What is hysteria, and why were so many women diagnosed with it? - Mark S. Micale

388,261 views ・ 2024-09-24

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Àngels Medrano Reviewer: Anna Comas-Quinn
00:06
Do you ever feel tired? Overwhelmed?
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Alguna vegada us sentiu cansades? Aclaparades?
00:10
Nervous? Depressed?
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Nervioses? Deprimides?
00:13
Do you have headaches, dizziness, cramps, difficulty breathing?
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Teniu mal de cap, marejos, rampes, dificultat per respirar?
00:18
From 300 BCE to the early 1900s,
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Des del 300 aC fins a principis del 1900,
00:22
if you answered yes to these questions and you had a uterus,
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si heu respost que sí a aquestes preguntes i teniu un úter,
00:27
a European or American doctor would likely diagnose you with hysteria.
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un metge europeu o americà us faria probablement un diagnòstic d’histèria.
00:33
No, not mass hysteria.
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No, no histèria massiva.
00:36
Ladylike hysteria.
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Histèria de dona.
00:38
The catch-all term “hysteria” was used by physicians, who were mostly men,
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Van utilitzar el terme general “histèria” usat pels metges, majoritàriament homes,
00:43
to describe just about any unexplainable medical condition
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per descriure gairebé qualsevol condició mèdica inexplicable
00:48
suffered by female patients.
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patida per les dones.
00:51
By some interpretations,
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Segons algunes interpretacions,
00:52
being a woman was itself long considered a pathology
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ser dona, era en si mateix llargament considerat una patologia
00:56
from which all kinds of problems arose.
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de la qual sorgien tota mena de problemes.
00:59
Throughout its long history, hysteria was used as a cultural signifier
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Al llarg de la seva història, la histèria es va usar com a significant cultural
01:04
for what men with authority found contemptible and incomprehensible
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pel qual els homes amb autoritat, trobaven menyspreable i incomprensible
01:09
in the behavior of women who lacked, or tried to exercise, power.
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el comportament de les dones que, o no tenien poder, o l’intentaven exercir.
01:15
The term hysteria is derived from the Greek word for uterus,
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El terme histèria es deriva de la paraula grega: úter,
01:19
and was first used in the 4th century BCE.
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i es va utilitzar per primera vegada al segle IV aC.
01:24
Drawing on earlier Egyptian beliefs, and not a great deal of medical rigor,
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Basant-se en creences egípcies anteriors, i sense cap rigor mèdic,
01:29
the Greeks viewed hysteria as a malady of the womb,
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els grecs consideraven la histèria com una malaltia de l’úter,
01:32
arguing that the uterus could dislodge and move throughout the body,
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argumentant que l’úter podria desplaçar-se i moure’s per tot el cos,
01:36
causing a variety of ailments.
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provocant diverses malalties.
01:39
They believed the uterus wandered because it longed to bear children,
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Creien que l’úter voltava perquè anhelava tenir fills,
01:43
and for that reason,
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i per això,
01:45
unmarried women were the most likely to get a hysteria diagnosis.
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les dones solteres eren més propenses a ser diagnosticades d’histèria.
01:49
The usual prescription was immediate marriage, impregnation,
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La recepta habitual va ser immediata: matrimoni, fecundació,
01:54
or the use of uterine fumigations
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o l’ús de fumigacions uterines
01:56
to entice the rebellious organ back into place.
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per atraure l’òrgan rebel i tornar-lo al seu lloc.
02:00
By the 2nd century CE,
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Cap al segle II dC,
02:02
Roman physicians rejected the wandering womb theory.
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els metges romans van rebutjar la teoria de l’úter errant.
02:06
But they still viewed the uterus as the source of hysteria,
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Però encara miraven l’úter com l’origen de la histèria,
02:10
believing, without much evidence, that it produced a secretion similar to semen,
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creient, sense massa proves, que produïa una secreció semblant al semen,
02:15
which— if not released— corrupted the blood and irritated the nerves.
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que - si no s’alliberava - corrompia la sang i irritava els nervis.
02:21
As a result, midwives would often treat hysteria by manually inducing orgasms
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Així doncs, les llevadores tractaven la histèria induint orgasmes manualment
02:27
in female patients.
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a les pacients femenines.
02:29
By the late Middle Ages, Christianity had spread throughout Europe,
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A finals de l’edat mitjana, el cristianisme s’havia estès per Europa,
02:32
and its influence had likewise infiltrated Western medical practice.
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i la seva influència també s’havia filtrat a la pràctica mèdica occidental.
02:37
Physicians started to posit that hysteria was a malady not of the womb,
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Els metges començaren a pensar que la histèria no era una malaltia de l’úter,
02:42
but of the soul, and reflected Satanic influence.
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sinó de l’ànima, i reflectia la influència satànica.
02:47
Doctors continued to dismiss women’s symptoms and pain,
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Els metges continuaren ignorant els símptomes i dolor de les dones,
02:50
now misogynistically shifting the blame to their supposed inherent weak wills
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donant ara la culpa, amb misogínia, a les seves voluntats febles inherents
02:56
and susceptibility to sin.
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i la susceptibilitat al pecat.
02:58
This situation worsened through the 16th and 17th centuries,
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Aquesta situació va empitjorar als segles XVI i XVII,
03:02
as women, especially those who didn’t conform to social expectations,
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per a les dones, en especial les que no complien les expectatives socials,
03:07
risked being accused of witchcraft, which often carried heavy consequences.
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arriscant-se a ser acusades de bruixeria, sovint amb greus conseqüències.
03:12
In late Victorian Europe and North America,
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A l’Europa victoriana tardana i a Amèrica del Nord
03:15
some medical doctors started arguing that hysteria’s true origin
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alguns metges van començar a discutir que el veritable origen d’aquesta histèria
03:19
lay not in the body or soul, but rather, in the mind.
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no estaria en el cos ni en l’ànima, sinó més aviat, a la ment.
03:24
Middle class women, facing intense demands of social respectability
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Dones de classe mitjana, sotmeses a intenses exigències de respecte social
03:28
and strict codes of sexual conduct,
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i estrictes codis de conducta sexual,
03:31
were often referred to “nerve doctors”
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eren sovint derivades als “metges dels nervis”
03:34
who’d use isolating and unfounded rest cures
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que feien servir l’aïllament i infundades cures de descans
03:37
to treat any emotional and psychological distress.
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per tractar qualsevol malestar emocional i psicològic.
03:41
When writing her semi-autobiographical short story, “The Yellow Wallpaper,”
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En escriure el semi-autobiogràfic conte, “El paper de paret groc”,
03:46
Charlotte Perkins Gilman drew from the distressing treatment she underwent
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Charlotte Perkins Gilman va relatar el tractament angoixant que va patir
03:50
for her so-called hysterical tendencies.
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per les anomenades tendències histèriques.
03:54
The narrator, suffering from what would now likely be diagnosed
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La narradora, que pateix el que ara es diagnosticaria
03:57
as postpartum depression,
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com la depressió postpart,
03:59
describes being confined alone in an attic
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descriu com la confinen sola en un àtic
04:03
and being denied any intellectual activity,
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i és rebutjada per a qualsevol activitat intel·lectual,
04:05
including reading or writing.
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inclosa la lectura o l’escriptura.
04:08
Around this same time, Sigmund Freud was rising to fame.
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Al voltant d’aquesta mateixa època, Sigmund Freud estava guanyant fama.
04:13
He believed hysteria, like other nervous conditions,
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Ell creia que la histèria, com altres afeccions nervioses,
04:17
was caused by repressed emotional trauma.
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era causada per un trauma emocional reprimit.
04:20
His treatment required drawing these memories out of the unconscious
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El seu tractament requeria treure aquests records de l’inconscient
04:24
so they could be acknowledged and addressed.
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perquè es poguessin reconèixer i gestionar.
04:27
Freud also dismissed the idea that hysteria was unique to women.
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Freud també va rebutjar la idea que la histèria era exclusiva de les dones.
04:32
Belief in “male hysteria” became prominent during and after the First World War,
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La “histèria masculina” començà a destacar durant i després de la 1a. Guerra Mundial,
04:38
but was framed as the more masculine-sounding “shell shock.”
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però es presentava amb el terme més masculí “neurosis de guerra”.
04:43
Over the 20th century,
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Al llarg del segle XX,
04:44
the term hysteria was slowly replaced by specific, less gendered diagnoses,
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el terme histèria es va anar substituint per diagnòstics específics, no de gènere,
04:51
including anxiety, depression, PTSD, and epilepsy.
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incloent l’ansietat, la depressió, el TEPT i l’epilèpsia.
04:56
And hysteria was officially removed
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I la histèria es va eliminar oficialment
04:58
from the “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders” in 1980.
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del “Manual Diagnòstic i Estadístic de trastorns mentals” el 1980.
05:04
Today, most scholars argue that the blanket disease hysteria
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Avui, molts estudiosos pensen que la histèria com a malaltia
05:08
was always a figment of doctors’ imaginations.
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sempre va ser un producte de la imaginació dels metges.
05:12
As outright medical sexism declined, so did its diagnosis.
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A mesura que va minvar el sexisme mèdic, també ho va fer el seu diagnòstic.
05:17
Nevertheless, its legacy reflects Western medicine’s
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No obstant això, el seu llegat es reflecteix a la medicina occidental
05:20
long, storied, and ongoing history
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en la llarga i continuada història
05:23
of misattributing and trivializing women’s pain.
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de la malintepretació i la banalització del dolor de les dones.
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