Do schools kill creativity? | Sir Ken Robinson | TED

23,154,961 views ・ 2007-01-07

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Pol Pla i Conesa Reviewer: Carlos Vidal
Bon dia. Com esteu? Està sent genial, no?
00:27
Good morning. How are you?
0
27103
2575
00:29
(Audience) Good.
1
29702
1403
00:31
It's been great, hasn't it?
2
31129
1668
He quedat impressionat per tot això.
00:33
I've been blown away by the whole thing.
3
33408
2321
00:35
In fact, I'm leaving.
4
35753
1492
De fet, crec que me'n vaig. (Riures)
00:37
(Laughter)
5
37269
3906
Hi ha hagut tres temes principals,
00:43
There have been three themes running through the conference,
6
43096
3567
dels que s'ha parlat en les conferències, els quals em semblen rellevants
00:46
which are relevant to what I want to talk about.
7
46687
2286
00:48
One is the extraordinary evidence of human creativity
8
48997
4470
pel que he vingut a explicar.
Un és la extraordinària evidència de la creativitat humana
00:53
in all of the presentations that we've had
9
53491
2413
en totes les presentacions que hem tingut
00:55
and in all of the people here;
10
55928
1952
00:57
just the variety of it and the range of it.
11
57904
2651
i en tota la gent de per aquí. Ha quedat patent la varietat de la creativitat
i l'abast que pot tenir. El segon és
01:01
The second is that it's put us in a place
12
61158
2143
01:03
where we have no idea what's going to happen
13
63325
2497
que això ens posa en un lloc on no tenim ni idea del que pot passar,
01:05
in terms of the future.
14
65846
1391
pel que fa al futur, Ni idea
01:07
No idea how this may play out.
15
67261
2985
de quin paper tindrà.
01:10
I have an interest in education.
16
70270
1622
Jo estic interessat en l'educació
01:11
Actually, what I find is, everybody has an interest in education.
17
71916
4412
realment, trobo que tothom té interés en l'educació.
01:16
Don't you?
18
76352
1317
No? Ho trobo molt interessant.
01:17
I find this very interesting.
19
77693
1402
Si estàs en un sopar de celebració, i dius
01:19
If you're at a dinner party, and you say you work in education --
20
79119
3958
que treballes en educació
01:23
actually, you're not often at dinner parties, frankly.
21
83101
2745
de fet, no acostumes estar en celebracions, francament, si et dediques a l'educació.
01:25
(Laughter)
22
85870
3796
01:29
If you work in education, you're not asked.
23
89690
2428
(Riures) Ningú t'ho pregunta.
01:32
(Laughter)
24
92142
3179
I ningú mai no et respon preguntant-te, curiosament. És una mica estrany per a mi.
01:35
And you're never asked back, curiously. That's strange to me.
25
95345
3959
01:39
But if you are, and you say to somebody,
26
99328
2216
Però si ho ets, i li dius a algú,
01:41
you know, they say, "What do you do?"
27
101568
1778
sabeu, solen dir, "A què et dediques?"
01:43
and you say you work in education,
28
103370
1688
i tu dius que et dediques a l'educació,
01:45
you can see the blood run from their face.
29
105082
2049
i pots veure com la sang se'ls hi envà de la cara. Es queden com,
01:47
They're like, "Oh my God. Why me?"
30
107155
1685
01:48
(Laughter)
31
108864
2276
"Déu meu," sabeu, "Perquè jo? Si només surto una nit a la setmana." (Riures)
01:51
"My one night out all week."
32
111164
1524
01:52
(Laughter)
33
112712
2610
01:55
But if you ask about their education, they pin you to the wall,
34
115346
3241
Però si els hi preguntes sobre la seva educació,
llavors no paren de parlar-te'n. Per que és una d'aquelles coses
01:58
because it's one of those things that goes deep with people, am I right?
35
118611
3407
que arriba fons en les persones, no creieu?
02:02
Like religion and money and other things.
36
122042
3493
Com la religió, els diners i altres coses.
02:05
So I have a big interest in education, and I think we all do.
37
125559
4442
Tinc un gran interés en l'educació, i penso que tots el tenim.
Tenim un enorme interés vital en ella,
02:10
We have a huge vested interest in it,
38
130025
1802
02:11
partly because it's education that's meant to take us into this future
39
131851
3320
en part per que és l'educació qui ens
porta a un futur que no podem imaginar.
02:15
that we can't grasp.
40
135195
1654
02:16
If you think of it,
41
136873
1166
Si ho penseu, els nens que comencen l'escola aquest any
02:18
children starting school this year will be retiring in 2065.
42
138063
6122
es retiraran l'any 2065. Ningú té ni idea
02:25
Nobody has a clue,
43
145272
1571
02:26
despite all the expertise that's been on parade for the past four days,
44
146867
3559
a pesar de tots els experts que han passat per aquí els últims quatre dies
de com serà el món
02:30
what the world will look like in five years' time.
45
150450
2526
ni tan sols d'aquí a cinc anys. I, tot i així, suposadament
02:33
And yet, we're meant to be educating them for it.
46
153000
2294
hem d'estar preparant els nens per aquest món. La impredibilitat, penso,
02:35
So the unpredictability, I think, is extraordinary.
47
155318
2550
és extraordinària.
02:37
And the third part of this is that we've all agreed, nonetheless,
48
157892
3428
I el tercer tema és que
tots ens hem posat d'acord, a pesar de tot, en dir que
02:41
on the really extraordinary capacities that children have --
49
161344
5305
les extraordinàries capacitats que els nens tenen
02:46
their capacities for innovation.
50
166673
2335
les seves capacitats per la inovació. Em refereixo a... la Sirena, ahir a la nit, va ser meravellós,
02:49
I mean, Sirena last night was a marvel, wasn't she?
51
169032
2789
no creieu? Només veure el que podia fer.
02:51
Just seeing what she could do.
52
171845
1670
02:53
And she's exceptional, but I think she's not, so to speak,
53
173539
5549
Va estar excepcional, però penso que ella no és, per dir-ho així
excepcional dins el col·lectiu infantil.
02:59
exceptional in the whole of childhood.
54
179112
2905
El que és és una persona amb un extraordinària dedicació
03:02
What you have there is a person of extraordinary dedication
55
182041
2831
03:04
who found a talent.
56
184896
1171
que ha trobat un talent. I la meva idea és que,
03:06
And my contention is, all kids have tremendous talents,
57
186091
2586
tots els nens tenen talents increïbles.
03:08
and we squander them, pretty ruthlessly.
58
188701
2394
I que nosaltres els malgastem, de mala manera.
Així doncs, vull parlar sobre educació i
03:11
So I want to talk about education,
59
191119
1857
03:13
and I want to talk about creativity.
60
193000
1872
vull parlar sobre creativitat. El meu punt de vista és que
03:14
My contention is that creativity now is as important in education as literacy,
61
194896
6096
la creativitat és ara tan important en l'educació com llegir o escriure,
i li hauríem de donar un tracte semblant.
03:21
and we should treat it with the same status.
62
201016
2787
03:23
(Applause)
63
203827
1112
(Aplaudiments) Gràcies. Això és tot, per cert.
03:24
Thank you.
64
204963
1189
03:26
(Applause)
65
206176
4285
03:30
That was it, by the way. Thank you very much.
66
210485
2286
Moltes gràcies. (Riures) així, em sobren 15 minuts.
03:32
(Laughter)
67
212795
2115
03:34
So, 15 minutes left.
68
214934
1677
Bé, Jo vaig neixer... no. (Riures)
03:36
(Laughter)
69
216635
3157
03:39
"Well, I was born ... "
70
219816
1671
03:41
(Laughter)
71
221511
3471
Vaig escoltar una història fantàstica fa poc -m'encanten les històries-
03:45
I heard a great story recently -- I love telling it --
72
225006
2650
d'una nena que estava en una classe de dibuix. Tenia sis anys,
03:47
of a little girl who was in a drawing lesson.
73
227680
2371
03:50
She was six, and she was at the back, drawing,
74
230075
2175
estava asseguda al final de la classe, dibuixant,
03:52
and the teacher said this girl hardly ever paid attention,
75
232274
2760
i la professora deia que la nena quasi mai
prestava atenció, i que, a la classe de dibuix sí que en prestava
03:55
and in this drawing lesson, she did.
76
235058
1786
03:56
The teacher was fascinated.
77
236868
1340
03:58
She went over to her, and she said, "What are you drawing?"
78
238232
2789
La professora estava fascinada i va anar a veure-la al seu lloc
i li va preguntar: "Què dibuixes?"
04:01
And the girl said, "I'm drawing a picture of God."
79
241045
2491
I la nena va respondre: "Estic dibuixant un retrat de Déu."
04:04
And the teacher said, "But nobody knows what God looks like."
80
244642
3318
I la professora va dir: "Però si ningú sap com és Déu."
04:07
And the girl said, "They will in a minute."
81
247984
2088
I la nena li va contestar: "Ho sabran en un minut."
04:10
(Laughter)
82
250096
6782
(Riures)
Quan el meu fill tenia quatre anys, a Anglaterra -
04:21
When my son was four in England --
83
261662
2727
de fet ell tenia quatre anys a tot arreu, sent sincer. (Riures)
04:24
actually, he was four everywhere, to be honest.
84
264413
2191
Si som estrictes, allà on anés, tenia quatre anys.
04:26
(Laughter)
85
266628
1752
04:28
If we're being strict about it, wherever he went, he was four that year.
86
268404
3387
04:31
He was in the Nativity play. Do you remember the story?
87
271815
2638
Ell estava a la representació del Naixement.
Recordeu la història? No, va ser gran.
04:34
(Laughter)
88
274477
1219
04:35
No, it was big, it was a big story.
89
275720
1827
Va ser una gran història. El Mel Gibson en va fer tota la sèrie.
04:37
Mel Gibson did the sequel, you may have seen it.
90
277571
2305
04:39
(Laughter)
91
279900
1261
Potser heu vist: "Cavalcada II." Però el James feia el paper del Joseph,
04:41
"Nativity II."
92
281185
1561
04:42
But James got the part of Joseph, which we were thrilled about.
93
282770
3884
cosa que ens emocionava molt.
04:46
We considered this to be one of the lead parts.
94
286678
2906
Consideravem que era un dels papers més importants.
04:49
We had the place crammed full of agents in T-shirts:
95
289608
2487
Vam omplir l'auditori de samarretes que posaven:
"James Robinson ÉS Joseph!" (Riures)
04:52
"James Robinson IS Joseph!"
96
292119
1414
04:53
(Laughter)
97
293557
1033
04:54
He didn't have to speak, but you know the bit where the three kings come in?
98
294614
3628
No feia falta que parlés, però sabeu el moment
en que venen els tres reis d'orient. Que porten regals,
04:58
They come in bearing gifts, gold, frankincense and myrrh.
99
298266
2685
porten or, encens i mirra.
05:00
This really happened.
100
300975
1158
Això va passar de veritat. Estàvem allà asseguts
05:02
We were sitting there, and I think they just went out of sequence,
101
302157
3116
i jo vaig pensar que s'havien equivocat,
05:05
because we talked to the little boy afterward and said,
102
305297
2579
però vam parlar amb ell al final i li vam dir:
05:07
"You OK with that?" They said, "Yeah, why? Was that wrong?"
103
307900
2796
"Tot ha sortit bé?" I ell va contestar: "Sí, perquè, ho he fet malament?"
Ho havien canviat, això era tot.
05:10
They just switched.
104
310720
1156
05:11
The three boys came in, four-year-olds with tea towels on their heads.
105
311900
3310
Fos com fos, els tres nens van entrar,
nens de quatre anys amb tovalloles al cap,
i van deixar les caixes a terra,
05:15
They put these boxes down, and the first boy said, "I bring you gold."
106
315234
3322
i el primer noi va dir: "Jo et porto or."
05:18
And the second boy said, "I bring you myrrh."
107
318580
2274
el segon va dir: "Jo et porto mirra."
05:20
And the third boy said, "Frank sent this."
108
320878
2082
05:22
(Laughter)
109
322984
5477
i el tercer va dir: "En Cens t'envia això." (Riures)
05:35
What these things have in common is that kids will take a chance.
110
335711
3090
El que tenen en comú aquests exemples és que els nens van tenir el control.
05:38
If they don't know, they'll have a go.
111
338825
3482
Si no ho saben, s'ho inventen.
No és cert? No tenen por d'equivocar-se.
05:42
Am I right? They're not frightened of being wrong.
112
342331
3029
Amb això no vull dir que equivocar-se sigui el mateix que ser creatiu.
05:45
I don't mean to say that being wrong is the same thing as being creative.
113
345924
3507
05:49
What we do know is, if you're not prepared to be wrong,
114
349886
3090
El que sabem és que,
si no estàs preparat per equivocar-te,
05:53
you'll never come up with anything original --
115
353000
2367
mai trobaràs res original.
05:55
if you're not prepared to be wrong.
116
355391
2580
Si no estàs preparat per equivocar-te. I, quan es fan grans,
05:57
And by the time they get to be adults, most kids have lost that capacity.
117
357995
4443
la majoria de nens han perdut aquesta capacitat.
Tenen por d'estar equivocats.
06:02
They have become frightened of being wrong.
118
362462
2464
06:04
And we run our companies like this.
119
364950
1690
I nosaltres dirigim les nostres empreses així, per cert.
06:06
We stigmatize mistakes.
120
366664
1652
Estigmatizem els errors. També, ara, tractem així
06:08
And we're now running national education systems
121
368340
2302
el sistema d'educació nacional, on
06:10
where mistakes are the worst thing you can make.
122
370666
2539
els errors son el pitjor que un pot fer.
06:13
And the result is that we are educating people
123
373800
3108
I el resultat és que estem educant a la gent en detriment
06:16
out of their creative capacities.
124
376932
2342
de les seves capacitats creatives. Picasso va dir un cop
06:19
Picasso once said this, he said that all children are born artists.
125
379298
4427
que tots els nens neixen artistes.
06:23
The problem is to remain an artist as we grow up.
126
383749
3222
El problema és concervar-se artista quan creixem. Crec profundament
06:26
I believe this passionately, that we don't grow into creativity,
127
386995
3232
que no creixem creativament,
06:30
we grow out of it.
128
390251
1705
perdem creativitat mentres creixem. Més aviat, l'educació ens en separa
06:31
Or rather, we get educated out of it.
129
391980
1883
Perquè passa això?
06:34
So why is this?
130
394607
1903
Jo vaig viure a Stratford-on-Avon fins fa cinc anys.
06:37
I lived in Stratford-on-Avon until about five years ago.
131
397124
2783
06:39
In fact, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles.
132
399931
2253
De fet, ens vem traslladar de Stratford a Los Angeles.
Així que ja us podeu imaginar quin canvi va suposar això.
06:42
So you can imagine what a seamless transition this was.
133
402912
2624
06:45
(Laughter)
134
405560
1416
(Riures) De fet,
06:47
Actually, we lived in a place called Snitterfield,
135
407000
2376
vivíem en un lloc que es deia Snitterfield,
06:49
just outside Stratford,
136
409400
1251
sortint de Stratford, que és on
06:50
which is where Shakespeare's father was born.
137
410675
2635
el pare de Shakespeare va néixer. Us ha sorprés un pensament? A mi sí que em va passar.
06:53
Are you struck by a new thought? I was.
138
413334
2123
06:55
You don't think of Shakespeare having a father, do you?
139
415481
2595
Havíeu pensat mai que Shakespeare tingués pare?
06:58
Do you?
140
418100
1373
No oi? Perquè tampoc imagineu a
06:59
Because you don't think of Shakespeare being a child, do you?
141
419497
2891
Shakespeare quan era nen, oi?
07:02
Shakespeare being seven?
142
422412
1264
El Shakespeare quan tenia set anys? Jo mai havia pensat en això. Vull dir, ell
07:03
I never thought of it.
143
423700
1176
07:04
I mean, he was seven at some point.
144
424900
1692
va tenir set anys en algún moment. Ell va anar a
07:06
He was in somebody's English class, wasn't he?
145
426616
2266
la classe d'anglès d'algú, no? Havia de ser una situació estranya, no?
07:08
(Laughter)
146
428906
6787
07:15
How annoying would that be?
147
435717
1329
(Riures) "T'has d'esforçar més". Que el seu pare l'enviés al llit, sabeu,
07:17
(Laughter)
148
437070
3000
07:24
"Must try harder."
149
444939
1340
07:26
(Laughter)
150
446303
3400
07:30
Being sent to bed by his dad, to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now!"
151
450559
2981
al Shakespeare, "Ves a dormir, ara,"
07:33
To William Shakespeare.
152
453564
1158
al William Shakespeare, "i deixa estar el llapís d'un cop.
07:34
"And put the pencil down!"
153
454746
1271
I deixa de parlar així. Confons a tothom."
07:36
(Laughter)
154
456041
1075
07:37
"And stop speaking like that."
155
457140
1477
07:38
(Laughter)
156
458641
3579
07:42
"It's confusing everybody."
157
462244
1324
07:43
(Laughter)
158
463592
5270
(Riures)
07:48
Anyway, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles,
159
468886
5186
Com deia, ens vam mudar de Startford a Los Angeles,
i només vull dir una cosa sobre la transició, de fet.
07:54
and I just want to say a word about the transition.
160
474096
2476
El meu fill no volia venir.
07:56
Actually, my son didn't want to come.
161
476596
1802
07:58
I've got two kids; he's 21 now, my daughter's 16.
162
478422
2395
Tinc dos fills. Ell té 21 anys i la meva filla en té 16.
08:00
He didn't want to come to Los Angeles.
163
480841
2203
Ell no volia venir a Los Angeles. Li agradava la idea,
08:03
He loved it, but he had a girlfriend in England.
164
483068
3788
pero tenia una nòvia a Anglaterra. Era l'amor de la seva vida, la Sarah.
08:06
This was the love of his life, Sarah.
165
486880
2857
La coneixia des de feia un mes.
08:09
He'd known her for a month.
166
489761
1375
Mira, ara haurien celebrat el seu quart aniversari,
08:11
(Laughter)
167
491160
1350
08:12
Mind you, they'd had their fourth anniversary,
168
492534
3279
per que això és molt temps quan tens 16 anys
08:15
because it's a long time when you're 16.
169
495837
1936
08:17
He was really upset on the plane.
170
497797
1641
Sigui com sigui, estava molt enfadat a l'avió,
08:19
He said, "I'll never find another girl like Sarah."
171
499462
2407
i deia: "Mai trobaré una altra noia com la Sarah."
08:21
And we were rather pleased about that, frankly --
172
501893
2314
I nosaltres estavem contents de sentir això, francament,
per que ella era la principal raó per la qual marxàvem del país.
08:24
(Laughter)
173
504231
4233
08:32
because she was the main reason we were leaving the country.
174
512434
2946
08:35
(Laughter)
175
515404
3000
(Riures)
Però hi ha una cosa que et xoca quan et mudes a Amèrica
08:41
But something strikes you when you move to America
176
521141
2362
i quan viatges pel món:
08:43
and travel around the world:
177
523527
1367
cada sistema educatiu al món the la mateixa jerarquia de assignatures.
08:44
every education system on earth has the same hierarchy of subjects.
178
524918
3647
Tots. No importa on vagis.
08:48
Every one. Doesn't matter where you go.
179
528589
1903
Penses que seran diferents, però no és així.
08:50
You'd think it would be otherwise, but it isn't.
180
530516
2270
A dalt hi ha sempre les matemàtiques i les llengues
08:52
At the top are mathematics and languages, then the humanities.
181
532810
2981
després venen les humanitats, i al final les arts.
08:55
At the bottom are the arts. Everywhere on earth.
182
535815
2291
A qualsevol lloc del món.
08:58
And in pretty much every system, too, there's a hierarchy within the arts.
183
538130
4365
I també a quasi tots els sistemes educatius,
existeix una jerarquia dins de les arts.
09:02
Art and music are normally given a higher status in schools
184
542519
2857
Les arts plàstiques i la música tenen, generalment, una importancia major
09:05
than drama and dance.
185
545400
1428
que el teatre i la dansa. No hi ha cap sistema educatiu al planeta
09:06
There isn't an education system on the planet
186
546852
2107
09:08
that teaches dance every day to children
187
548983
1919
que ensenyi dansa cada dia als nens
09:10
the way we teach them mathematics.
188
550926
1650
de la mateixa manera que s'ensenyen matemàtiques. Perquè?
09:12
Why?
189
552600
1158
09:13
Why not?
190
553782
1167
Perquè no? Penso que és una pregunta important.
09:14
I think this is rather important.
191
554973
1594
Les matemàtiques són molt importants, però la dansa també.
09:16
I think math is very important, but so is dance.
192
556591
2264
09:18
Children dance all the time if they're allowed to, we all do.
193
558879
2880
Els nens ballen tota l'estona si se'ls deixa, tots ho fem.
09:21
We all have bodies, don't we? Did I miss a meeting?
194
561783
2450
Tots tenim cossos, no? Em deixo alguna cosa?
09:24
(Laughter)
195
564257
3364
(Riures) Veritablement, el que passa és que
09:27
Truthfully, what happens is, as children grow up,
196
567645
2321
quan els nens es fan grans, comencem a educar-los
09:29
we start to educate them progressively from the waist up.
197
569990
2714
progressivament de cintura cap amunt. I ens acabem centrant en els seus caps.
09:32
And then we focus on their heads.
198
572728
1626
I principalment en un costat.
09:34
And slightly to one side.
199
574378
1490
Si anessis a visitar el sistema educatiu com un extraterrestre
09:37
If you were to visit education as an alien
200
577044
2071
09:39
and say "What's it for, public education?"
201
579139
2981
i preguntessis "Perquè serveix, l'educació pública?"
09:42
I think you'd have to conclude, if you look at the output,
202
582144
2727
La conclusió seria -miran't-ne els resultats,
09:44
who really succeeds by this,
203
584895
1357
que qui realment té èxit segons el sistema,
09:46
who does everything they should,
204
586276
1700
és qui fa tot el que se suposa que s'ha de fer,
09:48
who gets all the brownie points, who are the winners --
205
588000
2731
qui s'emporta tots els punts positius, els guanyadors-
09:50
I think you'd have to conclude the whole purpose of public education
206
590755
3238
Penso que hauríem de concloure que el propòsit de l'educació pública
09:54
throughout the world
207
594017
1198
arreu del món
09:55
is to produce university professors.
208
595239
1979
és produir professors universitaris. No?
09:57
Isn't it?
209
597718
1168
09:58
They're the people who come out the top.
210
598910
1984
Són la gent que surt a dalt de tot.
10:00
And I used to be one, so there.
211
600918
1819
10:02
(Laughter)
212
602761
3697
I jo solia estar allà, allà. (Riures)
I m'agraden els professors d'universitat, però sabeu,
10:06
And I like university professors,
213
606482
1600
10:08
but, you know, we shouldn't hold them up
214
608106
1915
no hauríem de tenir-los tant ben considerats, com un exemple de superació humana.
10:10
as the high-water mark of all human achievement.
215
610045
2931
10:13
They're just a form of life.
216
613000
2113
Són només una altra opció de vida,
10:15
Another form of life.
217
615137
1423
una altra opció de vida. Però són curiosos,
10:16
But they're rather curious.
218
616584
1397
I dic això amb tot l'afecte cap a ells.
10:18
And I say this out of affection for them:
219
618005
1964
10:19
there's something curious about professors.
220
619993
2075
Hi ha una cosa molt curiosa sobre els professors universitaris per la meva experiència -
10:22
In my experience -- not all of them, but typically -- they live in their heads.
221
622092
3746
no tots, però normalment- viuen dins els seus caps.
10:25
They live up there and slightly to one side.
222
625862
2143
Viuen allà dalt, i lleugerament en un costat.
No tenen cos, sabeu? quasi literalment.
10:28
They're disembodied, you know, in a kind of literal way.
223
628495
3436
10:31
They look upon their body as a form of transport for their heads.
224
631955
3150
Veuen el seu cos
com una forma de transport pels seus caps, no?
10:35
(Laughter)
225
635129
6047
10:41
Don't they?
226
641200
1377
10:42
It's a way of getting their head to meetings.
227
642601
2145
(Riures) És el mitjà per portar els seus caps a reunions.
10:44
(Laughter)
228
644770
5228
Si voleu evidències reals de experiències extra-corporals,
10:50
If you want real evidence of out-of-body experiences, by the way,
229
650022
3922
per cert, aneu a alguna conferència
10:53
get yourself along to a residential conference of senior academics
230
653968
3475
acadèmica
10:57
and pop into the discotheque on the final night.
231
657467
2351
i visiteu la discoteca l'última nit.
10:59
(Laughter)
232
659842
2612
(Riures) I allà ho veureu, homes i dones
11:02
And there, you will see it.
233
662478
1356
11:03
Grown men and women writhing uncontrollably, off the beat.
234
663858
4493
movent-se incontrolablement, completament fora de ritme
11:08
(Laughter)
235
668375
2492
esperant fins que acaba la festa per poder anar a casa a escriure'n un article.
11:10
Waiting until it ends, so they can go home and write a paper about it.
236
670891
3325
Ara, el nostre sistema educatiu es regeix per la idea de la habilitat acadèmica.
11:14
(Laughter)
237
674240
1981
11:16
Our education system is predicated on the idea of academic ability.
238
676245
3861
I existeix una raó.
11:20
And there's a reason.
239
680130
1171
11:21
Around the world, there were no public systems of education,
240
681325
3629
El sistema va ser inventat -a tot el món, no hi havia
un sistema públic d'educació, realment, fins al segle XIX.
11:24
really, before the 19th century.
241
684978
2107
Es va configurar
11:27
They all came into being to meet the needs of industrialism.
242
687109
3247
per satisfer les necessitats de la industrialització.
Així doncs, la seva estructura està basada en dues idees.
11:30
So the hierarchy is rooted on two ideas.
243
690380
2052
11:32
Number one, that the most useful subjects for work are at the top.
244
692456
4562
Número u, que les assignatures més útlis per a treballar
són les més importants. Segurament us van forçar a deixar de fer coses
11:37
So you were probably steered benignly away from things at school
245
697042
3033
a l'escola, quan éreu nens, coses que us agradaven,
11:40
when you were a kid,
246
700099
1152
al·legant que
11:41
things you liked,
247
701275
1153
11:42
on the grounds you would never get a job doing that.
248
702452
2442
mai us servirien per aconseguir una feina. No és així?
11:44
Is that right?
249
704918
1151
No facis música, no seràs mai un músic;
11:46
"Don't do music, you're not going to be a musician;
250
706093
2412
no facis art, mai seràs un artista.
11:48
don't do art, you won't be an artist."
251
708529
1851
11:50
Benign advice -- now, profoundly mistaken.
252
710404
2746
Consell benintencionat -això sí, completament equivocat. Tot el món
11:53
The whole world is engulfed in a revolution.
253
713174
2145
està embarcat en una revolució.
11:55
And the second is academic ability,
254
715343
2097
La segona és la habilitat acadèmica, la qual ha esdevingut dominant
11:57
which has really come to dominate our view of intelligence,
255
717464
2819
sobre la nostra visió de intel·ligència,
perquè les universitats dissenyen el sistema a la seva semblança.
12:00
because the universities design the system in their image.
256
720307
2739
Si ho penseu, tot el sistema
12:03
If you think of it,
257
723070
1151
12:04
the whole system of public education around the world is a protracted process
258
724245
3664
d'educació pública de tot el món és un prolongat procés
d'entrada a la universitat.
12:07
of university entrance.
259
727933
1151
i la conseqüència és que molts grans talents,
12:09
And the consequence is that many highly talented,
260
729108
2293
12:11
brilliant, creative people think they're not,
261
731425
2518
gent brillant i creativa pensen que no tenen talent,
12:13
because the thing they were good at at school
262
733967
2133
perquè la cosa en la què destaquen a l'escola
no és valorada, i, tot al contrari, és estigmatitzada.
12:16
wasn't valued, or was actually stigmatized.
263
736124
2302
12:18
And I think we can't afford to go on that way.
264
738450
2229
I penso que no ens podem permetre continuar per eixa via
12:20
In the next 30 years, according to UNESCO,
265
740703
2287
En els pròxims 30 anys, segons la UNESCO,
12:23
more people worldwide will be graduating through education
266
743014
3406
a nivell mundial, es gradurà més gent
12:26
than since the beginning of history.
267
746444
2195
que en tota la hisòria.
12:28
More people.
268
748663
1157
Més gent, i es tracta de la combinació
12:29
And it's the combination of all the things we've talked about:
269
749844
2921
de tot el que hem parlat -
12:32
technology and its transformational effect on work,
270
752789
2393
tecnologia i el seu efecte de transformació sobre el treball, i demografia
12:35
and demography and the huge explosion in population.
271
755206
2478
i l'enorme explosió de població.
12:37
Suddenly, degrees aren't worth anything.
272
757708
2437
De cop, els títols no valdran res. No creieu?
12:40
Isn't that true?
273
760169
1677
Quan jo era estudiant, si tenies una carrera, tenies una feina.
12:41
When I was a student, if you had a degree, you had a job.
274
761870
2981
12:44
If you didn't have a job, it's because you didn't want one.
275
764875
2798
I si no la tenies era perquè no la volies.
12:47
And I didn't want one, frankly.
276
767697
2334
I jo no en volia cap, francament (Riures)
12:50
(Laughter)
277
770055
1591
Però ara, joves amb títulacions
12:51
But now kids with degrees are often heading home
278
771670
3805
12:55
to carry on playing video games,
279
775499
1794
es queden sovint a casa jugant a videojocs,
perquè ara necessites un màster on abans es demanava una carrera,
12:57
because you need an MA where the previous job required a BA,
280
777317
3048
i ara necessites un doctorat per l'altra.
13:00
and now you need a PhD for the other.
281
780389
1787
13:02
It's a process of academic inflation.
282
782200
1776
Es tracta d'un procés d'inflació acadèmica.
13:04
And it indicates the whole structure of education is shifting beneath our feet.
283
784000
3756
I indica que tota l'estructura de l'educació
trontolla sota els nostres peus. Necessitem repensar radicalment,
13:07
We need to radically rethink our view of intelligence.
284
787780
2542
la nostra visió sobre la intel·ligència.
Sabem tres coses sobre la intel·ligència.
13:10
We know three things about intelligence.
285
790346
1924
Primer, és diversa. Pensem sobre el que ens envolta de tantes maneres
13:12
One, it's diverse.
286
792294
1151
13:13
We think about the world in all the ways that we experience it.
287
793469
2981
com la nostra experiència ens permet. Pensem visualment,
13:16
We think visually, we think in sound, we think kinesthetically.
288
796474
2977
pensem en so, pensem mitjançant el nostre cos.
13:19
We think in abstract terms, we think in movement.
289
799475
2321
Pensem en termes abstractes, pensem en moviment.
13:21
Secondly, intelligence is dynamic.
290
801820
1996
Segon, la intel·ligència és dinàmica.
13:24
If you look at the interactions of a human brain,
291
804673
2303
Si observem les interaccions en el cervell humà, com vam escoltar
13:27
as we heard yesterday from a number of presentations,
292
807000
3023
ahir en diferents presentacions,
13:30
intelligence is wonderfully interactive.
293
810047
2158
la intel·ligència és meravellosament interactiva.
13:32
The brain isn't divided into compartments.
294
812229
2238
El cervell no està dividit en compartiments.
13:34
In fact, creativity --
295
814872
1574
De fet, la creativitat -que es defineix com el procés
13:36
which I define as the process of having original ideas that have value --
296
816470
4020
de tenir idees originals que tenen valor-
13:40
more often than not comes about
297
820514
1930
més aviat arriba a través de la interacció
13:42
through the interaction of different disciplinary ways of seeing things.
298
822468
3557
de diferents maneres de veure les coses.
El cervell és intencional -per cert,
13:47
By the way, there's a shaft of nerves that joins the two halves of the brain,
299
827472
3631
hi ha un feix de nervis que uneix les dues meitats del cervell
13:51
called the corpus callosum.
300
831127
1298
anomenat corpus callosum. És més gruixut en les dones.
13:52
It's thicker in women.
301
832449
1221
Seguint amb el que deia la Helen ahir, Jo penso
13:54
Following off from Helen yesterday,
302
834471
1723
que és per això que les dones són millors fent moltes tasques alhora.
13:56
this is probably why women are better at multitasking.
303
836218
3011
13:59
Because you are, aren't you?
304
839253
1825
Perquè ho son, no?
14:01
There's a raft of research, but I know it from my personal life.
305
841102
3334
Hi ha una branca de recerca que s'hi dedica, però jo ho sé per experiència personal.
14:04
If my wife is cooking a meal at home, which is not often ...
306
844865
2935
Si la meva dona està preparant el dinar a casa -
cosa que no passa sovint, afortunadament. (Riures)
14:09
thankfully.
307
849224
1166
14:10
(Laughter)
308
850414
2690
però sabeu, ella està fent -no, ella és bona en moltes altres coses-
14:13
No, she's good at some things.
309
853128
1452
però si està cuinant, sabeu,
14:14
But if she's cooking, she's dealing with people on the phone,
310
854604
2895
ella pot estar parlant per telèfon,
14:17
she's talking to the kids, she's painting the ceiling --
311
857523
2647
parlant amb els nens, pintant el sostre,
14:20
(Laughter)
312
860194
1015
operant a cor obert per allà.
14:21
she's doing open-heart surgery over here.
313
861233
2025
14:23
If I'm cooking, the door is shut, the kids are out,
314
863282
2998
Si jo cuino, la porta està tancada, els nens son fora,
14:26
the phone's on the hook,
315
866304
1239
el telèfon està despenjat, i si ella entre m'enfado.
14:27
if she comes in, I get annoyed.
316
867567
1690
14:29
I say, "Terry, please, I'm trying to fry an egg in here."
317
869281
2790
Li dic: "Terry, si us plau, estic intentant fregir un ou aquí. Deixa'm concentrar." (Riures)
14:32
(Laughter)
318
872095
6730
14:39
"Give me a break."
319
879254
1200
14:40
(Laughter)
320
880478
1720
14:42
Actually, do you know that old philosophical thing,
321
882222
2499
De fet, sabeu aquella vella reflexió filosòfica que diu,
14:44
"If a tree falls in a forest, and nobody hears it, did it happen?"
322
884745
3483
si un arbre cau en un bosc i ningú el sent,
ha passat? Algú se'n enrecordarà?
14:48
Remember that old chestnut?
323
888252
1329
14:49
I saw a great T-shirt recently, which said,
324
889605
2910
Vaig veure una samarreta genial fa poc que deia: "Si un home diu el que pensa
14:52
"If a man speaks his mind in a forest, and no woman hears him,
325
892539
3437
en un bosc, i no hi ha cap dona que l'escolti,
14:56
is he still wrong?"
326
896000
1396
estarà igualment equivocat?" (Riures)
14:57
(Laughter)
327
897420
5606
15:05
And the third thing about intelligence is,
328
905089
2039
I la tercera cosa sobre la intel·ligència és,
15:07
it's distinct.
329
907152
1369
que es diferent. Estic treballant en un nou llibre
15:09
I'm doing a new book at the moment called "Epiphany,"
330
909114
2504
titulat "Epifania," basat en una sèrie
15:11
which is based on a series of interviews with people
331
911642
2441
d'entrevistes amb gent que parla sobre com van descobrir
15:14
about how they discovered their talent.
332
914107
1864
el seu talent. Estic fascinat per com arriba la gent a descobrir-lo.
15:15
I'm fascinated by how people got to be there.
333
915995
2121
Està inspirat en una conversació que vaig tenir
15:18
It's really prompted by a conversation I had with a wonderful woman
334
918140
3191
amb una dona meravellosa sobre la qual
15:21
who maybe most people have never heard of, Gillian Lynne.
335
921355
2677
la majoria no hauran sentit a parlar, es deia Gillian Lynne,
N'heu sentit a parlar? Alguns sí. Ella era coreògrafa.
15:24
Have you heard of her? Some have.
336
924056
1596
15:25
She's a choreographer, and everybody knows her work.
337
925676
2452
i tothom coneix la seva feina.
Ella va fer "Cats" i "El fantasma de l'opera"
15:28
She did "Cats" and "Phantom of the Opera."
338
928152
2016
Ella és meravellosa. Solia treballar al Royal Ballet, a Anglaterra,
15:30
She's wonderful.
339
930192
1151
15:31
I used to be on the board of The Royal Ballet, as you can see.
340
931367
2947
com podeu veure.
15:34
(Laughter)
341
934338
1929
Sigui com sigui, la Gillian i jo vam dinar junts un dia I li vaig preguntar:
15:36
Gillian and I had lunch one day. I said, "How did you get to be a dancer?"
342
936291
3525
"Gillian, com vas arribar a ser ballarina?" I ella em va respondre
15:39
It was interesting.
343
939840
1151
és interessant, quan ella anava a l'escola,
15:41
When she was at school, she was really hopeless.
344
941015
2247
estava desesperada. I l'escola, als anys 30,
15:43
And the school, in the '30s, wrote to her parents and said,
345
943286
2789
va escriure als seus pares dient: "Pensem
15:46
"We think Gillian has a learning disorder."
346
946099
2035
que la Gillian té problemes per aprendre". Ella no es podia concentrar,
15:48
She couldn't concentrate; she was fidgeting.
347
948158
2098
era un sac de nervis. Ara li diagnosticarien
15:50
I think now they'd say she had ADHD.
348
950280
1877
hiperacció. No creieu? Però als anys trenta,
15:52
Wouldn't you?
349
952181
1299
15:53
But this was the 1930s, and ADHD hadn't been invented at this point.
350
953504
4177
encara no s'havia inventat l'hiperacció.
15:57
It wasn't an available condition.
351
957705
2040
no era una malaltia coneguda. (Riures)
15:59
(Laughter)
352
959769
3215
La gent no sabia que es pogués tenir.
16:03
People weren't aware they could have that.
353
963008
2042
Fos com fos, va anar a veure un especialista. En una d'aquestes habitacions amb panells de fusta
16:05
(Laughter)
354
965074
2425
16:07
Anyway, she went to see this specialist.
355
967523
4176
hi va anar amb la seva mare,
16:11
So, this oak-paneled room, and she was there with her mother,
356
971723
3707
la van asseure en una cadira al fons,
va estar asseguda sobre les seves mans durant 20 minuts
16:15
and she was led and sat on this chair at the end,
357
975454
2327
i l'home va parlar amb la mare sobre tots
16:17
and she sat on her hands for 20 minutes,
358
977805
1945
els problemes que la Gillian tenia a l'escola. I al final -
16:19
while this man talked to her mother
359
979774
1681
16:21
about all the problems Gillian was having at school,
360
981479
2464
com que ella molestava als altres,
16:23
because she was disturbing people, her homework was always late, and so on.
361
983967
3549
mai feia els deures a temps, entre altres coses,
una nena petita de vuit anys- al final, el doctor es va asseure
16:27
Little kid of eight.
362
987540
1151
16:28
In the end, the doctor went and sat next to Gillian and said,
363
988715
2911
al costat de la Gillian i li va dir: "Gillian,
16:31
"I've listened to all these things your mother's told me.
364
991650
2713
la teva mare ja m'ha explicat totes aquestes coses
i ara necessito parlar-ne amb ella en privat."
16:34
I need to speak to her privately.
365
994387
1594
li va dir: "Espera'ns aquí, tornarem en un moment."
16:36
Wait here. We'll be back. We won't be very long,"
366
996005
2316
16:38
and they went and left her.
367
998345
2650
i van marxar.
però en sortir de l'habitació, va encendre la radio
16:41
But as they went out of the room,
368
1001019
1640
16:42
he turned on the radio that was sitting on his desk.
369
1002683
2856
que hi havia sobre la seva taula. I quan van
tornar a l'habitació, el doctor li va dir a la mare:
16:45
And when they got out of the room,
370
1005563
1638
"Només cal mirar-la". En l'instant en que van sortir de l'habitació,
16:47
he said to her mother, "Just stand and watch her."
371
1007225
2378
16:49
And the minute they left the room,
372
1009627
2512
ella em va dir que es va posar de peu, movent-se al ritme de la música.
16:52
she was on her feet, moving to the music.
373
1012163
2595
La van estar mirant durant uns minuts
16:54
And they watched for a few minutes, and he turned to her mother and said,
374
1014782
3503
I el doctor li va dir a la seva mare:
16:58
"Mrs. Lynne, Gillian isn't sick.
375
1018309
1979
"Sra. Lynne, la Gillian no està malalta, és ballarina.
17:00
She's a dancer.
376
1020312
1664
Porti-la a una escola de dansa."
17:03
Take her to a dance school."
377
1023338
1386
17:04
I said, "What happened?"
378
1024748
1228
I jo li vaig preguntar: "I què va passar?"
17:06
She said, "She did. I can't tell you how wonderful it was.
379
1026000
2976
I ella em va dir: "Que ho va fer. I no puc dir-te com de magnífic va ser.
17:09
We walked in this room, and it was full of people like me --
380
1029000
2829
Vam entrar en aquella habitació i estava plena de
17:11
people who couldn't sit still,
381
1031853
2222
gent com jo. Gent que no es podia estar quieta.
17:14
people who had to move to think."
382
1034099
2907
Gent que necessitava moure's per pensar." Gent que necessitava moure's per pensar.
17:17
Who had to move to think.
383
1037030
1832
Feien ballet, tap, jazz,
17:18
They did ballet, they did tap, jazz; they did modern; they did contemporary.
384
1038886
3610
moderna, i contemporània.
Amb el temps va aconseguir una audició a la Royal Ballet Scool,
17:22
She was eventually auditioned for the Royal Ballet School.
385
1042520
2746
va esdevenir solista, i va tenir una excel·lent carrera
17:25
She became a soloist; she had a wonderful career at the Royal Ballet.
386
1045290
3253
en la Royal Ballet. Més endevant es va graduar
17:28
She eventually graduated from the Royal Ballet School,
387
1048567
2555
de la Royal Ballet School i
va fundar la seva pròpia companyia, la Gillian Lynne Dance Company,
17:31
founded the Gillian Lynne Dance Company,
388
1051146
1928
17:33
met Andrew Lloyd Webber.
389
1053098
1237
i va conèixer a l'Andrew Lloyd Weber. Ella ha sigut la responsable
17:34
She's been responsible for
390
1054359
1296
17:35
some of the most successful musical theater productions in history,
391
1055679
3148
de les produccions més exitoses de la història
17:38
she's given pleasure to millions,
392
1058851
1596
del teatre musical, ha donat plaer a milions de persones,
17:40
and she's a multimillionaire.
393
1060471
1407
17:41
Somebody else might have put her on medication and told her to calm down.
394
1061902
3710
i és multi-milionaria. Algú altre
17:45
(Applause)
395
1065636
6782
li hauria receptat medicació i li hauria dit
que es calmés.
Ara, penso - (Aplaudiments) Penso el següent:
17:53
What I think it comes to is this:
396
1073603
1573
17:55
Al Gore spoke the other night
397
1075200
1776
L'Al Gore va parlar l'altra nit
17:57
about ecology and the revolution that was triggered by Rachel Carson.
398
1077000
4519
sobre ecologia, i la revolució que ha començat la Rachel Carson.
Penso que la nostra única esperança per el futur
18:02
I believe our only hope for the future
399
1082257
2112
18:04
is to adopt a new conception of human ecology,
400
1084393
3875
és adoptar una nova concepció de l'ecologia humana,
una en la que es comenci a reconstituir la nostra concepció
18:08
one in which we start to reconstitute our conception
401
1088292
2527
18:10
of the richness of human capacity.
402
1090843
2261
the la riquesa de les capacitats humanes.
18:13
Our education system has mined our minds
403
1093128
3371
El nostre sistema educatiu ha destruit les nostres ments d'una manera
18:16
in the way that we strip-mine the earth for a particular commodity.
404
1096523
3441
que fa que ens quedem a la superfície; cosa que es més còmode.
I en el futur, no ens servirà.
18:20
And for the future, it won't serve us.
405
1100377
2422
18:22
We have to rethink the fundamental principles
406
1102823
2153
Cal repensar els principis fonamentals
18:25
on which we're educating our children.
407
1105000
2063
sobre els quals basem l'educació dels nens. Hi ha
18:27
There was a wonderful quote by Jonas Salk, who said,
408
1107087
2674
una cita molt bonica d'en Jonas Salk, que diu: "Si tots els insectes
18:29
"If all the insects were to disappear from the Earth,
409
1109785
5097
desapareguessin de la terra,
18:34
within 50 years, all life on Earth would end.
410
1114906
2783
en 50 anys la vida a la terra acabaria.
Si tots els humans desapareguessin de la terra,
18:38
If all human beings disappeared from the Earth,
411
1118770
3037
en 50 anys totes les formes de vida aflorarien."
18:41
within 50 years, all forms of life would flourish."
412
1121831
2634
I té raó.
18:45
And he's right.
413
1125378
1285
El que es celebra a TED és el regal de la imaginació humana.
18:47
What TED celebrates is the gift of the human imagination.
414
1127390
3731
Però hem de ser prudents a l'hora d'utilitzar aquest regal
18:51
We have to be careful now that we use this gift wisely,
415
1131533
4234
i fer-ho sabiament, i així previndre algunes situacions
18:55
and that we avert some of the scenarios that we've talked about.
416
1135791
3229
com les que hem parlat. I la única manera que tenim
18:59
And the only way we'll do it is by seeing our creative capacities
417
1139044
3755
de fer-ho és veient les nostres capacitats creatives
19:02
for the richness they are
418
1142823
1787
com la riquesa que son, i veure
19:04
and seeing our children for the hope that they are.
419
1144634
3182
els nens com l'esperança que són. La nostra tasca
19:07
And our task is to educate their whole being,
420
1147840
2398
és educar-los integrament, perquè puguin enfrontar-se al futur.
19:10
so they can face this future.
421
1150262
1413
19:11
By the way -- we may not see this future,
422
1151699
2505
Per cert - pot ser que no veiem aquest futur,
19:14
but they will.
423
1154228
1563
però ells sí. I la nostra feina és ajudar-los
19:15
And our job is to help them make something of it.
424
1155815
2718
a fer alguna cosa amb ell. Moltes gràcies.
19:18
Thank you very much.
425
1158557
1185
19:19
(Applause)
426
1159766
5447
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7