Do you really know why you do what you do? | Petter Johansson

193,912 views ใƒป 2018-03-27

TED


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

็ฟป่จณ: Yasushi Aoki ๆ กๆญฃ: Yuko Yoshida
00:12
So why do you think the rich should pay more in taxes?
0
12800
3560
ใชใœ้‡‘ๆŒใกใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจ็จŽ้‡‘ใ‚’ ๆ‰•ใ†ในใใ ใจๆ€ใ†ใฎใ‹๏ผŸ
00:16
Why did you buy the latest iPhone?
1
16400
2376
ใชใœๆœ€ๆ–ฐใฎiPhoneใ‚’่ฒทใฃใŸใฎใ‹๏ผŸ
00:18
Why did you pick your current partner?
2
18800
2456
ใชใœไปŠไป˜ใๅˆใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹็›ธๆ‰‹ใ‚’ ้ธใ‚“ใ ใฎใ‹๏ผŸ
00:21
And why did so many people vote for Donald Trump?
3
21280
3416
ใชใœใ‚ใ‚“ใชใซใ‚‚ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒ ใƒ‰ใƒŠใƒซใƒ‰ใƒปใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใƒ—ใซๆŠ•็ฅจใ—ใŸใฎใ‹๏ผŸ
00:24
What were the reasons, why did they do it?
4
24720
2520
ใฉใ†ใ„ใ†็†็”ฑใง ใใ†ใ„ใ†่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ๅ–ใฃใŸใฎใ‹๏ผŸ
00:27
So we ask this kind of question all the time,
5
27990
2106
็ง้”ใฏใ‚ˆใ ใใ†ใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅ•ใ„
00:30
and we expect to get an answer.
6
30120
1736
็ญ”ใˆใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ ๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใพใ™
00:31
And when being asked, we expect ourselves to know the answer,
7
31880
3136
่žใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸใจใใซใฏ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใง็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใฆ
00:35
to simply tell why we did as we did.
8
35040
2480
ใชใœใใ†ใ—ใŸใฎใ‹็ญ”ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใ ใ‘ใ ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:38
But do we really know why?
9
38440
1720
ใงใ‚‚ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็†็”ฑใ‚’ ๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:41
So when you say that you prefer George Clooney to Tom Hanks,
10
41000
3456
ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใƒปใ‚ฏใƒซใƒผใƒ‹ใƒผใฎๆ–นใŒ ใƒˆใƒ ใƒปใƒใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚นใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅฅฝใใชใฎใฏ
00:44
due to his concern for the environment,
11
44479
2057
ๅฝผใฎ็’ฐๅขƒๅ•้กŒใธใฎ ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใฎใŸใ‚ใ ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใ
00:46
is that really true?
12
46560
1200
ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใใ†ใชใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:48
So you can be perfectly sincere and genuinely believe
13
48560
2496
ใพใฃใŸใๆญฃ็›ดใซ
ใใ‚ŒใŒ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ้ธๆŠž็†็”ฑใ ใจ ๅฟƒใ‹ใ‚‰ไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ ใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚
00:51
that this is the reason that drives your choice,
14
51080
2936
็งใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ ใพใ ไฝ•ใ‹ ๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ใพใ™
00:54
but to me, it may still feel like something is missing.
15
54040
2600
00:57
As it stands, due to the nature of subjectivity,
16
57560
3176
ไธป่ฆณ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใฎๆ€ง่ณชไธŠ
01:00
it is actually very hard to ever prove that people are wrong about themselves.
17
60760
4320
่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใซใคใ„ใฆใฎไธปๅผตใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ ่จผๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ใจใฆใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„้ขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
01:06
So I'm an experimental psychologist,
18
66600
2136
็งใฏๅฎŸ้จ“ๅฟƒ็†ๅญฆ่€…ใง
01:08
and this is the problem we've been trying to solve in our lab.
19
68760
3536
็ง้”ใฎ็ ”็ฉถๅฎคใงใฏ ใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’ ่งฃๆ˜Žใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:12
So we wanted to create an experiment
20
72320
2176
ไบบใŒ่‡ชๅˆ†ใซใคใ„ใฆ ็ขบไฟกใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ
01:14
that would allow us to challenge what people say about themselves,
21
74520
3536
ๅฎŸใฏๆญฃใ—ใใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ ็คบใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅฎŸ้จ“ใŒ
่€ƒๆกˆใงใใชใ„ใ‹ใจ ๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒโ€”
01:18
regardless of how certain they may seem.
22
78080
2680
01:21
But tricking people about their own mind is hard.
23
81960
2736
ใใฎไบบ่‡ช่บซใฎๅฟƒใซใคใ„ใฆ็›ธๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๅผ•ใฃใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใชใฎใง
01:24
So we turned to the professionals.
24
84720
2376
ใใฎ้“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใซ็›ฎใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸ
01:27
The magicians.
25
87120
1200
ใƒžใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒฃใƒณใงใ™
01:29
So they're experts at creating the illusion of a free choice.
26
89120
2896
่‡ช็”ฑใช้ธๆŠžใฎๅนปๆƒณใ‚’็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใซใ‹ใ‘ใฆ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒ—ใƒญใงใ™
ใ€Œใฉใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ไธ€ๆžš้ธใ‚“ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ่จ€ใ†ใจใ
01:32
So when they say, "Pick a card, any card,"
27
92040
2296
01:34
the only thing you know is that your choice is no longer free.
28
94360
2920
ใใฎ้ธๆŠžใฏใ™ใงใซ ่‡ช็”ฑใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใงใ™
01:38
So we had a few fantastic brainstorming sessions
29
98200
2376
ใ‚นใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒผใƒ‡ใƒณไบบใฎ ใƒžใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒฃใƒณใŸใกใซ
01:40
with a group of Swedish magicians,
30
100600
1856
็›ธ่ซ‡ใซใฎใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„
01:42
and they helped us create a method
31
102480
1642
ไบบใ€…ใฎ้ธๆŠž็ตๆžœใ‚’
01:44
in which we would be able to manipulate the outcome of people's choices.
32
104147
3973
ๆ“ไฝœใงใใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่€ƒใˆๅ‡บใ—
01:48
This way we would know when people are wrong about themselves,
33
108760
2936
ๆœฌไบบใŒๆฐ—ไป˜ใ‹ใšใซ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใซใคใ„ใฆ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ
01:51
even if they don't know this themselves.
34
111720
2040
ใใ‚Œใจๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
01:54
So I will now show you a short movie showing this manipulation.
35
114480
4656
ใ“ใฎๆ“ไฝœใ‚’่กŒใ†ๆง˜ๅญใ‚’ ็Ÿญใ„ๆ˜ ๅƒใงใ”่ฆงใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:59
So it's quite simple.
36
119160
1416
ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™
02:00
The participants make a choice,
37
120600
2136
ๅฎŸ้จ“ใฎๅ‚ๅŠ ่€…ใฏ ้ธๆŠžใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใŒ
02:02
but I end up giving them the opposite.
38
122760
2256
็งใฏ ็›ธๆ‰‹ใŒ้ธใ‚“ใ ใฎใจใฏ ้€†ใฎๆ–นใ‚’ๆธกใ—ใพใ™
02:05
And then we want to see: How did they react, and what did they say?
39
125040
3520
ใใฎๆ™‚ใซๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒใฉใ†ๅๅฟœใ— ไฝ•ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
02:09
So it's quite simple, but see if you can spot the magic going on.
40
129240
3160
ใฉใ“ใงไป•ๆŽ›ใ‘ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ ใ‚ˆใ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
02:13
And this was shot with real participants, they don't know what's going on.
41
133440
3520
ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใฎๅ‚ๅŠ ่€…ใฎๆ–นใง ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
02:19
(Video) Petter Johansson: Hi, my name's Petter.
42
139000
2216
(ๅฎŸ้จ“่€…) ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏ ใƒšใ‚ฟโ€”ใงใ™
(ใƒ™ใƒƒใ‚ซ) ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏ ใƒ™ใƒƒใ‚ซใงใ™
02:21
Woman: Hi, I'm Becka.
43
141240
1215
02:22
PJ: I'm going to show you pictures like this.
44
142479
2137
(ๅฎŸ้จ“่€…) ใ“ใ†ใ„ใ†ๅ†™็œŸใ‚’ ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ™ใฎใง
02:24
And you'll have to decide which one you find more attractive.
45
144640
2896
ใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ญ…ๅŠ›็š„ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ ็ญ”ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
02:27
Becka: OK.
46
147560
1216
(ใƒ™ใƒƒใ‚ซ) ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
02:28
PJ: And then sometimes, I will ask you why you prefer that face.
47
148800
3176
(ๅฎŸ้จ“่€…) ๆ™‚ใ€… ใชใœใใกใ‚‰ใฎๆ–นใŒ ่‰ฏใ„ใจๆ€ใ†ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใŠ่žใใ—ใพใ™
(ใƒ™ใƒƒใ‚ซ) ใˆใˆ
02:32
Becka: OK.
48
152000
1216
02:33
PJ: Ready? Becka: Yeah.
49
153240
1200
(ๅฎŸ้จ“่€…) ใงใฏๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ (ใƒ™ใƒƒใ‚ซ) ใฉใ†ใž
02:43
PJ: Why did you prefer that one?
50
163120
1816
(ๅฎŸ้จ“่€…) ใชใœใใกใ‚‰ใฎๆ–นใŒ ่‰ฏใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:44
Becka: The smile, I think.
51
164960
1496
(ใƒ™ใƒƒใ‚ซ) ็ฌ‘้ก”ใ‹ใช
02:46
PJ: Smile.
52
166480
1200
(ๅฎŸ้จ“่€…) ็ฌ‘้ก”ใญ
02:52
Man: One on the left.
53
172400
1240
(็”ทๆ€ง) ๅทฆใฎๆ–น
02:57
Again, this one just struck me.
54
177520
1640
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ไฝ•ใ‹ใƒ”ใƒณใจใใพใ—ใŸ
02:59
Interesting shot.
55
179760
1616
้ข็™ฝใ„ๅ†™็œŸใงใ™
03:01
Since I'm a photographer, I like the way it's lit and looks.
56
181400
3000
็งใฏๅ†™็œŸๅฎถใชใฎใง ใ“ใฎๅ…‰ใ‚„่ฆ‹ใŸๆ„Ÿใ˜ใŒๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
03:06
Petter Johansson: But now comes the trick.
57
186280
2040
(่ฌ›ๆผ”่€…) ใ“ใ“ใงใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใŒ็™ปๅ ดใ—ใพใ™
03:10
(Video) Woman 1: This one.
58
190120
1280
(ๅฅณๆ€ง๏ผ‘) ใ“ใฃใก
03:16
PJ: So they get the opposite of their choice.
59
196240
2280
(่ฌ›ๆผ”่€…) ้ธใ‚“ใ ใฎใจใฏ ้€†ใฎๆ–นใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใฃใŸใจใโ€”
03:20
And let's see what happens.
60
200520
1600
ๆžœใŸใ—ใฆใฉใ‚“ใช ๅๅฟœใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹
03:28
Woman 2: Um ...
61
208240
1200
(ๅฅณๆ€ง๏ผ’) ใ“ใฃใกใ‹ใช
03:35
I think he seems a little more innocent than the other guy.
62
215760
2800
ใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ‘ไบบใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ ใ„ใ„ไบบใใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰
03:45
Man: The one on the left.
63
225360
1240
(็”ทๆ€ง) ๅทฆใฎๆ–น
03:49
I like her smile and contour of the nose and face.
64
229280
3696
ใ“ใฎไบบใฎ็ฌ‘้ก”ใจ ้ผปใ‚„้ก”ใฎๅฝขใŒใ„ใ„
03:53
So it's a little more interesting to me, and her haircut.
65
233000
2760
ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ญ…ๅŠ›็š„ใ ใ— ้ซชๅž‹ใ‚‚ใ„ใ„
04:00
Woman 3: This one.
66
240040
1200
(ๅฅณๆ€ง๏ผ“) ใ“ใฃใก
04:03
I like the smirky look better.
67
243520
1576
ใƒ‹ใƒคใƒชใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใŒใ„ใ„
04:05
PJ: You like the smirky look better?
68
245120
2000
(ๅฎŸ้จ“่€…) ใƒ‹ใƒคใƒชใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใŒใ„ใ„ใจ
(ใƒ‹ใƒคใƒชใจใ™ใ‚‹ โ€” ็ฌ‘)
04:09
(Laughter)
69
249680
3176
04:12
Woman 3: This one.
70
252880
1200
(ๅฅณๆ€ง๏ผ“) ใ“ใฃใก
04:15
PJ: What made you choose him?
71
255280
1400
(ๅฎŸ้จ“่€…) ใใกใ‚‰ใ‚’้ธใ‚“ใ ็†็”ฑใฏ๏ผŸ
04:17
Woman 3: I don't know, he looks a little bit like the Hobbit.
72
257520
2896
(ๅฅณๆ€ง๏ผ“) ใ•ใ‚ ใƒ›ใƒ“ใƒƒใƒˆใฟใŸใ„ใชใจใ“ใ‚ใ‹ใช
04:20
(Laughter)
73
260440
2056
(็ฌ‘)
04:22
PJ: And what happens in the end
74
262520
1496
(่ฌ›ๆผ”่€…) ๅฎŸ้จ“ใฎๆœฌๅฝ“ใฎ็›ฎ็š„ใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ‚‰
04:24
when I tell them the true nature of the experiment?
75
264040
3096
ใฉใ†ใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
04:27
Yeah, that's it. I just have to ask a few questions.
76
267160
2456
(ๅฎŸ้จ“่€…) ใ“ใ‚Œใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ ใ„ใใคใ‹่ณชๅ•ใ—ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:29
Man: Sure.
77
269640
1216
(็”ทๆ€ง) ใฉใ†ใž
04:30
PJ: What did you think of this experiment, was it easy or hard?
78
270880
2976
(ๅฎŸ้จ“่€…) ใ“ใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใ ใฃใŸใ‹ ้›ฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
04:33
Man: It was easy.
79
273880
1240
(็”ทๆ€ง) ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ—ใŸใ‚ˆ
04:36
PJ: During the experiments,
80
276040
1336
(ๅฎŸ้จ“่€…) ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆไธญใซ
04:37
I actually switched the pictures three times.
81
277400
3336
ๅ†™็œŸใ‚’๏ผ“ๅบฆใ™ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใพใ—ใŸ
04:40
Was this anything you noticed?
82
280760
1576
ใŠๆฐ—ไป˜ใใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
04:42
Man: No. I didn't notice any of that.
83
282360
1816
(็”ทๆ€ง) ใ„ใ„ใˆ ใพใฃใŸใ ๆฐ—ไป˜ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
04:44
PJ: Not at all? Man: No.
84
284200
1496
(ๅฎŸ้จ“่€…) ๅ…จ็„ถ๏ผŸ (็”ทๆ€ง) ใˆใˆ
04:45
Switching the pictures as far as ...
85
285720
2096
ๅ†™็œŸใ‚’ใ™ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใŸใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏโ€”
04:47
PJ: Yeah, you were pointing at one of them but I actually gave you the opposite.
86
287840
3816
(ๅฎŸ้จ“่€…) ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆŒ‡ใ•ใ—ใŸใฎใจใฏ ้€†ใฎๆ–นใ‚’ใŠๆธกใ—ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
04:51
Man: The opposite one. OK, when you --
87
291680
1816
(็”ทๆ€ง) ้€†ใฎๆ–นใ‚’
ใฏใฏใ‚ ๆฐ—ไป˜ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ ๆณจๆ„ๅŠ›ใฎใชใ•ใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใญ
04:53
No. Shows you how much my attention span was.
88
293520
2256
04:55
(Laughter)
89
295800
1520
(็ฌ‘)
04:58
PJ: Did you notice that sometimes during the experiment
90
298880
3016
(ๅฎŸ้จ“่€…) ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใฎ้–“ ๆ™‚ใ€…ๅ†™็œŸใ‚’
05:01
I switched the pictures?
91
301920
2136
ใ™ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใฆใ„ใŸใฎใซ ๆฐ—ไป˜ใใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
05:04
Woman 2: No, I did not notice that.
92
304080
2016
(ๅฅณๆ€ง๏ผ’) ใ„ใ„ใˆ ๆฐ—ไป˜ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
05:06
PJ: You were pointing at one, but then I gave you the other one.
93
306120
3000
(ๅฎŸ้จ“่€…) ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆŒ‡ใ•ใ—ใŸใฎใจใฏ ๅˆฅใฎๆ–นใ‚’ๆธกใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
05:09
No inclination of that happening?
94
309920
1616
ใใ†ใ„ใ†ใฎใ‚’ ใพใฃใŸใๆ„Ÿใ˜ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:11
Woman 2: No.
95
311560
1576
(ๅฅณๆ€ง๏ผ’) ใˆใˆ
05:13
Woman 2: I did not notice.
96
313160
1256
ๆฐ—ไป˜ใ‹ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
05:14
(Laughs)
97
314440
1936
(็ฌ‘)
05:16
PJ: Thank you.
98
316400
1216
(ๅฎŸ้จ“่€…) ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
05:17
Woman 2: Thank you.
99
317640
1376
(ๅฅณๆ€ง๏ผ’) ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใ“ใ
05:19
PJ: OK, so as you probably figured out now,
100
319040
2056
(่ฌ›ๆผ”่€…) ใŸใถใ‚“ใŠๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚ŠใซใชใฃใŸใจ ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
05:21
the trick is that I have two cards in each hand,
101
321120
2256
ๅฎŸใฏไธกๆ‰‹ใซใ‚ซใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’ ๏ผ’ๆžšใšใคๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใฆ
05:23
and when I hand one of them over,
102
323400
1576
๏ผ‘ๆžšใ‚’็›ธๆ‰‹ใซๆธกใ—ใพใ™ใŒ
05:25
the black one kind of disappears into the black surface on the table.
103
325000
4360
่ฃใŒ้ป’ใ„ใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ‘ๆžšใฏ ้ป’ใ„ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใง ่ฆ‹ใˆใชใใชใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๅฏธๆณ•ใงใ™
05:30
So using pictures like this,
104
330640
1736
ใ“ใ†ใ„ใ†ๅ†™็œŸใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸใจใ
05:32
normally not more than 20 percent of the participants detect these tries.
105
332400
4376
ใ™ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใไบบใฏ ๏ผ’ๅ‰ฒไปฅไธ‹ใงใ™
05:36
And as you saw in the movie,
106
336800
1416
ๆ˜ ๅƒใงใ”่ฆงใฎ้€šใ‚Š
05:38
when in the end we explain what's going on,
107
338240
3176
ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ็จฎๆ˜Žใ‹ใ—ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
05:41
they're very surprised and often refuse to believe the trick has been made.
108
341440
4376
็›ธๆ‰‹ใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้ฉšใ ไฟกใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
05:45
So this shows that this effect is quite robust and a genuine effect.
109
345840
4776
ใ“ใฎๅŠนๆžœใŒใจใฆใ‚‚ๅผทใ ๆœฌ็‰ฉใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™
05:50
But if you're interested in self-knowledge, as I am,
110
350640
2656
็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ็งใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ่‡ชๅทฑ่ช่ญ˜ใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰
05:53
the more interesting bit is,
111
353320
1336
ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใฃใจ้ข็™ฝใ„ใฎใฏ
05:54
OK, so what did they say when they explained these choices?
112
354680
3936
ใ™ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ้ธๆŠžใซใคใ„ใฆ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒใฉใ†่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
05:58
So we've done a lot of analysis
113
358640
1496
็ง้”ใฏใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅฎŸ้จ“ใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹
06:00
of the verbal reports in these experiments.
114
360160
2080
ๅ‚ๅŠ ่€…ใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ‚’ๅˆ†ๆžใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
06:03
And this graph simply shows
115
363360
2456
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•ใŒ็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
06:05
that if you compare what they say in a manipulated trial
116
365840
4776
ๆ“ไฝœใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ่ฉฆ่กŒใจ
ๆ“ไฝœใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„่ฉฆ่กŒใ‚’ ๆฏ”่ผƒใ™ใ‚‹ใจโ€”
06:10
with a nonmanipulated trial,
117
370640
1376
06:12
that is when they explain a normal choice they've made
118
372040
2776
ใคใพใ‚Š่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ้ธๆŠžใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žใจ
06:14
and one where we manipulated the outcome,
119
374840
2496
ใ™ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ็ตๆžœใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žใจใ‚’ ๆฏ”่ผƒใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
06:17
we find that they are remarkably similar.
120
377360
2456
ไธก่€…ใŒ ๆฅตใ‚ใฆ ไผผใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
06:19
So they are just as emotional, just as specific,
121
379840
3056
ๅŒใ˜ใใ‚‰ใ„ใซๆ„Ÿๆƒ…็š„ ๅŒใ˜ใใ‚‰ใ„ใซๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใง
06:22
and they are expressed with the same level of certainty.
122
382920
3200
ๅŒใ˜็จ‹ๅบฆใฎ็ขบไฟกใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆ ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
06:27
So the strong conclusion to draw from this
123
387120
2336
ใ“ใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅผทใ็คบๅ”†ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็ต่ซ–ใฏ
06:29
is that if there are no differences
124
389480
2216
ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎ้ธๆŠžใจ ๆ“ไฝœใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ้ธๆŠžใจใง้•ใ„ใŒใชใ„ใชใ‚‰
06:31
between a real choice and a manipulated choice,
125
391720
3696
็ง้”ใฏ็ตถใˆใš็†็”ฑใ‚’
06:35
perhaps we make things up all the time.
126
395440
2440
ใงใฃใกไธŠใ’ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
06:38
But we've also done studies
127
398680
1336
ใพใŸ ๅ‚ๅŠ ่€…ใฎ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใจ
06:40
where we try to match what they say with the actual faces.
128
400040
3016
ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎ้ก”ใ‚’็ชใๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆใฟใฆ
ใ“ใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
06:43
And then we find things like this.
129
403080
1880
06:45
So here, this male participant, he preferred the girl to the left,
130
405760
5056
ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ็”ทๆ€งๅ‚ๅŠ ่€…ใŒ ๅทฆใฎๅฅณๆ€งใฎๆ–นใŒ่‰ฏใ„ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒ
06:50
he ended up with the one to the right.
131
410840
1856
ๅณใฎๅ†™็œŸใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Š
06:52
And then, he explained his choice like this.
132
412720
2816
่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ้ธๆŠžใซใคใ„ใฆ ใ“ใ‚“ใช่ชฌๆ˜Žใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
06:55
"She is radiant.
133
415560
1296
ใ€Œๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใŒใ—
06:56
I would rather have approached her at the bar than the other one.
134
416880
3096
ใƒใƒผใงๅฃฐใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰ ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใ‚’้ธใณใพใ™
ใใ‚Œใซใ‚คใƒคใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใ€
07:00
And I like earrings."
135
420000
1616
07:01
And whatever made him choose the girl on the left to begin with,
136
421640
3496
ใใ‚‚ใใ‚‚ๅทฆใฎๅฅณๆ€งใ‚’้ธใ‚“ใ ็†็”ฑใŒ ไฝ•ใ ใฃใŸใซใ›ใ‚ˆ
07:05
it can't have been the earrings,
137
425160
1576
ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚คใƒคใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใฎใŸใ‚ใงใฏ ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฏใšใง
07:06
because they were actually sitting on the girl on the right.
138
426760
2856
ใ‚คใƒคใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใฏๅณใฎๅฅณๆ€งใซ ใคใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
07:09
So this is a clear example of a post hoc construction.
139
429640
3776
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไบ‹ๅพŒ็š„ใช็†็”ฑไป˜ใ‘ใฎ ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใ‚„ใ™ใ„ไพ‹ใงใ™
07:13
So they just explained the choice afterwards.
140
433440
2800
่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ้ธๆŠžใ‚’ๅพŒไป˜ใ‘ใง ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
07:17
So what this experiment shows is,
141
437320
2296
ใ“ใฎๅฎŸ้จ“ใŒ็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
07:19
OK, so if we fail to detect that our choices have been changed,
142
439640
3656
่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ้ธๆŠžใŒใ™ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ ๆฐ—ไป˜ใ‹ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆ
07:23
we will immediately start to explain them in another way.
143
443320
3200
ไบบใฏๅณๅบงใซๅˆฅใฎ็†็”ฑไป˜ใ‘ใ‚’ ใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
07:27
And what we also found
144
447520
1256
ใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ‘ใคๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใฏ
07:28
is that the participants often come to prefer the alternative,
145
448800
3216
ๅฎŸ้จ“ๅ‚ๅŠ ่€…ใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒๅฅฝใใ ใจ ๆ€ใ„่พผใพใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’
07:32
that they were led to believe they liked.
146
452040
2256
ๅฎŸ้š›ๅฅฝใ‚€ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
07:34
So if we let them do the choice again,
147
454320
2016
ๅŒใ˜้ธๆŠžใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่กŒใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹ใจ
07:36
they will now choose the face they had previously rejected.
148
456360
3760
ๅ‰ใซใฏๆจใฆใŸๆ–นใ‚’ ้ธใถใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
07:41
So this is the effect we call "choice blindness."
149
461520
2296
ใ“ใฎๅŠนๆžœใฏใ€Œ้ธๆŠž็›ฒใ€ใจ ๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
07:43
And we've done a number of different studies --
150
463840
2216
็ง้”ใฏๆง˜ใ€…ใช็ ”็ฉถใ‚’ ่กŒใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸ
07:46
we've tried consumer choices,
151
466080
2536
ๆถˆ่ฒป่€…ใฎ้ธๆŠž
07:48
choices based on taste and smell and even reasoning problems.
152
468640
4416
ๅ‘ณใ‚„ใซใŠใ„ใซๅŸบใฅใ้ธๆŠž ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใฏ็†ๆ€ง็š„ๅˆคๆ–ญใฎๅ•้กŒใพใง
07:53
But what you all want to know is of course
153
473080
2056
ใ—ใ‹ใ—็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใฎใฏ
07:55
does this extend also to more complex, more meaningful choices?
154
475160
3936
ใ‚‚ใฃใจ่ค‡้›‘ใงๆ„ๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„้ธๆŠžใซใ‚‚ ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใŒๅฝ“ใฆใฏใพใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
07:59
Like those concerning moral and political issues.
155
479120
3080
ใŸใจใˆใฐๅ€ซ็†ใ‚„ๆ”ฟๆฒปใฎๅ•้กŒใงใ™
08:04
So the next experiment, it needs a little bit of a background.
156
484400
4216
ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใฏ ๅฐ‘ใ—่ƒŒๆ™ฏใฎ่ชฌๆ˜ŽใŒ ๅฟ…่ฆใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
08:08
So in Sweden, the political landscape
157
488640
4256
ใ‚นใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒผใƒ‡ใƒณใงใฏ
ๆ”ฟๆฒปใฎ่ˆžๅฐใ‚’ๅทฆ็ฟผ้€ฃๅˆใจ ๅณ็ฟผ้€ฃๅˆใŒๆ”ฏ้…ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
08:12
is dominated by a left-wing and a right-wing coalition.
158
492920
3360
08:17
And the voters may move a little bit between the parties within each coalition,
159
497720
4416
ๆŠ•็ฅจใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎ้€ฃๅˆใฎไธญใฎ ๆ”ฟๅ…šใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚
08:22
but there is very little movement between the coalitions.
160
502160
2760
ไธ€ๆ–นใฎ้€ฃๅˆใ‹ใ‚‰ไป–ๆ–นใธใจ ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
08:25
And before each elections,
161
505680
1976
้ธๆŒ™ๅ‰ใซใฏ
08:27
the newspapers and the polling institutes
162
507680
4216
ๆ–ฐ่ž็คพใ‚„ไธ–่ซ–่ชฟๆŸปๆฉŸ้–ขใŒ
08:31
put together what they call "an election compass"
163
511920
2616
ใ€Œ้ธๆŒ™ใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒ‘ใ‚นใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹
08:34
which consists of a number of dividing issues
164
514560
3336
๏ผ’ใคใฎ้€ฃๅˆใŒ ๅฏพ็ซ‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹่ซ–็‚นใ‚’
08:37
that sort of separates the two coalitions.
165
517920
2336
ไธฆในใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™
08:40
Things like if tax on gasoline should be increased
166
520280
3735
ใŸใจใˆใฐใ‚ฌใ‚ฝใƒชใƒณ็จŽใฏ ๅผ•ใไธŠใ’ใ‚‹ในใใ‹ใจใ‹
08:44
or if the 13 months of paid parental leave
167
524039
4096
็”ทๅฅณใฎๅ…ฌๅนณๆ€งใ‚’ไธŠใ’ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚
08:48
should be split equally between the two parents
168
528159
2496
13ใƒถๆœˆไธŽใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ๆœ‰็ตฆ่‚ฒๅ…ไผ‘ๆš‡ใฏ
08:50
in order to increase gender equality.
169
530679
2721
ไธก่ฆชใซ็ญ‰ๅˆ†ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ในใใ‹ ใจใ„ใฃใŸใ“ใจใงใ™
08:54
So, before the last Swedish election,
170
534840
2216
ใ‚นใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒผใƒ‡ใƒณใฎๅ›ฝๆ”ฟ้ธๆŒ™ๅ‰ใซ
08:57
we created an election compass of our own.
171
537080
2600
็ง้”ใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใง้ธๆŒ™ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ‘ใ‚นใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Š
09:00
So we walked up to people in the street
172
540480
2136
้€šใ‚Šใงไบบใ‚’ใคใ‹ใพใˆใฆ
09:02
and asked if they wanted to do a quick political survey.
173
542640
3336
ๆ”ฟๆฒปใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ็ฐกๅ˜ใชใ‚ขใƒณใ‚ฑใƒผใƒˆใซ ๅ”ๅŠ›ใ—ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใจ้ ผใฟใพใ—ใŸ
09:06
So first we had them state their voting intention
174
546000
2456
ๆœ€ๅˆใซ๏ผ’ใคใฎ้€ฃๅˆใฎ
ใฉใกใ‚‰ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ‹ใ‚’ ่žใใพใ™
09:08
between the two coalitions.
175
548480
1360
09:10
Then we asked them to answer 12 of these questions.
176
550560
3776
ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰12้ …็›ฎใฎ ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™
09:14
They would fill in their answers,
177
554360
1976
็ญ”ใˆใ‚’่จ˜ๅ…ฅใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„
09:16
and we would ask them to discuss,
178
556360
1616
ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ญฐ่ซ–ใ—ใพใ™
09:18
so OK, why do you think tax on gas should be increased?
179
558000
5496
ใชใœใ‚ฌใ‚ฝใƒชใƒณ็จŽใ‚’ ๅผ•ใไธŠใ’ใ‚‹ในใใชใฎใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
09:23
And we'd go through the questions.
180
563520
2096
ใ™ในใฆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
09:25
Then we had a color coded template
181
565640
3896
ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎ่ณชๅ•ใŒๅทฆๅฏ„ใ‚Šใ‹ๅณๅฏ„ใ‚Šใ‹ ่‰ฒใง็คบใ—ใŸใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆใŒใ‚ใฃใฆ
09:29
that would allow us to tally their overall score.
182
569560
2936
ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ้›†่จˆใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™
09:32
So this person would have one, two, three, four
183
572520
3456
ใ“ใฎไบบใฎๅ ดๅˆ ๏ผ‘ ๏ผ’ ๏ผ“ ๏ผ”โ€”
09:36
five, six, seven, eight, nine scores to the left,
184
576000
3296
๏ผ• ๏ผ– ๏ผ— ๏ผ˜ ๏ผ™ๅ€‹ใŒๅทฆๅฏ„ใ‚Šใง
09:39
so he would lean to the left, basically.
185
579320
2680
ๅ…จไฝ“ใจใ—ใฆ ๅทฆๅฏ„ใ‚Šใ ใจๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:42
And in the end, we also had them fill in their voting intention once more.
186
582800
4440
ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ‹ๅฐ‹ใญใพใ™
09:48
But of course, there was also a trick involved.
187
588160
2280
ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚‚ ไป•ๆŽ›ใ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:51
So first, we walked up to people,
188
591360
2176
่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’ใคใ‹ใพใˆใฆ
09:53
we asked them about their voting intention
189
593560
2056
ๆŠ•็ฅจใฎๆ„ๅ‘ใ‚’่žใ
09:55
and then when they started filling in,
190
595640
2256
่ณชๅ•ใธใฎ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ ่จ˜ๅ…ฅใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใซ
09:57
we would fill in a set of answers going in the opposite direction.
191
597920
5456
ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใงใฏ็›ธๆ‰‹ใจ ้€†ใฎ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’่จ˜ๅ…ฅใ—ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
10:03
We would put it under the notepad.
192
603400
2576
ใใฎใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ ใƒกใƒขๅธณใฎไธ‹ใซ้š ใ—ใพใ™
10:06
And when we get the questionnaire,
193
606000
2776
็›ธๆ‰‹ใ‹ใ‚‰็ญ”ๆกˆใ‚’ ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใฃใŸใ‚‰
10:08
we would simply glue it on top of the participant's own answer.
194
608800
3320
ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใง่จ˜ๅ…ฅใ—ใŸใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ ็›ธๆ‰‹ใฎ็ญ”ๆกˆใฎไธŠใซ่ฒผใ‚Šไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™
10:16
So there, it's gone.
195
616000
1240
ใ“ใ‚Œใงๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
10:24
And then we would ask about each of the questions:
196
624280
2376
ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ ่žใ„ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
10:26
How did you reason here?
197
626680
1536
ใ“ใ†ๆ€ใฃใŸใฎใฏใชใœใ‹๏ผŸ
10:28
And they'll state the reasons,
198
628240
1736
็›ธๆ‰‹ใฏ็†็”ฑใ‚’่ฟฐใน
10:30
together we will sum up their overall score.
199
630000
2480
ไธ€็ท’ใซๅ…จไฝ“ใฎใ‚นใ‚ณใ‚ขใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใพใ™
10:34
And in the end, they will state their voting intention again.
200
634800
3680
ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ ๆŠ•็ฅจๅ…ˆใซใคใ„ใฆ่žใใพใ™
10:41
So what we find first of all here,
201
641960
1656
ใพใšๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
10:43
is that very few of these manipulations are detected.
202
643640
4216
็›ธๆ‰‹ใŒใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ“ไฝœใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใ“ใจใฏ ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใง
10:47
And they're not detected in the sense that they realize,
203
647880
2656
ๆฐ—ไป˜ใๅ ดๅˆใงใ‚‚
ใ€Œ็งใฎ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใงใฏใชใ
10:50
"OK, you must have changed my answer,"
204
650560
1856
10:52
it was more the case that,
205
652440
1256
ใ€Œๆœ€ๅˆ่ฆ‹ใŸใจใ ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’่ชญใฟ้•ใˆใฆใ„ใŸใฟใŸใ„ใงใ™
10:53
"OK, I must've misunderstood the question the first time I read it.
206
653720
3176
10:56
Can I please change it?"
207
656920
1240
็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใใพใ™
10:59
And even if a few of these manipulations were changed,
208
659080
5136
ใใ—ใฆใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ“ไฝœใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใŒ ๆˆปใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๅˆใงใ‚‚
11:04
the overall majority was missed.
209
664240
2136
ๅคงๅŠใฎๆ“ไฝœใฏ ่ฆ‹้Žใ”ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
11:06
So we managed to switch 90 percent of the participants' answers
210
666400
3656
๏ผ™ๅ‰ฒใฎๅ ดๅˆใซใคใ„ใฆ ็›ธๆ‰‹ใฎ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’
11:10
from left to right, right to left, their overall profile.
211
670080
3160
ๅทฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๅณใ‹ ๅณใ‹ใ‚‰ๅทฆใธใจ ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸ
11:14
And what happens then when they are asked to motivate their choices?
212
674800
4400
ใใ‚Œใง้ธๆŠžใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใ‚‰ ใฉใ†ใชใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
11:20
And here we find much more interesting verbal reports
213
680160
3056
้ก”ๅ†™็œŸใฎๅฎŸ้จ“ใ‚ˆใ‚Š
ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ้ข็™ฝใ„็ตๆžœใŒ ๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
11:23
than compared to the faces.
214
683240
2016
11:25
People say things like this, and I'll read it to you.
215
685280
3360
็ญ”ใˆใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใŠ่žใ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ™
11:29
So, "Large-scale governmental surveillance of email and internet traffic
216
689720
3736
ใ€Œโ€œๆ”ฟๅบœใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚„ ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆใฎๅคง่ฆๆจกใช็›ฃ่ฆ–ใฏ
11:33
ought to be permissible as means to combat international crime and terrorism."
217
693480
4336
ๅ›ฝ้š›็Šฏ็ฝชใ‚„ใƒ†ใƒญใจๆˆฆใ†ๆ‰‹ๆฎตใจใ—ใฆ ่ชใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ในใโ€ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ
11:37
"So you agree to some extent with this statement." "Yes."
218
697840
2716
ใ‚ใ‚‹็จ‹ๅบฆใฏ่ชใ‚ใ‚‹ในใใ ใจใ€ ใ€Œใˆใˆใ€
11:40
"So how did you reason here?"
219
700580
1500
ใ€Œใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็†็”ฑใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผŸใ€
11:43
"Well, like, as it is so hard to get at international crime and terrorism,
220
703600
4936
ใ€Œๅ›ฝ้š›็Šฏ็ฝชใ‚„ใƒ†ใƒญใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š็ท ใพใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ใ™ใ”ใ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใฎใง
11:48
I think there should be those kinds of tools."
221
708560
2776
ใใ†ใ„ใฃใŸๆญฆๅ™จใฏ ๅฟ…่ฆใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€
11:51
And then the person remembers an argument from the newspaper in the morning.
222
711360
3616
ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใฎไบบใฏ ๆœใซๆ–ฐ่žใง่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™
11:55
"Like in the newspaper today,
223
715000
1616
ใ€ŒไปŠๆ—ฅใฎๆ–ฐ่žใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใŒ
11:56
it said they can like, listen to mobile phones from prison,
224
716640
3376
ใŸใจใˆใฐใ‚ฎใƒฃใƒณใ‚ฐใฎใƒœใ‚นใŒๅˆ‘ๅ‹™ๆ‰€ๅ†…ใ‹ใ‚‰ ็Šฏ็ฝชใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‹
12:00
if a gang leader tries to continue his crimes from inside.
225
720040
3536
ๆบๅธฏใ‚’็›—่ดใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ‚‚ใชใ‚Šใพใ™
12:03
And I think it's madness that we have so little power
226
723600
2816
็Šฏ็ฝชใ‚’ๆŠ‘ๆญขใงใใ‚‹ ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใซ
12:06
that we can't stop those things
227
726440
1656
ใใฎๅŠ›ใ‚’ใปใจใ‚“ใฉ ไฝฟใˆใชใ„ใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰
12:08
when we actually have the possibility to do so."
228
728120
2936
้ฆฌ้นฟใ’ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€
12:11
And then there's a little bit back and forth in the end:
229
731080
2696
ๆœ€ๅพŒใซๅคšๅฐ‘ใฎใƒ–ใƒฌใŒ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
12:13
"I don't like that they have access to everything I do,
230
733800
2576
ใ€Œๆ”ฟๅบœใซ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ ไฝ•ใงใ‚‚่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใฏๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
12:16
but I still think it's worth it in the long run."
231
736400
2576
้•ทๆœŸ็š„ใซใฏ ใใฎไพกๅ€คใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€
ใ“ใฎไบบใŒ้ธๆŠž็›ฒใฎๅฎŸ้จ“ใฎ ๅ‚ๅŠ ่€…ใ ใจ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ
12:19
So, if you didn't know that this person
232
739000
2536
12:21
just took part in a choice blindness experiment,
233
741560
2256
12:23
I don't think you would question
234
743840
1856
ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ“ใฎไบบใฎ ๆœฌๅฝ“ใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใชใฎใ‹
12:25
that this is the true attitude of that person.
235
745720
3120
็–‘ๅ•ใ‚’ๆŒใกใฏใ—ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
12:29
And what happens in the end, with the voting intention?
236
749800
2856
ๆŠ•็ฅจๅ…ˆใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ ใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
12:32
What we find -- that one is also clearly affected by the questionnaire.
237
752680
4696
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚ฑใƒผใƒˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ใฏใฃใใ‚Šๅฝฑ้ŸฟใŒๅ‡บใพใ™
12:37
So we have 10 participants
238
757400
1736
ๅ‚ๅŠ ่€…ใฎใ†ใก10%ใŒ
12:39
shifting from left to right or from right to left.
239
759160
2976
ๅทฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๅณใชใ„ใ—ใฏ ๅณใ‹ใ‚‰ๅทฆใซๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
12:42
We have another 19 that go from clear voting intention
240
762160
2536
19%ใฏๅ…ƒใ€…ใฏใฃใใ‚Š ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸๆŠ•็ฅจๅ…ˆใŒ
12:44
to being uncertain.
241
764720
1456
ไธ็ขบใ‹ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
12:46
Some go from being uncertain to clear voting intention.
242
766200
3096
ไธ็ขบใ‹ใ ใฃใŸใฎใŒ ใฏใฃใใ‚Šใ—ใŸไบบใŒ7%
12:49
And then there is a number of participants staying uncertain throughout.
243
769320
4736
ใšใฃใจไธ็ขบใ‹ใชใพใพ ใจใ„ใ†ไบบใŒ12%
12:54
And that number is interesting
244
774080
1576
ใ“ใฎๆ•ฐๅญ—ใŒ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใฎใฏ
12:55
because if you look at what the polling institutes say
245
775680
4616
ไธ–่ซ–่ชฟๆŸปๆฉŸ้–ขใฏ
้ธๆŒ™ใŒ่ฟ‘ใใชใ‚‹ใจ
13:00
the closer you get to an election,
246
780320
1656
13:02
the only people that are sort of in play
247
782000
2136
ๆฑบใ‚ๆ‰‹ใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใฏๆตฎๅ‹•็ฅจใ 
13:04
are the ones that are considered uncertain.
248
784160
2656
ใฟใŸใ„ใชใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
13:06
But we show there is a much larger number
249
786840
3216
ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใšใฃใจๅคšใใฎไบบใŒ ๆ…‹ๅบฆใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ†ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’
13:10
that would actually consider shifting their attitudes.
250
790080
2800
ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
13:13
And here I must point out, of course, that you are not allowed to use this
251
793640
3496
ๆŒ‡ๆ‘˜ใ—ใฆใŠใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใฏ
้ธๆŒ™ใฎๆ™‚ใซไบบใ€…ใฎๆŠ•็ฅจๅ…ˆใ‚’ ๅค‰ใˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใฎใฏ
13:17
as an actual method to change people's votes
252
797160
2616
13:19
before an election,
253
799800
1496
่ชใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใง
13:21
and we clearly debriefed them afterwards
254
801320
3616
็ง้”ใฏๅพŒใงใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใจ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ‚’ใ—
13:24
and gave them every opportunity to change back
255
804960
2296
ๅ…ƒใฎ่€ƒใˆใซๆˆปใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
13:27
to whatever they thought first.
256
807280
2480
13:30
But what this shows is that if you can get people
257
810600
2336
ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
13:32
to see the opposite view and engage in a conversation with themselves,
258
812960
5536
ไบบใ€…ใซ้€†ใฎ่ฆ–็‚นใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใฆ ่‡ชๅ•ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰
13:38
that could actually make them change their views.
259
818520
2920
็›ธๆ‰‹ใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ใงใใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
13:42
OK.
260
822400
1200
ใ•ใฆ
13:44
So what does it all mean?
261
824760
1656
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
13:46
What do I think is going on here?
262
826440
2416
ใ„ใฃใŸใ„ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹๏ผŸ
13:48
So first of all,
263
828880
1216
ใพใš็ง้”ใŒ่‡ชๅทฑ่ช่ญ˜ใจ ๅ‘ผใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏ
13:50
a lot of what we call self-knowledge is actually self-interpretation.
264
830120
4856
ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ่‡ชๅทฑ่งฃ้‡ˆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ
13:55
So I see myself make a choice,
265
835000
2496
ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎ้ธๆŠžใ‚’ใ—ใŸใจใ
13:57
and then when I'm asked why,
266
837520
2776
้ธใ‚“ใ ็†็”ฑใ‚’่žใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจ
14:00
I just try to make as much sense of it as possible
267
840320
2536
ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘็ญ‹ใฎ้€šใฃใŸ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ‚’
14:02
when I make an explanation.
268
842880
1936
ใงใฃใกไธŠใ’ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
14:04
But we do this so quickly and with such ease
269
844840
3016
ใŸใ ็ง้”ใฏ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ”ใ้€Ÿใ‚„ใ‹ใซ ้›ฃใชใ่กŒใ†ใŸใ‚
14:07
that we think we actually know the answer when we answer why.
270
847880
4280
็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‹ใ˜ใ‚ ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆฐ—ใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
14:13
And as it is an interpretation,
271
853040
3096
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่งฃ้‡ˆใชใฎใง
14:16
of course we sometimes make mistakes.
272
856160
2296
้–“้•ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
14:18
The same way we make mistakes when we try to understand other people.
273
858480
3520
ไป–ไบบใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆ ้–“้•ใ†ใฎใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
14:23
So beware when you ask people the question "why"
274
863160
3696
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ไบบใซ็†็”ฑใ‚’่žใใจใใซใฏ ๆณจๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
14:26
because what may happen is that, if you asked them,
275
866880
4896
ใใ‚Œใจใ„ใ†ใฎใ‚‚
ใ€Œใชใœใ“ใฎ่ญฐ่ซ–ใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆŒใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจใ‹
14:31
"So why do you support this issue?"
276
871800
4016
14:35
"Why do you stay in this job or this relationship?" --
277
875840
3216
ใ€ŒใชใœไปŠใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚„้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใจ่žใใจใ
14:39
what may happen when you ask why is that you actually create an attitude
278
879080
3416
่ณชๅ•ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใฏ ๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸๆ…‹ๅบฆใ‚’
็›ธๆ‰‹ใฎไธญใซ็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใซ ใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
14:42
that wasn't there before you asked the question.
279
882520
2240
14:45
And this is of course important in your professional life, as well,
280
885440
3176
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไป•ไบ‹ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ‚‚ ๅคงไบ‹ใช่ฉฑใง
14:48
or it could be.
281
888640
1216
14:49
If, say, you design something and then you ask people,
282
889880
2536
ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใƒ‡ใ‚ถใ‚คใƒณใ—ใฆ
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ่‰ฏใ„๏ผๆ‚ชใ„ใจๆ€ใ†ใฎใฏใชใœ๏ผŸใ€ ใจ่žใใจใ‹
14:52
"Why do you think this is good or bad?"
283
892440
2256
14:54
Or if you're a journalist asking a politician,
284
894720
3056
่จ˜่€…ใŒๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถใซ
14:57
"So, why did you make this decision?"
285
897800
2376
ใ€Œใชใœใใ†ๆฑบใ‚ใŸใฎใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจ่žใใจใ
15:00
Or if indeed you are a politician
286
900200
1936
ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถใŒ ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎๆฑบๆ–ญ็†็”ฑใ‚’
15:02
and try to explain why a certain decision was made.
287
902160
2640
่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซ ๅŠนใ„ใฆใใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™
15:06
So this may all seem a bit disturbing.
288
906080
3576
ใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏๅฐ‘ใ— ๆ‡ธๅฟตใ‚’่ฆšใˆใพใ™ใŒ
15:09
But if you want to look at it from a positive direction,
289
909680
3496
ๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„่ฆ‹ๆ–นใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰
15:13
it could be seen as showing,
290
913200
1736
็ง้”ใฏๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚
15:14
OK, so we're actually a little bit more flexible than we think.
291
914960
3376
ๆŸ”่ปŸใ ใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
15:18
We can change our minds.
292
918360
1896
็ง้”ใฏ่€ƒใˆใ‚’ ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
15:20
Our attitudes are not set in stone.
293
920280
2456
็ง้”ใฎๆ…‹ๅบฆใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ ๅ›บๅฎšใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใงใ™
15:22
And we can also change the minds of others,
294
922760
3176
ใพใŸไป–ใฎไบบใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚
ๅ•้กŒใซใคใ„ใฆ้€†ใฎ่ฆ–็‚นใ‹ใ‚‰ ๆคœ่จŽใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚Œใฐ
15:25
if we can only get them to engage with the issue
295
925960
2376
่€ƒใˆใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ ๅฏ่ƒฝใชใฎใงใ™
15:28
and see it from the opposite view.
296
928360
1680
15:31
And in my own personal life, since starting with this research --
297
931400
3936
ใ“ใฎ็ ”็ฉถใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆไปฅๆฅ ็ง็”ŸๆดปใซใŠใ„ใฆใ‚‚
15:35
So my partner and I, we've always had the rule
298
935360
2576
ๅ–ใ‚Šๆถˆใ—ใฆใ‚‚ ใ„ใ„ใ‚“ใ ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใ‚’
15:37
that you're allowed to take things back.
299
937960
2296
็›ธๆ‰‹ใจใฎ้–“ใฎ ๅ–ใ‚Šๆฑบใ‚ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
15:40
Just because I said I liked something a year ago,
300
940280
2336
ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅฅฝใใ ใจ ๏ผ‘ๅนดๅ‰ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใจใ„ใฃใฆ
15:42
doesn't mean I have to like it still.
301
942640
2040
ไปŠใ‚‚ๅฅฝใใงใชใใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™
15:45
And getting rid of the need to stay consistent
302
945480
2816
ไธ€่ฒซใ—ใฆใ„ใชใใจใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใ‚“ใ ใจ ่ชใ‚ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰
15:48
is actually a huge relief and makes relational life so mush easier to live.
303
948320
4360
ๆฐ—ใŒๆฅฝใซใชใ‚‹ใ— ไบบ้–“้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใšใฃใจ็ฐกๅ˜ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
15:53
Anyway, so the conclusion must be:
304
953720
2360
็ต่ซ–ใจใ—ใฆใฏ
15:57
know that you don't know yourself.
305
957320
2496
ใ€Œ(่‡ชๅˆ†ใงๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใปใฉใซใฏ) ๅทฑใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚Œใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
15:59
Or at least not as well as you think you do.
306
959840
2320
16:03
Thanks.
307
963480
1216
ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
16:04
(Applause)
308
964720
4640
(ๆ‹ๆ‰‹)
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7