Do you really know why you do what you do? | Petter Johansson

Translator: Edurne Sanz Arsuaga Reviewer: Jone Aliri Lazcano

So why do you think the rich should pay more in taxes?

Zergatik uste duzu aberatsek gehiago ordaindu behar dutela zergatan?

Why did you buy the latest iPhone?

Zergatik erosi duzu azken iPhone-a?

Why did you pick your current partner?

Zergatik aukeratu zenuen zure oraingo bikotekidea?

And why did so many people vote for Donald Trump?

Eta zergatik bozkatu zuen hainbeste jendek Donald Trump-en alde?

What were the reasons, why did they do it?

Zer arrazoirengatik hartu zuten erabaki hau?

So we ask this kind of question all the time,

Etengabe egiten ditugu horrelako galderak,

and we expect to get an answer.

eta erantzun bat jaso nahi dugu.

And when being asked, we expect ourselves to know the answer,

Eta geuri galdetzen dizkigutenean, erantzuteko gai izan nahi dugu,

to simply tell why we did as we did.

gure ekintzak justifikatzeko.

But do we really know why?

Baina ba al dakigu zergatik egin ditugun?

So when you say that you prefer George Clooney to Tom Hanks,

George Clooney Tom Hanks baino nahiago duzula esatean,

due to his concern for the environment,

ingurumenagatik duen ardura dela eta,

is that really true?

ziur al zaude hala dela?

So you can be perfectly sincere and genuinely believe

Bene-benetan pentsa dezakezu

that this is the reason that drives your choice,

horregatik egin duzula hautu hau,

but to me, it may still feel like something is missing.

baina, nire ustez, kontua ez dago erabat argi.

As it stands, due to the nature of subjectivity,

Izan ere, kontua erabat subjektiboa denez,

it is actually very hard to ever prove that people are wrong about themselves.

oso zaila da jendeak bere buruaz duen ustea okerra dela frogatzea.

So I'm an experimental psychologist,

Ni psikologo esperimentala naiz

and this is the problem we've been trying to solve in our lab.

eta arazo hau argitu nahian ibili gara laborategian.

So we wanted to create an experiment

Jendeak bere buruaz ziurtasun osoz dioena

that would allow us to challenge what people say about themselves,

zalantzan jartzeko aukera emango zigun

regardless of how certain they may seem.

esperimentu bat geneukan gogoan.

But tricking people about their own mind is hard.

Baina zaila da inor engainatzea norberaren buruaren gaian.

So we turned to the professionals.

Beraz, profesionalengana jo genuen:

The magicians.

magoengana.

So they're experts at creating the illusion of a free choice.

Inork baino hobeto sortzen dute hautu aske baten irudipena.

So when they say, "Pick a card, any card,"

"Hartu karta bat, edozein" esaten dizutenean,

the only thing you know is that your choice is no longer free.

badakizu zure aukera dagoeneko ez dela askea.

So we had a few fantastic brainstorming sessions

Mago suediar batzuekin bilera sorta bat antolatu

with a group of Swedish magicians,

eta ideiak bildu genituen

and they helped us create a method

jendeak hartutako erabakien

in which we would be able to manipulate the outcome of people's choices.

ondorioak manipulatzeko metodo bat sortzeko.

This way we would know when people are wrong about themselves,

Horrela, euren buruaz zuten ustean oker zeudela

even if they don't know this themselves.

jakin genezakeen, haiek ez jabetu arren.

So I will now show you a short movie showing this manipulation.

Orain, manipulazio honen film labur bat erakutsiko dizuet.

So it's quite simple.

Erraza da.

The participants make a choice,

Partaideek zerbait aukeratzen dute,

but I end up giving them the opposite.

baina nik kontrakoa ematen diet.

And then we want to see: How did they react, and what did they say?

Zer erantzun eman ote zuten? Oraintxe ikusiko dugu.

So it's quite simple, but see if you can spot the magic going on.

Erraza da, ea trikimailua antzematen duzuen.

And this was shot with real participants, they don't know what's going on.

Hau benetako partaideekin grabatutakoa da, ez dakite zer gertatzen ari den.

(Video) Petter Johansson: Hi, my name's Petter.

(Bideoa) Petter Johansson: Kaixo, Petter naiz.

Woman: Hi, I'm Becka.

Emakumea: Kaixo, Becka naiz.

PJ: I'm going to show you pictures like this.

PJ: Horrelako irudi batzuk erakutsiko dizkizut

And you'll have to decide which one you find more attractive.

eta erakargarriena aukeratu beharko duzu.

Becka: OK.

Becka: Ados.

PJ: And then sometimes, I will ask you why you prefer that face.

PJ: Eta tarteka irudi hori zergatik nahiago duzun galdetuko dizut.

Becka: OK.

Becka: Ados.

PJ: Ready? Becka: Yeah.

PJ: Prest? Becka: Bai.

PJ: Why did you prefer that one?

PJ: Zergatik gustatu zaizu hori gehiago?

Becka: The smile, I think.

Becka: Irribarrea, nik uste.

PJ: Smile.

PJ: Irribarrea.

Man: One on the left.

Gizona: Ezkerrekoa.

Again, this one just struck me.

Berriro ere, atentzioa eman didalako.

Interesting shot.

Argazki bitxia da.

Since I'm a photographer, I like the way it's lit and looks.

Argazkilaria naizenez, argiztapena eta itxura gustatu zaizkit.

Petter Johansson: But now comes the trick.

Petter Johansson: Hona hemen trikimailua.

(Video) Woman 1: This one.

(Bideoa) 1. emakumea: Hauxe.

PJ: So they get the opposite of their choice.

PJ: Aukeratu dutenaren kontrakoa ematen diet.

And let's see what happens.

Ea zer gertatzen den.

Woman 2: Um ...

2. emakumea: Ba...

I think he seems a little more innocent than the other guy.

Beste gizonak baino xaloagoa dirudi.

Man: The one on the left.

Gizona: Ezkerrekoa.

I like her smile and contour of the nose and face.

Irribarrea gustatzen zait, baita sudurraren eta aurpegiaren ingerada ere.

So it's a little more interesting to me, and her haircut.

Interesgarriagoa dirudi. Ileagatik ere bai.

Woman 3: This one.

3. emakumea: Hauxe.

I like the smirky look better.

Irribarre burlatia gustatzen zait.

PJ: You like the smirky look better?

PJ: Irribarre burlatia gustatzen zaizu?

(Laughter)

(Barreak)

Woman 3: This one.

3. emakumea: Hauxe.

PJ: What made you choose him?

PJ: Zergatik aukeratu duzu?

Woman 3: I don't know, he looks a little bit like the Hobbit.

3. emakumea: Ez dakit, Hobbit-aren antza pixka bat du.

(Laughter)

(Barreak)

PJ: And what happens in the end

PJ: Eta zer gertatzen da

when I tell them the true nature of the experiment?

esperimentuaren benetako funtzionamendua azaltzen diedanean?

Yeah, that's it. I just have to ask a few questions.

Kitto, bukatu dugu. Orain galdera batzuk egingo dizkizut.

Man: Sure.

Gizona: Bota.

PJ: What did you think of this experiment, was it easy or hard?

PJ: Zer iruditu zaizu esperimentua, erraza ala zaila?

Man: It was easy.

Gizona: Erraza izan da.

PJ: During the experiments,

PJ: Esperimentuan zehar

I actually switched the pictures three times.

irudiak hiru aldiz lekuz aldatu ditut.

Was this anything you noticed?

Antzeman al duzu?

Man: No. I didn't notice any of that.

Gizona: Ez, ez naiz konturatu.

PJ: Not at all? Man: No.

PJ: Ez al zara jabetu? Gizona: Ez.

Switching the pictures as far as ...

Baina nola, lekuz aldatu...

PJ: Yeah, you were pointing at one of them but I actually gave you the opposite.

PJ: Bai, bat seinalatu duzu baina bestea eman dizut.

Man: The opposite one. OK, when you --

Gizona: Kontrakoa. Orduan...

No. Shows you how much my attention span was.

Ez. Argi geratu da zer arreta jarri dudan.

(Laughter)

(Barreak)

PJ: Did you notice that sometimes during the experiment

PJ: Hauteman al duzu esperimentuan zehar, tarteka,

I switched the pictures?

irudiak lekuz aldatu ditudala?

Woman 2: No, I did not notice that.

2. emakumea: Ez, ez naiz konturatu.

PJ: You were pointing at one, but then I gave you the other one.

PJ: Bat seinalatu duzu, baina bestea eman dizut.

No inclination of that happening?

Ez al zara konturatu?

Woman 2: No.

2. emakumea: Ez.

Woman 2: I did not notice.

2. emakumea: Ez dut antzeman.

(Laughs)

(Barreak)

PJ: Thank you.

PJ: Eskerrik asko.

Woman 2: Thank you.

2. emakumea: Eskerrik asko.

PJ: OK, so as you probably figured out now,

PJ: Dagoeneko antzemango zenuten

the trick is that I have two cards in each hand,

esku bakoitzean bina karta daukadala

and when I hand one of them over,

eta haietako bat ematen diedanean

the black one kind of disappears into the black surface on the table.

azpiko karta beltza mahai gainean ikusezin bihurtzen dela.

So using pictures like this,

Horrelako argazkiez baliatzean,

normally not more than 20 percent of the participants detect these tries.

partaideen %20 baino gutxiagok hautematen du trikimailua.

And as you saw in the movie,

Bideoan ikusi bezala,

when in the end we explain what's going on,

bukaeran, gertatutako guztia azaltzen diedanean,

they're very surprised and often refuse to believe the trick has been made.

harrituta geratzen dira; batzuk ez dute sinesten trikimailua egin diedanik.

So this shows that this effect is quite robust and a genuine effect.

Honek efektuaren egiazkotasuna eta indarra frogatzen ditu.

But if you're interested in self-knowledge, as I am,

Baina autoezagutzan interesa baduzu, nik bezala,

the more interesting bit is,

honek piztuko dizu jakin-mina:

OK, so what did they say when they explained these choices?

Zer esan zuten hautuak arrazoitzeko?

So we've done a lot of analysis

Partaideen hitzezko adierazpenak

of the verbal reports in these experiments.

sakon aztertu ditugu.

And this graph simply shows

Grafiko honetan ikus daiteke

that if you compare what they say in a manipulated trial

manipulatutako hautuaren aldean

with a nonmanipulated trial,

manipulatu gabekoa, hau da,

that is when they explain a normal choice they've made

erabaki arrunt baten zergatiak

and one where we manipulated the outcome,

eta manipulatutako erabakiarenak

we find that they are remarkably similar.

ia berdin justifikatu dituztela.

So they are just as emotional, just as specific,

Zehaztasun, emozio eta ziurtasun

and they are expressed with the same level of certainty.

berberaz adierazi dituzte.

So the strong conclusion to draw from this

Beraz, benetako aukera baten eta

is that if there are no differences

manipulatutako baten artean

between a real choice and a manipulated choice,

desberdintasunik ez badago, agian etengabe aitzakiak

perhaps we make things up all the time.

asmatzen ari garela ondoriozta genezake.

But we've also done studies

Baina ikerketa gehiago egin dugu

where we try to match what they say with the actual faces.

esaten dutena argazkietako aurpegiekin konparatzeko.

And then we find things like this.

Horrelako gauzak aurkitu ditugu.

So here, this male participant, he preferred the girl to the left,

Hemen, gizonezko partaide honek ezkerreko neska nahiago zuen,

he ended up with the one to the right.

baina eskuinekoa eman nion.

And then, he explained his choice like this.

Eta horrela azaldu zuen hautua:

"She is radiant.

"Oso begitarte alaia du.

I would rather have approached her at the bar than the other one.

Taberna batean lehenago hurbilduko nintzaioke berari besteari baino.

And I like earrings."

Belarritakoak ere gustuko ditut."

And whatever made him choose the girl on the left to begin with,

Auskalo zergatik aukeratu zuen ezkerreko neska,

it can't have been the earrings,

baina belarritakoengatik behintzat ez,

because they were actually sitting on the girl on the right.

eskuinekoak bakarrik daramatzalako.

So this is a clear example of a post hoc construction.

Post hoc argudio baten adibide argia dugu.

So they just explained the choice afterwards.

Hau da, erabakia hartu ondoren justifikatu zuen.

So what this experiment shows is,

Beraz, esperimentu honek

OK, so if we fail to detect that our choices have been changed,

gure hautuak aldatu egin dituztela detektatzen ez badugu,

we will immediately start to explain them in another way.

beste era batean arrazoitzen saiatuko garela frogatzen du.

And what we also found

Beste aurkikuntza bat

is that the participants often come to prefer the alternative,

partaideek guk behartutako aukera

that they were led to believe they liked.

nahiago izaten bukatzen dutela da.

So if we let them do the choice again,

Orduan, berriro aukeratzeko eskatuz gero,

they will now choose the face they had previously rejected.

lehen baztertutako aurpegia hautatuko lukete.

So this is the effect we call "choice blindness."

Efektu honi "hautu-itsutasuna" deritzo

And we've done a number of different studies --

eta asko ikertu dugu honen inguruan:

we've tried consumer choices,

kontsumitzaileen erabakiak,

choices based on taste and smell and even reasoning problems.

usainarekin edota zaporearekin lotutakoak eta arrazoimen-problemak aztertu ditugu.

But what you all want to know is of course

Baina denok jakin nahi duguna zera da:

does this extend also to more complex, more meaningful choices?

hau erabaki konplexu eta esanguratsuei ere aplika al dakieke?

Like those concerning moral and political issues.

Auzi politiko eta moralen ingurukoei, esate baterako.

So the next experiment, it needs a little bit of a background.

Hurrengo esperimentuak testuinguru pixka bat behar du.

So in Sweden, the political landscape

Suediar panorama politikoan

is dominated by a left-wing and a right-wing coalition.

bi koalizio dira nagusi: ezkerrekoa eta eskuinekoa.

And the voters may move a little bit between the parties within each coalition,

Boto-emaileak, beraz, koalizio barneko alderdi batetik bestera mugi daitezke,

but there is very little movement between the coalitions.

baina ez da ohikoa koalizio batetik bestera aldatzea.

And before each elections,

Hauteskundeen aurretik,

the newspapers and the polling institutes

egunkariek eta estatistika-institutuek

put together what they call "an election compass"

"hauteskunde-iparrorratz" sistema,

which consists of a number of dividing issues

bi koalizioak banantzen dituzten zenbait arazo polemikoren zerrenda,

that sort of separates the two coalitions.

osatzen dute.

Things like if tax on gasoline should be increased

Adibidez, ea gasolinaren gaineko zerga igo beharko litzatekeen,

or if the 13 months of paid parental leave

edo 13 hilabeteko amatasun-baja

should be split equally between the two parents

genero-berdintasuna bultzatzeko

in order to increase gender equality.

bi gurasoen artean banatu beharko litzatekeen.

So, before the last Swedish election,

Suediako azken hauteskundeen aurretik,

we created an election compass of our own.

geure hauteskunde-iparrorratz propioa sortu genuen.

So we walked up to people in the street

Kalera atera eta jendeari

and asked if they wanted to do a quick political survey.

inkesta politiko labur batean parte hartzeko eskatu genion.

So first we had them state their voting intention

Hasteko, bi koalizioetatik zeinen alde

between the two coalitions.

bozkatuko zuten galdetzen genien.

Then we asked them to answer 12 of these questions.

Gero, galdera hauetatik hamabiri erantzuteko eskatzen genien.

They would fill in their answers,

Erantzunak bete ondoren,

and we would ask them to discuss,

solasean hasten ginen.

so OK, why do you think tax on gas should be increased?

"Zergatik uste duzu gasolinaren gaineko zerga igo beharko litzatekeela?"

And we'd go through the questions.

Galdera bakoitzarekin, banan bana.

Then we had a color coded template

Eta kolore-kode baten araberako txantiloi bat erabiliz

that would allow us to tally their overall score.

beren puntuazioa kalkulatzen genuen.

So this person would have one, two, three, four

Norbaitek ezkerraldera bat, bi, hiru, lau, bost

five, six, seven, eight, nine scores to the left,

sei, zazpi, zortzi, bederatzi puntu lortuz gero,

so he would lean to the left, basically.

joera ezkertiarra izango luke.

And in the end, we also had them fill in their voting intention once more.

Eta azkenik, berriro boto asmoa idazteko eskatzen genien.

But of course, there was also a trick involved.

Baina noski, trikimailu bat zegoen tartean.

So first, we walked up to people,

Lehenengo, jendeari hurreratu,

we asked them about their voting intention

eta boto asmoa galdetzen genien;

and then when they started filling in,

baina erantzunak bete bitartean,

we would fill in a set of answers going in the opposite direction.

guk beste orri batean kontrako erantzunak idatzi

We would put it under the notepad.

eta koaderno azpian gordetzen genuen.

And when we get the questionnaire,

Ondoren, galdeketa itzultzen zigutenean,

we would simply glue it on top of the participant's own answer.

partaidearen orriaren gainean itsasten genuen.

So there, it's gone.

Eta hortxe, listo.

And then we would ask about each of the questions:

Orduan, erantzunok arrazoitzeko eskatzen genien:

How did you reason here?

"Zergatik jarri duzu hau?"

And they'll state the reasons,

Eta zergatiak azaldu ondoren

together we will sum up their overall score.

beren puntuazioa kalkulatzen genuen.

And in the end, they will state their voting intention again.

Azkenik, beren boto asmoa adierazten zuten berriro ere.

So what we find first of all here,

Lehenik eta behin, manipulazio hauek

is that very few of these manipulations are detected.

oso pertsona gutxik antzeman zituztela ikusi genuen.

And they're not detected in the sense that they realize,

Eta antzematen zituztenean, ez zuten

"OK, you must have changed my answer,"

"Aizu, erantzuna aldatu didazu" esaten,

it was more the case that,

"Barkatu,

"OK, I must've misunderstood the question the first time I read it.

galdera gaizki ulertu dudala uste dut, erantzuna aldatu dezaket?"

Can I please change it?"

galdetzen zuten.

And even if a few of these manipulations were changed,

Manipulazio gutxi batzuk aldarazi arren,

the overall majority was missed.

gehienak berdin-berdin geratu ziren;

So we managed to switch 90 percent of the participants' answers

partaideen erantzunen %90 aldatzea lortu genuen, beren profilak

from left to right, right to left, their overall profile.

ezkerretik eskuinera eta eskuinetik ezkerrera lekualdatuz.

And what happens then when they are asked to motivate their choices?

Eta zer gertatzen da argudioak eskatzen dizkiegunean?

And here we find much more interesting verbal reports

Kasu honetan, hitzezko adierazpenak aurpegien esperimentuan baino

than compared to the faces.

askoz interesgarriagoak dira.

People say things like this, and I'll read it to you.

Jendeak horrelako erantzunak eman zituen:

So, "Large-scale governmental surveillance of email and internet traffic

"Gobernuek eskala handian Interneta eta email-ak kontrolatzea

ought to be permissible as means to combat international crime and terrorism."

onargarria da nazioarteko delitu eta terrorismoari aurre egiteko.

"So you agree to some extent with this statement." "Yes."

Ados al zaude esaldi honekin?" "Bai."

"So how did you reason here?"

"Zergatik?"

"Well, like, as it is so hard to get at international crime and terrorism,

"Beno, nazioarteko delituei eta terrorismoari aurka egitea zaila denez,

I think there should be those kinds of tools."

horrelako tresnez baliatzea beharrezkoa dela uste dut."

And then the person remembers an argument from the newspaper in the morning.

Orduan, pertsona honi egunkari bateko argudio bat datorkio burura:

"Like in the newspaper today,

"Gaur egunkarian irakurri dut

it said they can like, listen to mobile phones from prison,

espetxeetan sakelako telefonoak kontrolatzen dituztela,

if a gang leader tries to continue his crimes from inside.

gaizkile-taldeen buruek bertatik delitu gehiagorik ez antolatzeko.

And I think it's madness that we have so little power

Erokeria hutsa iruditzen zait eskuhartzerik ez izatea

that we can't stop those things

horrelako gauzak geldiarazteko,

when we actually have the possibility to do so."

berez hala egiteko aukera izanda."

And then there's a little bit back and forth in the end:

Bukaeran, zalantza-kutsu bat dauka:

"I don't like that they have access to everything I do,

"Ez zait gustatzen egiten dudan guztira sarbidea izatea,

but I still think it's worth it in the long run."

baina azkenean merezi duela uste dut."

So, if you didn't know that this person

Pertsona honek hautu-itsutasun esperimentu

just took part in a choice blindness experiment,

batean parte hartu duela jakingo ez bazenu,

I don't think you would question

ez dut uste iritzi hau

that this is the true attitude of that person.

benetakoa ez dela esango zenukeenik.

And what happens in the end, with the voting intention?

Eta zer gertatzen da bukaeran, boto asmoarekin?

What we find -- that one is also clearly affected by the questionnaire.

Galdetegiak eragin handia izan duela ikusi dugu.

So we have 10 participants

10 partaide dauzkagu

shifting from left to right or from right to left.

ezkerretik eskuinera, edo alderantziz, mugitu direnak.

We have another 19 that go from clear voting intention

Beste 19 boto asmo argitik

to being uncertain.

zalantzara pasatu dira.

Some go from being uncertain to clear voting intention.

Beste batzuk zalantzatik boto asmo garbira igaro dira.

And then there is a number of participants staying uncertain throughout.

Eta partaide kopuru batek zalantza mantendu du aurretik eta ondoren.

And that number is interesting

Kopuru hauek interesgarriak dira,

because if you look at what the polling institutes say

estatistika-institutuen arabera

the closer you get to an election,

hauteskundeetara gerturatu ahala

the only people that are sort of in play

jokoan dauden boto-emaileak

are the ones that are considered uncertain.

zalantzatiak direlako, hain zuzen ere.

But we show there is a much larger number

Baina iritziz alda lezakeen jende kopurua

that would actually consider shifting their attitudes.

askoz handiagoa dela frogatu dugu.

And here I must point out, of course, that you are not allowed to use this

Azpimarratu beharra daukat, noski, hau ezin dela erabili

as an actual method to change people's votes

hauteskundeen aurretik jendearen

before an election,

botoa aldatzeko metodo gisa;

and we clearly debriefed them afterwards

bukaeran, dena azaldu eta

and gave them every opportunity to change back

hasieran zuten iritzia berreskuratzeko

to whatever they thought first.

aukera eman genien.

But what this shows is that if you can get people

Baina honek guztiak

to see the opposite view and engage in a conversation with themselves,

jendeari kontrako ikuspuntua erakutsi eta hausnartzera bultzatzen baduzu

that could actually make them change their views.

iritziz aldatzea eragin dezakezula frogatzen du.

OK.

Ados.

So what does it all mean?

Eta zer esan nahi du honek denak?

What do I think is going on here?

Zer uste dut dela honen oinarria?

So first of all,

Hasteko,

a lot of what we call self-knowledge is actually self-interpretation.

autoezagutza deitzen diogunaren zati handi bat autointerpretazioa da.

So I see myself make a choice,

Nik zerbait aukeratu

and then when I'm asked why,

eta zergatiak emateko eskatzen didatenean,

I just try to make as much sense of it as possible

ahal dudan zentzu guztia bilatzen saiatzen naiz

when I make an explanation.

azalpen bat emateko.

But we do this so quickly and with such ease

Baina hau hain erraz eta azkar egiten dugunez,

that we think we actually know the answer when we answer why.

justifikatzean arrazoi hauek aurretik bagenekizkiela uste dugu.

And as it is an interpretation,

Eta interpretazio hutsa denez,

of course we sometimes make mistakes.

batzuetan nahastu egiten gara, noski,

The same way we make mistakes when we try to understand other people.

ingurukoak ulertzen saiatzean akatsak egiten ditugun bezalaxe.

So beware when you ask people the question "why"

Beraz, kontuz ibili jendeari "zergatik?" galdetzerakoan.

because what may happen is that, if you asked them,

Galdera bat egiten badiezu,

"So why do you support this issue?"

"Zergatik zaude honen alde?"

"Why do you stay in this job or this relationship?" --

"Zergatik jarraitzen duzu lan honetan edo bikotekide honekin?"

what may happen when you ask why is that you actually create an attitude

Galdera egin baino lehen ez zeukaten

that wasn't there before you asked the question.

jarrera bat sorrarazten diezu.

And this is of course important in your professional life, as well,

Hau zure lanbidean ere garrantzitsua da, noski,

or it could be.

edo izan liteke.

If, say, you design something and then you ask people,

Adibidez, zerbait diseinatu eta jendeari

"Why do you think this is good or bad?"

"Zergatik da ona edo txarra?" galdetzean,

Or if you're a journalist asking a politician,

Edo kazetaria bazara eta politikari bati

"So, why did you make this decision?"

"Zergatik erabaki zenuen hau?" galdetzean,

Or if indeed you are a politician

Edo politikaria zeu bazara

and try to explain why a certain decision was made.

eta erabaki bat azaltzeko asmoa duzunean.

So this may all seem a bit disturbing.

Agian hau kezkagarria irudituko zaizue.

But if you want to look at it from a positive direction,

Baina alde ona ikustekotan,

it could be seen as showing,

esperimentu honek

OK, so we're actually a little bit more flexible than we think.

uste baino malguagoak garela frogatu du.

We can change our minds.

Iritziz alda dezakegu;

Our attitudes are not set in stone.

geure jokabidea ez dago harrian zizelkatuta.

And we can also change the minds of others,

Eta besteen iritziak ere alda ditzakegu

if we can only get them to engage with the issue

auzi baten inguruan pentsarazi eta

and see it from the opposite view.

kontrako ikuspuntua erakutsita.

And in my own personal life, since starting with this research --

Nire bizitza pertsonalean, esate baterako, ikerketa hau hasi nuenetik

So my partner and I, we've always had the rule

nire bikotekideak eta biok arau bat ezarri dugu:

that you're allowed to take things back.

beti dagoela esandakoa zuzentzeko aukera.

Just because I said I liked something a year ago,

Iaz zerbait gustuko nuela aipatu arren,

doesn't mean I have to like it still.

ez du esan nahi oraindik gustuko dudanik.

And getting rid of the need to stay consistent

Egia esan, kontsekuente izateko behar horri uko egitea

is actually a huge relief and makes relational life so mush easier to live.

sekulako lasaitua da eta bikote-bizitza askoz errazagoa bihurtzen du.

Anyway, so the conclusion must be:

Edonola ere, hauxe da ondorioa:

know that you don't know yourself.

zure burua ez duzu ondo ezagutzen.

Or at least not as well as you think you do.

Edo, behintzat, ez uste duzun bezain ondo.

Thanks.

Eskerrik asko.

(Applause)

(Txaloak)