir Ken Robinson | TED

Translator: Jon Goikolea Reviewer: Martin Segovia

Egun on. Zer moduz? Izugarria izan da, ezta?

Good morning. How are you?

(Audience) Good.

It's been great, hasn't it?

Guzti honek gaindituta nauka.

I've been blown away by the whole thing.

In fact, I'm leaving.

Egia esan, hemendik hanka egitekotan nago (barreak)

(Laughter)

Nik azaldu nahi dudanarekin erlazio

There have been three themes running through the conference,

estua duten hiru gai jorratu dira

which are relevant to what I want to talk about.

One is the extraordinary evidence of human creativity

hitzaldi saio hauetan.

Lehena, orain arte izandako hitzaldi guztiek

in all of the presentations that we've had

agerian jarri duten

and in all of the people here;

just the variety of it and the range of it.

giza sormenaren aparteko erakustaldia da. Izandako barietatea

eta aukera ezberdinak alegia. Bigarrenez,

The second is that it's put us in a place

where we have no idea what's going to happen

etorkizuna guztiz ezezaguna den eszenario batetan kokatu gaituzte.

in terms of the future.

Ideiarik ez

No idea how this may play out.

guzti hau nola garatu daitekeen.

I have an interest in education.

Interesa dut hezkuntzan --

Actually, what I find is, everybody has an interest in education.

egia esan, konturatu naiz guztiok dugula interesa hezkuntzan.

Don't you?

Ezta egia? Oso interesgarria deritzot.

I find this very interesting.

Afari batetan bazaude, eta hezkuntzan lan

If you're at a dinner party, and you say you work in education --

egiten duzula esanez gero --

actually, you're not often at dinner parties, frankly.

beno, hezkuntzan lan eginten baduzu ez zara afari askotan egongo.

(Laughter)

If you work in education, you're not asked.

(Barreak) Inork ez zaitu gonbidatzen.

(Laughter)

Ezta, aldiz, inoiz gonbidatu ezkero, berriz deitzen ere. Arraroa da.

And you're never asked back, curiously. That's strange to me.

But if you are, and you say to somebody,

Baina afariren batetan egotekotan, eta norbaitekin hitz egitean,

you know, they say, "What do you do?"

badakizu, "Zertan lan egiten duzu?" galdetzen dizute

and you say you work in education,

eta zuk hezkuntzan lan egiten duzula erantzun,

you can see the blood run from their face.

segidan ikusi dezakezu nola aurpegia zurbiltzen zaien, pentsatuz,

They're like, "Oh my God. Why me?"

(Laughter)

"Alajaina! Zergaitik niri? Aste osoko irtenaldi bakarra..." (barreak)

"My one night out all week."

(Laughter)

But if you ask about their education, they pin you to the wall,

Baina aldiz, beraien hezkuntzari buruz galdetuz gero,

hormaren kontra jarriko zaituzte. Gizakiak barne-barnean ukitzen

because it's one of those things that goes deep with people, am I right?

dituen gauza horietako bat delako.

Like religion and money and other things.

Erlijioa, dirua eta beste gauza batzuekin batera.

So I have a big interest in education, and I think we all do.

Interes handia dut hezkuntzan, eta uste dut guztiok dugula interes hori.

Interes pertsonal izugarria dugu,

We have a huge vested interest in it,

partly because it's education that's meant to take us into this future

hezkuntza delako unean ulertezina den

etorkizun horretara gidatuko gaituena.

that we can't grasp.

If you think of it,

Pentsatuz gero, aurten eskolan hasitako umeak

children starting school this year will be retiring in 2065.

2065 urtera arte egingo dute lan. Inork ezin dezake asmatu,

Nobody has a clue,

despite all the expertise that's been on parade for the past four days,

azken lau egunetan izan dugun jakituri festa hau izanda eta guzti --

nolakoa izango den mundua

what the world will look like in five years' time.

hemendik bost urtetara. Eta ustez,

And yet, we're meant to be educating them for it.

mundu horretarako hezten ditugu umeak. Beraz, predikzioak egiteko zailasuna,

So the unpredictability, I think, is extraordinary.

nire aburuz, izugarria da.

And the third part of this is that we've all agreed, nonetheless,

Guzti honen hirugarren partea da guk guztiok, dena dela,

umeek dituzten aparteko ahalmenak

on the really extraordinary capacities that children have --

goraipatzean elkar hartu dugula --

their capacities for innovation.

berrikuntzarako duten ahalmen hori. Abidibez, bart, Serena miresgarri aritu zen.

I mean, Sirena last night was a marvel, wasn't she?

Egin dezakeena ikusi hutsaz,

Just seeing what she could do.

And she's exceptional, but I think she's not, so to speak,

aparteko neska da, baina nire ustez bera ez da, nola esan,

apartekoa umeen artean.

exceptional in the whole of childhood.

Izugarri saiatu ondoren, iaotasun bat aurkitu duen pertsona bat da.

What you have there is a person of extraordinary dedication

who found a talent.

Eta nire argudioa da

And my contention is, all kids have tremendous talents,

ume guztiek dituztela izugarrizko iaotasunak.

and we squander them, pretty ruthlessly.

Eta guk erruki gabe alferrik galtzen ditugu.

Beraz hezkuntzari eta sormenari buruz hitz egin nahiko nuke

So I want to talk about education,

and I want to talk about creativity.

Neure ustez, gaur egun sormena hezkuntzan

My contention is that creativity now is as important in education as literacy,

alfabetatzea bezain garrantzitsua da

eta irrika berberaz zaindu beharko genuke.

and we should treat it with the same status.

(Applause)

(Txaloak) Eskerrik asko. Hau izan da guztia.

Thank you.

(Applause)

That was it, by the way. Thank you very much.

Esker mila guztioi. (Barreak) Beraz

(Laughter)

So, 15 minutes left.

oraindik 15 minutu ditut. Ongi, nire jaioterria... ez (Barreak)

(Laughter)

"Well, I was born ... "

(Laughter)

Duela gutxi istorio bat entzun nuen -- Oso gustoko istorio hau kontatzea --

I heard a great story recently -- I love telling it --

Neskato gazte bat marrazketa klasean zegoen. 6 urteko neska zen

of a little girl who was in a drawing lesson.

She was six, and she was at the back, drawing,

eta gelaren atzekaldean, marrazten zebilen.

and the teacher said this girl hardly ever paid attention,

Irakasleak esan zuen, neskato honek arreta oso urritan jartzen zuen arren,

marrazketa klase hartan atentzio osoz zebilela.

and in this drawing lesson, she did.

The teacher was fascinated.

She went over to her, and she said, "What are you drawing?"

Liluratuta, irakaslea neskatoari hurbildu zitzaion

eta galdetu zion, "Zer ari zara marrazten?"

And the girl said, "I'm drawing a picture of God."

eta neskatoak erantzun zion, "Jaungoikoa marrazten ari naiz."

And the teacher said, "But nobody knows what God looks like."

Eta irakasleak esa zion, "Baina, inortxok ere ez daki eta Jaungoikoak nolako itxura duen."

And the girl said, "They will in a minute."

Eta neskak esan zuen, "Minutu bat barru jakingo dute."

(Laughter)

(Barreak)

Ingalaterran nire semeak lau urte zituenean --

When my son was four in England --

beno, egia esateko Ingalaterran eta leku guztietan zituen lau urte (Barreak)

actually, he was four everywhere, to be honest.

Zehatzak izateko, edonon egonda ere lau urte zituen urte hartan.

(Laughter)

If we're being strict about it, wherever he went, he was four that year.

He was in the Nativity play. Do you remember the story?

Natibitatearen antzezpenean zegoen.

Istorioa gogoratzen duzue? Ez, handia zen bada.

(Laughter)

No, it was big, it was a big story.

Istorio handia alegia. Mel Gibsonek ondorengoa filmatu zuen.

Mel Gibson did the sequel, you may have seen it.

(Laughter)

Agian ikusi duzue: "Natibitatea II." James-i Joseren papera eman zioten

"Nativity II."

But James got the part of Joseph, which we were thrilled about.

gure poztasunerako.

We considered this to be one of the lead parts.

Paper garrantzitsua zela uste genuen.

We had the place crammed full of agents in T-shirts:

Antzezlekua jendez beteta geneukan, aproposko kamisetekin:

"James Robinson JOSE da!" (Barreak)

"James Robinson IS Joseph!"

(Laughter)

He didn't have to speak, but you know the bit where the three kings come in?

Ez zuen hitz egin beharrik, baina badakizue hiru erregeak

datozeneko zatia. Opariak dakartzate,

They come in bearing gifts, gold, frankincense and myrrh.

urrea, intsentsua eta mirra.

This really happened.

Hau benetan gertatu zen. Hortxe eserita geuden

We were sitting there, and I think they just went out of sequence,

eta uste dut eszenan agertzeko ordena nahastu zutela,

because we talked to the little boy afterward and said,

bukatu ondoren umearekin hitz egin genuen eta galdetu genion,

"You OK with that?" They said, "Yeah, why? Was that wrong?"

"Egindakoarekin konforme?" Eta erantzun zuen, "Bai, zer ba? Txarto egon ahal da?"

Ordena aldatu zuten, besterik ez.

They just switched.

The three boys came in, four-year-olds with tea towels on their heads.

Dena dela, hiru mutikoak eszenatokian agertu ziren --

4 urteko umeak sukaldeko trapuak buruan zituztela --

eta zeramatzaten kutxak lurrean jarrita

They put these boxes down, and the first boy said, "I bring you gold."

"Urrea dakartzut" esan zuen lehen mutikoak.

And the second boy said, "I bring you myrrh."

"Nik mirra dakartzut" bigarrenak.

And the third boy said, "Frank sent this."

(Laughter)

Eta hirugarrenak esan zuen, "Frank-ek hau bidaltzen dizu" (Ingelesez "intsentsu" hitzaren antzeko esaldia da).

What these things have in common is that kids will take a chance.

Guzti honek erakusten duena umeak arriskatu egiten direla da.

If they don't know, they'll have a go.

Ez badakite, beste zerbaitekin saiatzen dira.

Zuzen ari naiz? Ez diete beldurrik hutsegiteei.

Am I right? They're not frightened of being wrong.

Hala ere, ez dut esan nahi huts egitea eta kreatiboa izatea gauza berdina direnik.

I don't mean to say that being wrong is the same thing as being creative.

What we do know is, if you're not prepared to be wrong,

Dakiguna honako hau da,

huts egiteko ongi prestatua ez bazaude,

you'll never come up with anything original --

ezin izango duzu sekula asmatu gauza originalik.

if you're not prepared to be wrong.

Ume horiek helduak

And by the time they get to be adults, most kids have lost that capacity.

bihurtuko diren momenturako, gaitasun hori galdua dute.

Hutsegiteak burutzeari beldur dira.

They have become frightened of being wrong.

And we run our companies like this.

Eta gure enpresak era honela zuzentzen ditugu, baita ere.

We stigmatize mistakes.

Erroreak estigamtizatzen ditugu. Eta hutsegiteak egin daitezkeen

And we're now running national education systems

gauzarik txarrentzat jotzen dituzten

where mistakes are the worst thing you can make.

hezkuntza sistemak ditugu martxan gaur egun.

And the result is that we are educating people

Era honen ondorioz, sormen ahalmen gabeko jendea

out of their creative capacities.

hezten ari gara eskoletan. Behin Picassok honakoa esan zuen.

Picasso once said this, he said that all children are born artists.

Esan zuen ume guztiak artista jaiotzen direla.

The problem is to remain an artist as we grow up.

Arazoa heldu ahala artista izaten jarraitzean dagoela zioen. Hitz hauetan sinisten dut bihotzez:

I believe this passionately, that we don't grow into creativity,

ez gara sormenerantz hezten,

we grow out of it.

sormenetik hazten gara. Edo bestela esanda, hezkuntzak berezko sormena mugatzen digu.

Or rather, we get educated out of it.

Zergaitik gertatzen da hau?

So why is this?

Stratford-on-Avon-en bizi izan naiz duela bost urte arte.

I lived in Stratford-on-Avon until about five years ago.

In fact, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles.

Stratfordetik Los Angelesera joan ginen alegia.

Imagina dezakezue zein leuna izen zen aldaketa.

So you can imagine what a seamless transition this was.

(Laughter)

(Barreak) Egitez,

Actually, we lived in a place called Snitterfield,

Snitterfiel izeneko leku batetan bizi ginen

just outside Stratford,

Stratford inguruan, Shakespeare-ren aita

which is where Shakespeare's father was born.

jaio zen lekuan. Ez ahal dizue honek ideia berririk ekarri? Niri bai.

Are you struck by a new thought? I was.

You don't think of Shakespeare having a father, do you?

Ez dugu egiten gogoeta Shakespeare-ren aitari buruz, ezta?

Do you?

Ezta ere Shakespeare ume bat

Because you don't think of Shakespeare being a child, do you?

izan zenari buruz, ezta?

Shakespeare being seven?

Shakespeare zazpi urterekin? Ez nuen honi buruz pentsatu sekula. Hau da,

I never thought of it.

I mean, he was seven at some point.

zazpi urte eduki zituen momenturen batetan

He was in somebody's English class, wasn't he?

eta norbaiten ingeles klaseak jasotzen zituen. Zein gogaikarria izan zitekeen hura.

(Laughter)

How annoying would that be?

(Barreak) "Gehiago saiatu behar da" Bere aitak nola bidaltzen zuen ohera, badakizue,

(Laughter)

"Must try harder."

(Laughter)

Being sent to bed by his dad, to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now!"

"Oherako ordua da!"

To William Shakespeare.

William Shakespeare-ri, "Eta utzi ezazu arkatz hori behingoz!

"And put the pencil down!"

Eta utzi horrela hitzegiteari. Mundu guztia nahasten duzu."

(Laughter)

"And stop speaking like that."

(Laughter)

"It's confusing everybody."

(Laughter)

(Barreak)

Anyway, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles,

Dena den, Stratford-etik Los Angeles-era joan ginen bizitzera,

eta honi buruz zertxobait esan nahiko nuke.

and I just want to say a word about the transition.

Nire semeak ez zuen etorri nahi.

Actually, my son didn't want to come.

I've got two kids; he's 21 now, my daughter's 16.

Bi seme-alaba ditut. Mutilak 21 urte ditu orain; alabak 16.

He didn't want to come to Los Angeles.

Ez zuen Los Angelesera etorri nahi. Oso gustoko zuen arren,

He loved it, but he had a girlfriend in England.

Ingalaterran neskalaguna zuen. Bere bizitzako maitalea, Sarah.

This was the love of his life, Sarah.

Duela hilabete eskas ezagutzen zirela elkar.

He'd known her for a month.

Egin kontu, beraien laugarren urteurrena izango zen,

(Laughter)

Mind you, they'd had their fourth anniversary,

16 urte dituzunean denpora asko baita hilabete bat.

because it's a long time when you're 16.

He was really upset on the plane.

Dena den, oso atsekabetuta zegoen hegazkinean,

He said, "I'll never find another girl like Sarah."

eta esan zuen, "Sarah bezelako neskarik ezin izango dut sekula aurkitu"

And we were rather pleased about that, frankly --

Eta, egia esan, gu oso pozik geunden,

neskato hura baitzen Ingalaterra uzteko arrazoi nagusia.

(Laughter)

because she was the main reason we were leaving the country.

(Laughter)

(Barreak)

Baina zerbaitetaz ohartzen zara Amerikara joaterakoan,

But something strikes you when you move to America

eta mundu osoan ere berdina geratzen da:

and travel around the world:

munduko hezkuntza sistema guztiek ikasgai hierarkia berbera jarraitzen dute.

every education system on earth has the same hierarchy of subjects.

Guztiek. Non zauden axola gabe.

Every one. Doesn't matter where you go.

Gauzak bestelakoak direla pentsa dezakezu, baina ez.

You'd think it would be otherwise, but it isn't.

Goi muturrean matematikak eta hizkuntzak,

At the top are mathematics and languages, then the humanities.

ondoren giza zientziak, eta guztien azpian arteak.

At the bottom are the arts. Everywhere on earth.

Mundu guztian zehar berdin.

And in pretty much every system, too, there's a hierarchy within the arts.

Eta sistema askotan ere,

arteek ere hierarkia berdina jarraitzen dute.

Art and music are normally given a higher status in schools

Normalean, artea eta musikari garrantzia gehiago ematen zaie

than drama and dance.

drama eta dantzari baino. Munduan ez da existitzen egunero umeei

There isn't an education system on the planet

that teaches dance every day to children

dantza erakusten dien eskolarik

the way we teach them mathematics.

matematikekin egiten dugun moduan. Zergaitik?

Why?

Why not?

Zergaitik ez? Nire ustez hau garrantzitsua da.

I think this is rather important.

Matematika oso garrantzitsua da, baina dantza ere da oso.

I think math is very important, but so is dance.

Children dance all the time if they're allowed to, we all do.

Utziz gero, umeak une oro dabiltza dantzan. Guztiok bezala.

We all have bodies, don't we? Did I miss a meeting?

Guztiok dugu gorputz bat, ezta? Zerbait galdu al dut bidean?

(Laughter)

(Barreak) Benetan gertatzen dena da,

Truthfully, what happens is, as children grow up,

umeak hazten diren einean, gerritik gora hezten

we start to educate them progressively from the waist up.

hasten gara pixkanaka. Eta azkenik hezkuntza buruaz soilik arduratzen da.

And then we focus on their heads.

Eta buruaren alde batez bereziki.

And slightly to one side.

Extralurtar batek gure hezkuntza aztertuko balu,

If you were to visit education as an alien

and say "What's it for, public education?"

eta galdetu "Zertarako balio du hezkuntza publikoak?"

I think you'd have to conclude, if you look at the output,

Konklusioa -- emaitzak aztertuz gero,

who really succeeds by this,

nork lortzen duen arrakasta ikusita,

who does everything they should,

nork egiten duen egin beharreko guztia,

who gets all the brownie points, who are the winners --

nork lortzen dituen garaikurrak, nortzuk diren irabazleak --

I think you'd have to conclude the whole purpose of public education

Uste dut aterako zukeen ondorioa, mundu osoko

throughout the world

hezkuntza publikoari buruz,

is to produce university professors.

honen helburu bakarra unibertsitate irakasleak sortzea dela. Ezta hola?

Isn't it?

They're the people who come out the top.

Goian dabiltzan pertsonak dira.

And I used to be one, so there.

(Laughter)

Ni ere beraietako bat nintzen (Barreak)

Eta ez pentsa ez ditudanik gustoko unibertsitate irakasleak,

And I like university professors,

but, you know, we shouldn't hold them up

baina ez genituzke eduki beharko giza lorpenen abibide hobezin bezala.

as the high-water mark of all human achievement.

They're just a form of life.

Soilik bizitzeko modu bat dute.

Another form of life.

Modu ezberdin bat. Baina nahiko bitxiak dira,

But they're rather curious.

xamurtasunez diot hau, ez pentsa.

And I say this out of affection for them:

there's something curious about professors.

Nire esperientziak diost irakasle gehientsuenak

In my experience -- not all of them, but typically -- they live in their heads.

bere buruetan bizi direla soilik.

They live up there and slightly to one side.

Hor goian bizi dira, eta alde bakarrerantz orientatuta.

Gorputzetik kanpo bizi dira, modu ia literal batean.

They're disembodied, you know, in a kind of literal way.

They look upon their body as a form of transport for their heads.

Beraientzat, gorputza burua garraiotzeko

instrumentua da soilik, ezta?

(Laughter)

Don't they?

It's a way of getting their head to meetings.

(Barreak) Burua batzarretara eramateko modua da.

(Laughter)

Gorputzez-kanpoko esperientziren bat ezagutu nahi izanez gero

If you want real evidence of out-of-body experiences, by the way,

pasatu zaitez goi mailako akademikoen

get yourself along to a residential conference of senior academics

konferentziren batetik,

and pop into the discotheque on the final night.

eta azken gaueko diskotekatik bueltatxo bat eman.

(Laughter)

(Barreak) Hor ikusiko duzu -- hazitako gizon eta emakumeak

And there, you will see it.

Grown men and women writhing uncontrollably, off the beat.

kontrol gabe bihurrikatzen, erritmo barik,

(Laughter)

musika noiz bukatuko irrikitan, etxera joan eta horri buruz artikuluren bat idazteko.

Waiting until it ends, so they can go home and write a paper about it.

Gaur egun, gure hezkuntza sistema gaitasun akademikoetan oinarritzen da.

(Laughter)

Our education system is predicated on the idea of academic ability.

Eta arrazoi bat dago.

And there's a reason.

Around the world, there were no public systems of education,

Sistema osoa eraiki zen -- mundu osoan ez zegoen

hezkuntza publikorik 19. mendea heldu arte.

really, before the 19th century.

Denak sortuak izan ziren

They all came into being to meet the needs of industrialism.

industrializazioaren beharrak asetzeko.

Honela, hierarkia bi ideia nagusitan errotua dago.

So the hierarchy is rooted on two ideas.

Number one, that the most useful subjects for work are at the top.

Lehena, lanerako baliogarrienak diren ikasgaiak

garrantzitsuenak dira. Seguruenik, eskolan gustokoen

So you were probably steered benignly away from things at school

zenituen gauzetatik aldendua izan zinen

when you were a kid,

horiekin lan bat lortzea

things you liked,

on the grounds you would never get a job doing that.

ezinezkoa izango zelakoan etorkizunean.

Is that right?

Musikarik ez, ezara izango musikaria eta.

"Don't do music, you're not going to be a musician;

Arterik ez, ezara izango artista eta.

don't do art, you won't be an artist."

Benign advice -- now, profoundly mistaken.

Aholku ona zena, orain errore bihurtu da. Mundu osoa

The whole world is engulfed in a revolution.

dago iraultza batetan murgilduta.

And the second is academic ability,

Eta bigarrena, gaitasun akademikoa da, zeinek inteligentziaren ikuspegia

which has really come to dominate our view of intelligence,

menperatu duen,

unibertsitateak sistema beraien irudira eraiki baitute.

because the universities design the system in their image.

Ondo pentsatuta, mundu guztiko

If you think of it,

the whole system of public education around the world is a protracted process

helkuntza sistema publikoak unibertsitaterako sarrera

prestatzen dute soilik.

of university entrance.

Honen ondorioz, takentuzko jendeak,

And the consequence is that many highly talented,

brilliant, creative people think they're not,

oso argi eta sormen handikoak uste dute ez direla horrelako ezer,

because the thing they were good at at school

eskolan menperatzen zituzten arloek

ez zutelako baliorik, edo estigmatizaturik zeudelako.

wasn't valued, or was actually stigmatized.

And I think we can't afford to go on that way.

Eta uste dut ezin dugula bide honetatik jarraitu.

In the next 30 years, according to UNESCO,

Hurrengo 30 urteetan, UNESCO-ren arabera,

more people worldwide will be graduating through education

jende gehiago graduatuko da mundu osoan zehar,

than since the beginning of history.

historiaren hasieratik graduatu izan direnak baino.

More people.

Jende gehiago, eta hau da

And it's the combination of all the things we've talked about:

hitz egin dugun guztiaren konbinazioa --

technology and its transformational effect on work,

teknologia eta honen transformazioak duen eragina lanean,

and demography and the huge explosion in population.

eta demografiaren hazkunde itzela.

Suddenly, degrees aren't worth anything.

Bapatean, tituluek ez dute baliorik. Ez da horrela?

Isn't that true?

Ni ikaslea nintzenean, titulu bat bazenuen, lana zeneukan.

When I was a student, if you had a degree, you had a job.

If you didn't have a job, it's because you didn't want one.

Lanik ez bazenuen, nahi ez zenuelako izango zen.

And I didn't want one, frankly.

Eta nik ez nuen lanik nahi, egia esan. (Barreak)

(Laughter)

Baina orain, tituludun gazteak sarritan

But now kids with degrees are often heading home

to carry on playing video games,

beraien etxeetara itzultzen dira, bideo jokoetan jolasten jarraitzeko,

orain masterra behar delako, lehen batxillergoa behar zen lekuan,

because you need an MA where the previous job required a BA,

eta orain doktoregoa behar delako bestearen lekuan.

and now you need a PhD for the other.

It's a process of academic inflation.

Inflazio akademiko honek

And it indicates the whole structure of education is shifting beneath our feet.

gure azpian hezkuntza egitura guztia kolokan

jartzen du. Era erradikal batean birplanteatu behar dugu

We need to radically rethink our view of intelligence.

inteligentziaz dugun ikuspegia.

Hiru gauza dakizkigu inteligentziari buruz.

We know three things about intelligence.

Lehena, anitza dela. Munduari buruz gogoeta egiteko erak

One, it's diverse.

We think about the world in all the ways that we experience it.

bizipenak beste daude. Ikusmenaz egiten dugu gogoeta,

We think visually, we think in sound, we think kinesthetically.

soinuekin, kinestesikoki.

We think in abstract terms, we think in movement.

Gauza abstraktuetan pentsatzen dugu, mugimenduetan baita.

Secondly, intelligence is dynamic.

Bigarrenez, inteligentzia dinamikoa da.

If you look at the interactions of a human brain,

Burmuineko interakzioei begiratuz gero, atzoko

as we heard yesterday from a number of presentations,

aurkezpenetan ikusi genuen bezala,

intelligence is wonderfully interactive.

inteligentziaren interaktibitate txundigarria da.

The brain isn't divided into compartments.

Burmuina ez dago konpartimentutan banatuta.

In fact, creativity --

Izatez, sormena -- balioa duten idea originalak

which I define as the process of having original ideas that have value --

edukitzearen prozezua --

more often than not comes about

gauzak ikusteko era ezberdinen interakzioaren emaitza

through the interaction of different disciplinary ways of seeing things.

izaten da gehienetan.

Burmuina apropos da -- hain zuzen,

By the way, there's a shaft of nerves that joins the two halves of the brain,

burmuinaren bi aldeak batzen dituen nerbio talde bat dago

called the corpus callosum.

corpus callosum izenekoa. Emakumeetan zabalagoa da.

It's thicker in women.

Helenek atzo esandakoari jarraikiz, uste dut

Following off from Helen yesterday,

honexegaitik direla hobeak emakumeak gauza bat baino gehiago

this is probably why women are better at multitasking.

Because you are, aren't you?

egiten aldi berean, ez da egia?

There's a raft of research, but I know it from my personal life.

Asko aztertu da honen gainean, baina nik nire bizitza pertsonaletik ezagutzen dut.

If my wife is cooking a meal at home, which is not often ...

Nire emaztea sukaldean badabil zerbait prestatzen --

zorionez ez da sarritan gertzatzen. (Barreak)

thankfully.

(Laughter)

Baina sukaldean badabil -- ez, gauza batzutan ona da --

No, she's good at some things.

baina zerbait prestatzen badabil,

But if she's cooking, she's dealing with people on the phone,

eta norbaitekin telefonotik hizketan,

she's talking to the kids, she's painting the ceiling --

umeekin hizketan, sabaia pintatzen,

(Laughter)

bihotzeko kirurgiaren bat burutzen baita ere.

she's doing open-heart surgery over here.

If I'm cooking, the door is shut, the kids are out,

Ni sukaldean banago, atea itxita dago, umeak kanpoan,

the phone's on the hook,

telefonoa eskegita eta emaztea sartu ezkero haserretu egiten naiz.

if she comes in, I get annoyed.

I say, "Terry, please, I'm trying to fry an egg in here."

Diot, "Terry mesedez, arrautza bat frijitzen ari naiz. Utzi nazazu bakean." (Barreak)

(Laughter)

"Give me a break."

(Laughter)

Actually, do you know that old philosophical thing,

Benetan, badakizue filosofi galdera zahar hori,

"If a tree falls in a forest, and nobody hears it, did it happen?"

basoan zuhaitz bat erori ezkero, eta inork entzun ez badu,

benetan gertatu ahal da? Duela gutxi kamiseta

Remember that old chestnut?

I saw a great T-shirt recently, which said,

zoragarri bat ikusi nuen, zioen "Gizon batek baso batetan hitz eginez gero

"If a man speaks his mind in a forest, and no woman hears him,

eta ez badago emakumerik entzuteko,

is he still wrong?"

erratuta al dago oraindik gizona? (Barreak)

(Laughter)

And the third thing about intelligence is,

Inteligentziari buruzko hirugarren gauza

it's distinct.

apartekoa dela da. Liburu berri bat ari naiz idazten

I'm doing a new book at the moment called "Epiphany,"

"Epifania" izenekoa. Elkarrizketa batzuetan oinarrituta,

which is based on a series of interviews with people

jendeak euren talentua nola aurkitu zuen azaltzen da.

about how they discovered their talent.

Liluratuta nago jendeak horra heltzeko bideekin.

I'm fascinated by how people got to be there.

Honek emakume zoragarri batekin izandako

It's really prompted by a conversation I had with a wonderful woman

elkarrizketa bat gogorarazten dit, seguruenik

who maybe most people have never heard of, Gillian Lynne.

ezezaguna askorentzat, Gillian Lynne izenekoa,

ezagutzen duzue? Batzuek bai. Koreografoa da

Have you heard of her? Some have.

She's a choreographer, and everybody knows her work.

eta mundu guztiak ezagutzen du bere lana.

"Cats" eta "Operako mamua" egin zituen.

She did "Cats" and "Phantom of the Opera."

Zoragarria da. Ingalaterran, Royal Ballet-eko kontseiluan egoten nintzen

She's wonderful.

I used to be on the board of The Royal Ballet, as you can see.

ikusi dezakezuen bezala.

(Laughter)

Dena den, Egun baten Gillianekin bazkaldu nuen eta esan nion,

Gillian and I had lunch one day. I said, "How did you get to be a dancer?"

"Gillian, nola heldu zinen dantzari izatera?"

It was interesting.

Interesgarria izan zen, eskolan zegoenean,

When she was at school, she was really hopeless.

ez zuen inolako esperantzarik. Eta 30. hamarkadan, eskolak

And the school, in the '30s, wrote to her parents and said,

bere gurasoei idatzi zien esanez, "Uste dugu

"We think Gillian has a learning disorder."

Gillianek ikasketa desordena duela." Ezin zen zentratu,

She couldn't concentrate; she was fidgeting.

asko mugitzen zen. Orain agian hiperaktibitate

I think now they'd say she had ADHD.

trastornua zuela esango zuten. Baina 1930 urtea zen,

Wouldn't you?

But this was the 1930s, and ADHD hadn't been invented at this point.

eta hiperaktibitate trastornua ez zen oraindik asmatu.

It wasn't an available condition.

Ez zegoen oraindik aukeragai katalogoan (Barreak)

(Laughter)

Ez zekiten hori izan zitekeela.

People weren't aware they could have that.

Dena den, espezialista bat ikustera joan zen. Haritzezko hormez inguratua,

(Laughter)

Anyway, she went to see this specialist.

bere amarekin zegoen bertan,

So, this oak-paneled room, and she was there with her mother,

eskina batetan eserarazi zuten neska,

20 minutuz, amak espezialistarekin

and she was led and sat on this chair at the end,

hitz egiten zuen bitartean eskolan Gillianek

and she sat on her hands for 20 minutes,

zituen problema guztiei buruz. Beste guztiak gogaitzen zituen,

while this man talked to her mother

about all the problems Gillian was having at school,

etxeko lanak beti berandu

because she was disturbing people, her homework was always late, and so on.

entregatzen zituen, eta horrela, 8 urteko umeak.

Azkenean, medikua Gilliani hurbildu eta

Little kid of eight.

In the end, the doctor went and sat next to Gillian and said,

esan zion, "Gillian,

"I've listened to all these things your mother's told me.

zure amak esandakoa entzun dut eta

berarekin hitz egin nahiko nuke pribatuan"

I need to speak to her privately.

Esan zion, "Itxaron hemen, laster itzuliko gara."

Wait here. We'll be back. We won't be very long,"

and they went and left her.

eta neska bakarrik uzti zuten gelan.

Baina gelatik irtetean, mahai gaineko

But as they went out of the room,

he turned on the radio that was sitting on his desk.

irratia piztu zuen. Gelatik kanpo

zeudenean, esan zion amari,

And when they got out of the room,

"Gelditu hemen eta begiratu umeari." Eta gelatik irten eta berehala,

he said to her mother, "Just stand and watch her."

And the minute they left the room,

neskatoa zutik zegoen, musikarekin batera mugitzen.

she was on her feet, moving to the music.

Zenbait minutuz begira geratu ziren

And they watched for a few minutes, and he turned to her mother and said,

eta medikuak orduan amari esan zion,

"Mrs. Lynne, Gillian isn't sick.

"Lynne andrea, Gillian ez dago gaixorik, dantzaria da.

She's a dancer.

Eraman neska dantza eskola batetara."

Take her to a dance school."

I said, "What happened?"

Nik esan nion, "Zer gertatu zen orduan?"

She said, "She did. I can't tell you how wonderful it was.

Erantzun zidan, "Amak egin zuen. Zoragarria izan zen niretzako.

We walked in this room, and it was full of people like me --

Eskola hartatik genbiltzala, ikusi genuen

people who couldn't sit still,

ni bezalako jendez beteta zegoela. Geldi egoten ez zekitenak.

people who had to move to think."

Pentsatzeko mugitu beharra zutenak."

Who had to move to think.

Balleta, dit tap, jazz,

They did ballet, they did tap, jazz; they did modern; they did contemporary.

modernoa, dantza garaikidea egin zuten.

Beranduago Royal Ballet School-entzako frogak egin zituen,

She was eventually auditioned for the Royal Ballet School.

eta solista bihurtu zuen, eta karrera zoragarria izan zuen.

She became a soloist; she had a wonderful career at the Royal Ballet.

Ondoren Royal Ballet School-en

She eventually graduated from the Royal Ballet School,

graduatu eta bere konpainia

propioa fundatu zuen -- Gillian Lynne Dance Company --

founded the Gillian Lynne Dance Company,

met Andrew Lloyd Webber.

eta Andrew Lloyd Weber ezagutu. Historiako musikal

She's been responsible for

some of the most successful musical theater productions in history,

arrakastatsuenetarikoen arduraduna izan da,

she's given pleasure to millions,

milioika ikusleri plazerra emanez,

and she's a multimillionaire.

Somebody else might have put her on medication and told her to calm down.

eta oso aberatsa da. Beste norbaitek

(Applause)

medizinak emango zizkiokeen eta

lasaitzeko esan.

Orain, uste dut... (Txaloak) Hau da uste dudana:

What I think it comes to is this:

Al Gore spoke the other night

Bart Al Gorek ekologiari buruz

about ecology and the revolution that was triggered by Rachel Carson.

hitz egin zuen, eta Rachel Carsonek hasitako iraultzari buruz.

Uste dut etorkizunerako gure esperantza bakarra

I believe our only hope for the future

is to adopt a new conception of human ecology,

gizakiaren ekologiaren ikuskera berri bat hartzea dela,

zeinekin giza gaitasunen aberastasuna

one in which we start to reconstitute our conception

of the richness of human capacity.

beste era batera tratatuko dugun.

Our education system has mined our minds

Gure hezkuntza sitemak gure burmuinak ustiatu ditu

in the way that we strip-mine the earth for a particular commodity.

guk lurra ustiatzen dugun bezala: lehengai partikular baten bila.

Eta etorkizunari begira, honek ez du balioko.

And for the future, it won't serve us.

We have to rethink the fundamental principles

Berriz pentsatu behar ditugu funtsezko oinarriak

on which we're educating our children.

zeinen gainean gure umeak hezten ditugun.

There was a wonderful quote by Jonas Salk, who said,

Jonas Salk-en esaldi bat dago, dioena, "Intsektu guztiak lurretik

"If all the insects were to disappear from the Earth,

desagertuko balira, 50 urtetan

within 50 years, all life on Earth would end.

lurreko bizitza guztia bukatu egingo zen.

Gizaki guztiak lurretik desagertuko balira,

If all human beings disappeared from the Earth,

50 urtetan bizitza forma guztiak loratu egingo lirateke."

within 50 years, all forms of life would flourish."

Eta arrazoia du.

And he's right.

TED-ek ospatzen duena gizakiaren imajinazioa da.

What TED celebrates is the gift of the human imagination.

Dohain hau jakituriaz erabili behar dugu,

We have to be careful now that we use this gift wisely,

aipatutako eszenario oker batzuk saihestu ahal izateko.

and that we avert some of the scenarios that we've talked about.

Eta hau honela izateko modu bakarra

And the only way we'll do it is by seeing our creative capacities

gure sormen ahalmenak bere aberastasun

for the richness they are

osoan ikustea da eta gure umeak

and seeing our children for the hope that they are.

benetan diren esperantza bezala ikustea. Eta gure

And our task is to educate their whole being,

betebeharra umeak osotasuanean heztea da, etorkizunari aurre gin diezaioten.

so they can face this future.

By the way -- we may not see this future,

Guk, agian, ez dugu etorkizun hori ikusiko,

but they will.

baina beraiek ikusiko dute. Eta gure lana

And our job is to help them make something of it.

etorkizun hori zerbaitetan bihurtzen laguntzea da. Eskerrik asko.

Thank you very much.

(Applause)