Do schools kill creativity? | Sir Ken Robinson | TED

Translator: Pol Pla i Conesa Reviewer: Carlos Vidal

Bon dia. Com esteu? Està sent genial, no?

Good morning. How are you?

(Audience) Good.

It's been great, hasn't it?

He quedat impressionat per tot això.

I've been blown away by the whole thing.

In fact, I'm leaving.

De fet, crec que me'n vaig. (Riures)

(Laughter)

Hi ha hagut tres temes principals,

There have been three themes running through the conference,

dels que s'ha parlat en les conferències, els quals em semblen rellevants

which are relevant to what I want to talk about.

One is the extraordinary evidence of human creativity

pel que he vingut a explicar.

Un és la extraordinària evidència de la creativitat humana

in all of the presentations that we've had

en totes les presentacions que hem tingut

and in all of the people here;

just the variety of it and the range of it.

i en tota la gent de per aquí. Ha quedat patent la varietat de la creativitat

i l'abast que pot tenir. El segon és

The second is that it's put us in a place

where we have no idea what's going to happen

que això ens posa en un lloc on no tenim ni idea del que pot passar,

in terms of the future.

pel que fa al futur, Ni idea

No idea how this may play out.

de quin paper tindrà.

I have an interest in education.

Jo estic interessat en l'educació

Actually, what I find is, everybody has an interest in education.

realment, trobo que tothom té interés en l'educació.

Don't you?

No? Ho trobo molt interessant.

I find this very interesting.

Si estàs en un sopar de celebració, i dius

If you're at a dinner party, and you say you work in education --

que treballes en educació

actually, you're not often at dinner parties, frankly.

de fet, no acostumes estar en celebracions, francament, si et dediques a l'educació.

(Laughter)

If you work in education, you're not asked.

(Riures) Ningú t'ho pregunta.

(Laughter)

I ningú mai no et respon preguntant-te, curiosament. És una mica estrany per a mi.

And you're never asked back, curiously. That's strange to me.

But if you are, and you say to somebody,

Però si ho ets, i li dius a algú,

you know, they say, "What do you do?"

sabeu, solen dir, "A què et dediques?"

and you say you work in education,

i tu dius que et dediques a l'educació,

you can see the blood run from their face.

i pots veure com la sang se'ls hi envà de la cara. Es queden com,

They're like, "Oh my God. Why me?"

(Laughter)

"Déu meu," sabeu, "Perquè jo? Si només surto una nit a la setmana." (Riures)

"My one night out all week."

(Laughter)

But if you ask about their education, they pin you to the wall,

Però si els hi preguntes sobre la seva educació,

llavors no paren de parlar-te'n. Per que és una d'aquelles coses

because it's one of those things that goes deep with people, am I right?

que arriba fons en les persones, no creieu?

Like religion and money and other things.

Com la religió, els diners i altres coses.

So I have a big interest in education, and I think we all do.

Tinc un gran interés en l'educació, i penso que tots el tenim.

Tenim un enorme interés vital en ella,

We have a huge vested interest in it,

partly because it's education that's meant to take us into this future

en part per que és l'educació qui ens

porta a un futur que no podem imaginar.

that we can't grasp.

If you think of it,

Si ho penseu, els nens que comencen l'escola aquest any

children starting school this year will be retiring in 2065.

es retiraran l'any 2065. Ningú té ni idea

Nobody has a clue,

despite all the expertise that's been on parade for the past four days,

a pesar de tots els experts que han passat per aquí els últims quatre dies

de com serà el món

what the world will look like in five years' time.

ni tan sols d'aquí a cinc anys. I, tot i així, suposadament

And yet, we're meant to be educating them for it.

hem d'estar preparant els nens per aquest món. La impredibilitat, penso,

So the unpredictability, I think, is extraordinary.

és extraordinària.

And the third part of this is that we've all agreed, nonetheless,

I el tercer tema és que

tots ens hem posat d'acord, a pesar de tot, en dir que

on the really extraordinary capacities that children have --

les extraordinàries capacitats que els nens tenen

their capacities for innovation.

les seves capacitats per la inovació. Em refereixo a... la Sirena, ahir a la nit, va ser meravellós,

I mean, Sirena last night was a marvel, wasn't she?

no creieu? Només veure el que podia fer.

Just seeing what she could do.

And she's exceptional, but I think she's not, so to speak,

Va estar excepcional, però penso que ella no és, per dir-ho així

excepcional dins el col·lectiu infantil.

exceptional in the whole of childhood.

El que és és una persona amb un extraordinària dedicació

What you have there is a person of extraordinary dedication

who found a talent.

que ha trobat un talent. I la meva idea és que,

And my contention is, all kids have tremendous talents,

tots els nens tenen talents increïbles.

and we squander them, pretty ruthlessly.

I que nosaltres els malgastem, de mala manera.

Així doncs, vull parlar sobre educació i

So I want to talk about education,

and I want to talk about creativity.

vull parlar sobre creativitat. El meu punt de vista és que

My contention is that creativity now is as important in education as literacy,

la creativitat és ara tan important en l'educació com llegir o escriure,

i li hauríem de donar un tracte semblant.

and we should treat it with the same status.

(Applause)

(Aplaudiments) Gràcies. Això és tot, per cert.

Thank you.

(Applause)

That was it, by the way. Thank you very much.

Moltes gràcies. (Riures) així, em sobren 15 minuts.

(Laughter)

So, 15 minutes left.

Bé, Jo vaig neixer... no. (Riures)

(Laughter)

"Well, I was born ... "

(Laughter)

Vaig escoltar una història fantàstica fa poc -m'encanten les històries-

I heard a great story recently -- I love telling it --

d'una nena que estava en una classe de dibuix. Tenia sis anys,

of a little girl who was in a drawing lesson.

She was six, and she was at the back, drawing,

estava asseguda al final de la classe, dibuixant,

and the teacher said this girl hardly ever paid attention,

i la professora deia que la nena quasi mai

prestava atenció, i que, a la classe de dibuix sí que en prestava

and in this drawing lesson, she did.

The teacher was fascinated.

She went over to her, and she said, "What are you drawing?"

La professora estava fascinada i va anar a veure-la al seu lloc

i li va preguntar: "Què dibuixes?"

And the girl said, "I'm drawing a picture of God."

I la nena va respondre: "Estic dibuixant un retrat de Déu."

And the teacher said, "But nobody knows what God looks like."

I la professora va dir: "Però si ningú sap com és Déu."

And the girl said, "They will in a minute."

I la nena li va contestar: "Ho sabran en un minut."

(Laughter)

(Riures)

Quan el meu fill tenia quatre anys, a Anglaterra -

When my son was four in England --

de fet ell tenia quatre anys a tot arreu, sent sincer. (Riures)

actually, he was four everywhere, to be honest.

Si som estrictes, allà on anés, tenia quatre anys.

(Laughter)

If we're being strict about it, wherever he went, he was four that year.

He was in the Nativity play. Do you remember the story?

Ell estava a la representació del Naixement.

Recordeu la història? No, va ser gran.

(Laughter)

No, it was big, it was a big story.

Va ser una gran història. El Mel Gibson en va fer tota la sèrie.

Mel Gibson did the sequel, you may have seen it.

(Laughter)

Potser heu vist: "Cavalcada II." Però el James feia el paper del Joseph,

"Nativity II."

But James got the part of Joseph, which we were thrilled about.

cosa que ens emocionava molt.

We considered this to be one of the lead parts.

Consideravem que era un dels papers més importants.

We had the place crammed full of agents in T-shirts:

Vam omplir l'auditori de samarretes que posaven:

"James Robinson ÉS Joseph!" (Riures)

"James Robinson IS Joseph!"

(Laughter)

He didn't have to speak, but you know the bit where the three kings come in?

No feia falta que parlés, però sabeu el moment

en que venen els tres reis d'orient. Que porten regals,

They come in bearing gifts, gold, frankincense and myrrh.

porten or, encens i mirra.

This really happened.

Això va passar de veritat. Estàvem allà asseguts

We were sitting there, and I think they just went out of sequence,

i jo vaig pensar que s'havien equivocat,

because we talked to the little boy afterward and said,

però vam parlar amb ell al final i li vam dir:

"You OK with that?" They said, "Yeah, why? Was that wrong?"

"Tot ha sortit bé?" I ell va contestar: "Sí, perquè, ho he fet malament?"

Ho havien canviat, això era tot.

They just switched.

The three boys came in, four-year-olds with tea towels on their heads.

Fos com fos, els tres nens van entrar,

nens de quatre anys amb tovalloles al cap,

i van deixar les caixes a terra,

They put these boxes down, and the first boy said, "I bring you gold."

i el primer noi va dir: "Jo et porto or."

And the second boy said, "I bring you myrrh."

el segon va dir: "Jo et porto mirra."

And the third boy said, "Frank sent this."

(Laughter)

i el tercer va dir: "En Cens t'envia això." (Riures)

What these things have in common is that kids will take a chance.

El que tenen en comú aquests exemples és que els nens van tenir el control.

If they don't know, they'll have a go.

Si no ho saben, s'ho inventen.

No és cert? No tenen por d'equivocar-se.

Am I right? They're not frightened of being wrong.

Amb això no vull dir que equivocar-se sigui el mateix que ser creatiu.

I don't mean to say that being wrong is the same thing as being creative.

What we do know is, if you're not prepared to be wrong,

El que sabem és que,

si no estàs preparat per equivocar-te,

you'll never come up with anything original --

mai trobaràs res original.

if you're not prepared to be wrong.

Si no estàs preparat per equivocar-te. I, quan es fan grans,

And by the time they get to be adults, most kids have lost that capacity.

la majoria de nens han perdut aquesta capacitat.

Tenen por d'estar equivocats.

They have become frightened of being wrong.

And we run our companies like this.

I nosaltres dirigim les nostres empreses així, per cert.

We stigmatize mistakes.

Estigmatizem els errors. També, ara, tractem així

And we're now running national education systems

el sistema d'educació nacional, on

where mistakes are the worst thing you can make.

els errors son el pitjor que un pot fer.

And the result is that we are educating people

I el resultat és que estem educant a la gent en detriment

out of their creative capacities.

de les seves capacitats creatives. Picasso va dir un cop

Picasso once said this, he said that all children are born artists.

que tots els nens neixen artistes.

The problem is to remain an artist as we grow up.

El problema és concervar-se artista quan creixem. Crec profundament

I believe this passionately, that we don't grow into creativity,

que no creixem creativament,

we grow out of it.

perdem creativitat mentres creixem. Més aviat, l'educació ens en separa

Or rather, we get educated out of it.

Perquè passa això?

So why is this?

Jo vaig viure a Stratford-on-Avon fins fa cinc anys.

I lived in Stratford-on-Avon until about five years ago.

In fact, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles.

De fet, ens vem traslladar de Stratford a Los Angeles.

Així que ja us podeu imaginar quin canvi va suposar això.

So you can imagine what a seamless transition this was.

(Laughter)

(Riures) De fet,

Actually, we lived in a place called Snitterfield,

vivíem en un lloc que es deia Snitterfield,

just outside Stratford,

sortint de Stratford, que és on

which is where Shakespeare's father was born.

el pare de Shakespeare va néixer. Us ha sorprés un pensament? A mi sí que em va passar.

Are you struck by a new thought? I was.

You don't think of Shakespeare having a father, do you?

Havíeu pensat mai que Shakespeare tingués pare?

Do you?

No oi? Perquè tampoc imagineu a

Because you don't think of Shakespeare being a child, do you?

Shakespeare quan era nen, oi?

Shakespeare being seven?

El Shakespeare quan tenia set anys? Jo mai havia pensat en això. Vull dir, ell

I never thought of it.

I mean, he was seven at some point.

va tenir set anys en algún moment. Ell va anar a

He was in somebody's English class, wasn't he?

la classe d'anglès d'algú, no? Havia de ser una situació estranya, no?

(Laughter)

How annoying would that be?

(Riures) "T'has d'esforçar més". Que el seu pare l'enviés al llit, sabeu,

(Laughter)

"Must try harder."

(Laughter)

Being sent to bed by his dad, to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now!"

al Shakespeare, "Ves a dormir, ara,"

To William Shakespeare.

al William Shakespeare, "i deixa estar el llapís d'un cop.

"And put the pencil down!"

I deixa de parlar així. Confons a tothom."

(Laughter)

"And stop speaking like that."

(Laughter)

"It's confusing everybody."

(Laughter)

(Riures)

Anyway, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles,

Com deia, ens vam mudar de Startford a Los Angeles,

i només vull dir una cosa sobre la transició, de fet.

and I just want to say a word about the transition.

El meu fill no volia venir.

Actually, my son didn't want to come.

I've got two kids; he's 21 now, my daughter's 16.

Tinc dos fills. Ell té 21 anys i la meva filla en té 16.

He didn't want to come to Los Angeles.

Ell no volia venir a Los Angeles. Li agradava la idea,

He loved it, but he had a girlfriend in England.

pero tenia una nòvia a Anglaterra. Era l'amor de la seva vida, la Sarah.

This was the love of his life, Sarah.

La coneixia des de feia un mes.

He'd known her for a month.

Mira, ara haurien celebrat el seu quart aniversari,

(Laughter)

Mind you, they'd had their fourth anniversary,

per que això és molt temps quan tens 16 anys

because it's a long time when you're 16.

He was really upset on the plane.

Sigui com sigui, estava molt enfadat a l'avió,

He said, "I'll never find another girl like Sarah."

i deia: "Mai trobaré una altra noia com la Sarah."

And we were rather pleased about that, frankly --

I nosaltres estavem contents de sentir això, francament,

per que ella era la principal raó per la qual marxàvem del país.

(Laughter)

because she was the main reason we were leaving the country.

(Laughter)

(Riures)

Però hi ha una cosa que et xoca quan et mudes a Amèrica

But something strikes you when you move to America

i quan viatges pel món:

and travel around the world:

cada sistema educatiu al món the la mateixa jerarquia de assignatures.

every education system on earth has the same hierarchy of subjects.

Tots. No importa on vagis.

Every one. Doesn't matter where you go.

Penses que seran diferents, però no és així.

You'd think it would be otherwise, but it isn't.

A dalt hi ha sempre les matemàtiques i les llengues

At the top are mathematics and languages, then the humanities.

després venen les humanitats, i al final les arts.

At the bottom are the arts. Everywhere on earth.

A qualsevol lloc del món.

And in pretty much every system, too, there's a hierarchy within the arts.

I també a quasi tots els sistemes educatius,

existeix una jerarquia dins de les arts.

Art and music are normally given a higher status in schools

Les arts plàstiques i la música tenen, generalment, una importancia major

than drama and dance.

que el teatre i la dansa. No hi ha cap sistema educatiu al planeta

There isn't an education system on the planet

that teaches dance every day to children

que ensenyi dansa cada dia als nens

the way we teach them mathematics.

de la mateixa manera que s'ensenyen matemàtiques. Perquè?

Why?

Why not?

Perquè no? Penso que és una pregunta important.

I think this is rather important.

Les matemàtiques són molt importants, però la dansa també.

I think math is very important, but so is dance.

Children dance all the time if they're allowed to, we all do.

Els nens ballen tota l'estona si se'ls deixa, tots ho fem.

We all have bodies, don't we? Did I miss a meeting?

Tots tenim cossos, no? Em deixo alguna cosa?

(Laughter)

(Riures) Veritablement, el que passa és que

Truthfully, what happens is, as children grow up,

quan els nens es fan grans, comencem a educar-los

we start to educate them progressively from the waist up.

progressivament de cintura cap amunt. I ens acabem centrant en els seus caps.

And then we focus on their heads.

I principalment en un costat.

And slightly to one side.

Si anessis a visitar el sistema educatiu com un extraterrestre

If you were to visit education as an alien

and say "What's it for, public education?"

i preguntessis "Perquè serveix, l'educació pública?"

I think you'd have to conclude, if you look at the output,

La conclusió seria -miran't-ne els resultats,

who really succeeds by this,

que qui realment té èxit segons el sistema,

who does everything they should,

és qui fa tot el que se suposa que s'ha de fer,

who gets all the brownie points, who are the winners --

qui s'emporta tots els punts positius, els guanyadors-

I think you'd have to conclude the whole purpose of public education

Penso que hauríem de concloure que el propòsit de l'educació pública

throughout the world

arreu del món

is to produce university professors.

és produir professors universitaris. No?

Isn't it?

They're the people who come out the top.

Són la gent que surt a dalt de tot.

And I used to be one, so there.

(Laughter)

I jo solia estar allà, allà. (Riures)

I m'agraden els professors d'universitat, però sabeu,

And I like university professors,

but, you know, we shouldn't hold them up

no hauríem de tenir-los tant ben considerats, com un exemple de superació humana.

as the high-water mark of all human achievement.

They're just a form of life.

Són només una altra opció de vida,

Another form of life.

una altra opció de vida. Però són curiosos,

But they're rather curious.

I dic això amb tot l'afecte cap a ells.

And I say this out of affection for them:

there's something curious about professors.

Hi ha una cosa molt curiosa sobre els professors universitaris per la meva experiència -

In my experience -- not all of them, but typically -- they live in their heads.

no tots, però normalment- viuen dins els seus caps.

They live up there and slightly to one side.

Viuen allà dalt, i lleugerament en un costat.

No tenen cos, sabeu? quasi literalment.

They're disembodied, you know, in a kind of literal way.

They look upon their body as a form of transport for their heads.

Veuen el seu cos

com una forma de transport pels seus caps, no?

(Laughter)

Don't they?

It's a way of getting their head to meetings.

(Riures) És el mitjà per portar els seus caps a reunions.

(Laughter)

Si voleu evidències reals de experiències extra-corporals,

If you want real evidence of out-of-body experiences, by the way,

per cert, aneu a alguna conferència

get yourself along to a residential conference of senior academics

acadèmica

and pop into the discotheque on the final night.

i visiteu la discoteca l'última nit.

(Laughter)

(Riures) I allà ho veureu, homes i dones

And there, you will see it.

Grown men and women writhing uncontrollably, off the beat.

movent-se incontrolablement, completament fora de ritme

(Laughter)

esperant fins que acaba la festa per poder anar a casa a escriure'n un article.

Waiting until it ends, so they can go home and write a paper about it.

Ara, el nostre sistema educatiu es regeix per la idea de la habilitat acadèmica.

(Laughter)

Our education system is predicated on the idea of academic ability.

I existeix una raó.

And there's a reason.

Around the world, there were no public systems of education,

El sistema va ser inventat -a tot el món, no hi havia

un sistema públic d'educació, realment, fins al segle XIX.

really, before the 19th century.

Es va configurar

They all came into being to meet the needs of industrialism.

per satisfer les necessitats de la industrialització.

Així doncs, la seva estructura està basada en dues idees.

So the hierarchy is rooted on two ideas.

Number one, that the most useful subjects for work are at the top.

Número u, que les assignatures més útlis per a treballar

són les més importants. Segurament us van forçar a deixar de fer coses

So you were probably steered benignly away from things at school

a l'escola, quan éreu nens, coses que us agradaven,

when you were a kid,

al·legant que

things you liked,

on the grounds you would never get a job doing that.

mai us servirien per aconseguir una feina. No és així?

Is that right?

No facis música, no seràs mai un músic;

"Don't do music, you're not going to be a musician;

no facis art, mai seràs un artista.

don't do art, you won't be an artist."

Benign advice -- now, profoundly mistaken.

Consell benintencionat -això sí, completament equivocat. Tot el món

The whole world is engulfed in a revolution.

està embarcat en una revolució.

And the second is academic ability,

La segona és la habilitat acadèmica, la qual ha esdevingut dominant

which has really come to dominate our view of intelligence,

sobre la nostra visió de intel·ligència,

perquè les universitats dissenyen el sistema a la seva semblança.

because the universities design the system in their image.

Si ho penseu, tot el sistema

If you think of it,

the whole system of public education around the world is a protracted process

d'educació pública de tot el món és un prolongat procés

d'entrada a la universitat.

of university entrance.

i la conseqüència és que molts grans talents,

And the consequence is that many highly talented,

brilliant, creative people think they're not,

gent brillant i creativa pensen que no tenen talent,

because the thing they were good at at school

perquè la cosa en la què destaquen a l'escola

no és valorada, i, tot al contrari, és estigmatitzada.

wasn't valued, or was actually stigmatized.

And I think we can't afford to go on that way.

I penso que no ens podem permetre continuar per eixa via

In the next 30 years, according to UNESCO,

En els pròxims 30 anys, segons la UNESCO,

more people worldwide will be graduating through education

a nivell mundial, es gradurà més gent

than since the beginning of history.

que en tota la hisòria.

More people.

Més gent, i es tracta de la combinació

And it's the combination of all the things we've talked about:

de tot el que hem parlat -

technology and its transformational effect on work,

tecnologia i el seu efecte de transformació sobre el treball, i demografia

and demography and the huge explosion in population.

i l'enorme explosió de població.

Suddenly, degrees aren't worth anything.

De cop, els títols no valdran res. No creieu?

Isn't that true?

Quan jo era estudiant, si tenies una carrera, tenies una feina.

When I was a student, if you had a degree, you had a job.

If you didn't have a job, it's because you didn't want one.

I si no la tenies era perquè no la volies.

And I didn't want one, frankly.

I jo no en volia cap, francament (Riures)

(Laughter)

Però ara, joves amb títulacions

But now kids with degrees are often heading home

to carry on playing video games,

es queden sovint a casa jugant a videojocs,

perquè ara necessites un màster on abans es demanava una carrera,

because you need an MA where the previous job required a BA,

i ara necessites un doctorat per l'altra.

and now you need a PhD for the other.

It's a process of academic inflation.

Es tracta d'un procés d'inflació acadèmica.

And it indicates the whole structure of education is shifting beneath our feet.

I indica que tota l'estructura de l'educació

trontolla sota els nostres peus. Necessitem repensar radicalment,

We need to radically rethink our view of intelligence.

la nostra visió sobre la intel·ligència.

Sabem tres coses sobre la intel·ligència.

We know three things about intelligence.

Primer, és diversa. Pensem sobre el que ens envolta de tantes maneres

One, it's diverse.

We think about the world in all the ways that we experience it.

com la nostra experiència ens permet. Pensem visualment,

We think visually, we think in sound, we think kinesthetically.

pensem en so, pensem mitjançant el nostre cos.

We think in abstract terms, we think in movement.

Pensem en termes abstractes, pensem en moviment.

Secondly, intelligence is dynamic.

Segon, la intel·ligència és dinàmica.

If you look at the interactions of a human brain,

Si observem les interaccions en el cervell humà, com vam escoltar

as we heard yesterday from a number of presentations,

ahir en diferents presentacions,

intelligence is wonderfully interactive.

la intel·ligència és meravellosament interactiva.

The brain isn't divided into compartments.

El cervell no està dividit en compartiments.

In fact, creativity --

De fet, la creativitat -que es defineix com el procés

which I define as the process of having original ideas that have value --

de tenir idees originals que tenen valor-

more often than not comes about

més aviat arriba a través de la interacció

through the interaction of different disciplinary ways of seeing things.

de diferents maneres de veure les coses.

El cervell és intencional -per cert,

By the way, there's a shaft of nerves that joins the two halves of the brain,

hi ha un feix de nervis que uneix les dues meitats del cervell

called the corpus callosum.

anomenat corpus callosum. És més gruixut en les dones.

It's thicker in women.

Seguint amb el que deia la Helen ahir, Jo penso

Following off from Helen yesterday,

que és per això que les dones són millors fent moltes tasques alhora.

this is probably why women are better at multitasking.

Because you are, aren't you?

Perquè ho son, no?

There's a raft of research, but I know it from my personal life.

Hi ha una branca de recerca que s'hi dedica, però jo ho sé per experiència personal.

If my wife is cooking a meal at home, which is not often ...

Si la meva dona està preparant el dinar a casa -

cosa que no passa sovint, afortunadament. (Riures)

thankfully.

(Laughter)

però sabeu, ella està fent -no, ella és bona en moltes altres coses-

No, she's good at some things.

però si està cuinant, sabeu,

But if she's cooking, she's dealing with people on the phone,

ella pot estar parlant per telèfon,

she's talking to the kids, she's painting the ceiling --

parlant amb els nens, pintant el sostre,

(Laughter)

operant a cor obert per allà.

she's doing open-heart surgery over here.

If I'm cooking, the door is shut, the kids are out,

Si jo cuino, la porta està tancada, els nens son fora,

the phone's on the hook,

el telèfon està despenjat, i si ella entre m'enfado.

if she comes in, I get annoyed.

I say, "Terry, please, I'm trying to fry an egg in here."

Li dic: "Terry, si us plau, estic intentant fregir un ou aquí. Deixa'm concentrar." (Riures)

(Laughter)

"Give me a break."

(Laughter)

Actually, do you know that old philosophical thing,

De fet, sabeu aquella vella reflexió filosòfica que diu,

"If a tree falls in a forest, and nobody hears it, did it happen?"

si un arbre cau en un bosc i ningú el sent,

ha passat? Algú se'n enrecordarà?

Remember that old chestnut?

I saw a great T-shirt recently, which said,

Vaig veure una samarreta genial fa poc que deia: "Si un home diu el que pensa

"If a man speaks his mind in a forest, and no woman hears him,

en un bosc, i no hi ha cap dona que l'escolti,

is he still wrong?"

estarà igualment equivocat?" (Riures)

(Laughter)

And the third thing about intelligence is,

I la tercera cosa sobre la intel·ligència és,

it's distinct.

que es diferent. Estic treballant en un nou llibre

I'm doing a new book at the moment called "Epiphany,"

titulat "Epifania," basat en una sèrie

which is based on a series of interviews with people

d'entrevistes amb gent que parla sobre com van descobrir

about how they discovered their talent.

el seu talent. Estic fascinat per com arriba la gent a descobrir-lo.

I'm fascinated by how people got to be there.

Està inspirat en una conversació que vaig tenir

It's really prompted by a conversation I had with a wonderful woman

amb una dona meravellosa sobre la qual

who maybe most people have never heard of, Gillian Lynne.

la majoria no hauran sentit a parlar, es deia Gillian Lynne,

N'heu sentit a parlar? Alguns sí. Ella era coreògrafa.

Have you heard of her? Some have.

She's a choreographer, and everybody knows her work.

i tothom coneix la seva feina.

Ella va fer "Cats" i "El fantasma de l'opera"

She did "Cats" and "Phantom of the Opera."

Ella és meravellosa. Solia treballar al Royal Ballet, a Anglaterra,

She's wonderful.

I used to be on the board of The Royal Ballet, as you can see.

com podeu veure.

(Laughter)

Sigui com sigui, la Gillian i jo vam dinar junts un dia I li vaig preguntar:

Gillian and I had lunch one day. I said, "How did you get to be a dancer?"

"Gillian, com vas arribar a ser ballarina?" I ella em va respondre

It was interesting.

és interessant, quan ella anava a l'escola,

When she was at school, she was really hopeless.

estava desesperada. I l'escola, als anys 30,

And the school, in the '30s, wrote to her parents and said,

va escriure als seus pares dient: "Pensem

"We think Gillian has a learning disorder."

que la Gillian té problemes per aprendre". Ella no es podia concentrar,

She couldn't concentrate; she was fidgeting.

era un sac de nervis. Ara li diagnosticarien

I think now they'd say she had ADHD.

hiperacció. No creieu? Però als anys trenta,

Wouldn't you?

But this was the 1930s, and ADHD hadn't been invented at this point.

encara no s'havia inventat l'hiperacció.

It wasn't an available condition.

no era una malaltia coneguda. (Riures)

(Laughter)

La gent no sabia que es pogués tenir.

People weren't aware they could have that.

Fos com fos, va anar a veure un especialista. En una d'aquestes habitacions amb panells de fusta

(Laughter)

Anyway, she went to see this specialist.

hi va anar amb la seva mare,

So, this oak-paneled room, and she was there with her mother,

la van asseure en una cadira al fons,

va estar asseguda sobre les seves mans durant 20 minuts

and she was led and sat on this chair at the end,

i l'home va parlar amb la mare sobre tots

and she sat on her hands for 20 minutes,

els problemes que la Gillian tenia a l'escola. I al final -

while this man talked to her mother

about all the problems Gillian was having at school,

com que ella molestava als altres,

because she was disturbing people, her homework was always late, and so on.

mai feia els deures a temps, entre altres coses,

una nena petita de vuit anys- al final, el doctor es va asseure

Little kid of eight.

In the end, the doctor went and sat next to Gillian and said,

al costat de la Gillian i li va dir: "Gillian,

"I've listened to all these things your mother's told me.

la teva mare ja m'ha explicat totes aquestes coses

i ara necessito parlar-ne amb ella en privat."

I need to speak to her privately.

li va dir: "Espera'ns aquí, tornarem en un moment."

Wait here. We'll be back. We won't be very long,"

and they went and left her.

i van marxar.

però en sortir de l'habitació, va encendre la radio

But as they went out of the room,

he turned on the radio that was sitting on his desk.

que hi havia sobre la seva taula. I quan van

tornar a l'habitació, el doctor li va dir a la mare:

And when they got out of the room,

"Només cal mirar-la". En l'instant en que van sortir de l'habitació,

he said to her mother, "Just stand and watch her."

And the minute they left the room,

ella em va dir que es va posar de peu, movent-se al ritme de la música.

she was on her feet, moving to the music.

La van estar mirant durant uns minuts

And they watched for a few minutes, and he turned to her mother and said,

I el doctor li va dir a la seva mare:

"Mrs. Lynne, Gillian isn't sick.

"Sra. Lynne, la Gillian no està malalta, és ballarina.

She's a dancer.

Porti-la a una escola de dansa."

Take her to a dance school."

I said, "What happened?"

I jo li vaig preguntar: "I què va passar?"

She said, "She did. I can't tell you how wonderful it was.

I ella em va dir: "Que ho va fer. I no puc dir-te com de magnífic va ser.

We walked in this room, and it was full of people like me --

Vam entrar en aquella habitació i estava plena de

people who couldn't sit still,

gent com jo. Gent que no es podia estar quieta.

people who had to move to think."

Gent que necessitava moure's per pensar." Gent que necessitava moure's per pensar.

Who had to move to think.

Feien ballet, tap, jazz,

They did ballet, they did tap, jazz; they did modern; they did contemporary.

moderna, i contemporània.

Amb el temps va aconseguir una audició a la Royal Ballet Scool,

She was eventually auditioned for the Royal Ballet School.

va esdevenir solista, i va tenir una excel·lent carrera

She became a soloist; she had a wonderful career at the Royal Ballet.

en la Royal Ballet. Més endevant es va graduar

She eventually graduated from the Royal Ballet School,

de la Royal Ballet School i

va fundar la seva pròpia companyia, la Gillian Lynne Dance Company,

founded the Gillian Lynne Dance Company,

met Andrew Lloyd Webber.

i va conèixer a l'Andrew Lloyd Weber. Ella ha sigut la responsable

She's been responsible for

some of the most successful musical theater productions in history,

de les produccions més exitoses de la història

she's given pleasure to millions,

del teatre musical, ha donat plaer a milions de persones,

and she's a multimillionaire.

Somebody else might have put her on medication and told her to calm down.

i és multi-milionaria. Algú altre

(Applause)

li hauria receptat medicació i li hauria dit

que es calmés.

Ara, penso - (Aplaudiments) Penso el següent:

What I think it comes to is this:

Al Gore spoke the other night

L'Al Gore va parlar l'altra nit

about ecology and the revolution that was triggered by Rachel Carson.

sobre ecologia, i la revolució que ha començat la Rachel Carson.

Penso que la nostra única esperança per el futur

I believe our only hope for the future

is to adopt a new conception of human ecology,

és adoptar una nova concepció de l'ecologia humana,

una en la que es comenci a reconstituir la nostra concepció

one in which we start to reconstitute our conception

of the richness of human capacity.

the la riquesa de les capacitats humanes.

Our education system has mined our minds

El nostre sistema educatiu ha destruit les nostres ments d'una manera

in the way that we strip-mine the earth for a particular commodity.

que fa que ens quedem a la superfície; cosa que es més còmode.

I en el futur, no ens servirà.

And for the future, it won't serve us.

We have to rethink the fundamental principles

Cal repensar els principis fonamentals

on which we're educating our children.

sobre els quals basem l'educació dels nens. Hi ha

There was a wonderful quote by Jonas Salk, who said,

una cita molt bonica d'en Jonas Salk, que diu: "Si tots els insectes

"If all the insects were to disappear from the Earth,

desapareguessin de la terra,

within 50 years, all life on Earth would end.

en 50 anys la vida a la terra acabaria.

Si tots els humans desapareguessin de la terra,

If all human beings disappeared from the Earth,

en 50 anys totes les formes de vida aflorarien."

within 50 years, all forms of life would flourish."

I té raó.

And he's right.

El que es celebra a TED és el regal de la imaginació humana.

What TED celebrates is the gift of the human imagination.

Però hem de ser prudents a l'hora d'utilitzar aquest regal

We have to be careful now that we use this gift wisely,

i fer-ho sabiament, i així previndre algunes situacions

and that we avert some of the scenarios that we've talked about.

com les que hem parlat. I la única manera que tenim

And the only way we'll do it is by seeing our creative capacities

de fer-ho és veient les nostres capacitats creatives

for the richness they are

com la riquesa que son, i veure

and seeing our children for the hope that they are.

els nens com l'esperança que són. La nostra tasca

And our task is to educate their whole being,

és educar-los integrament, perquè puguin enfrontar-se al futur.

so they can face this future.

By the way -- we may not see this future,

Per cert - pot ser que no veiem aquest futur,

but they will.

però ells sí. I la nostra feina és ajudar-los

And our job is to help them make something of it.

a fer alguna cosa amb ell. Moltes gràcies.

Thank you very much.

(Applause)