Do schools kill creativity? | Sir Ken Robinson | TED

23,154,961 views ・ 2007-01-07

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Translator: Jens Genders Reviewer: Kian Conteh
Godmorgen. Hvordan har I det? Det har været fantastisk, har det ikke?
00:27
Good morning. How are you?
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00:29
(Audience) Good.
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00:31
It's been great, hasn't it?
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Jeg er helt overvældet af det hele.
00:33
I've been blown away by the whole thing.
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00:35
In fact, I'm leaving.
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Faktisk, så går jeg nu. (Latter)
00:37
(Laughter)
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Der har været tre temaer, ikke sandt,
00:43
There have been three themes running through the conference,
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igennem hele konferencen, som er relevante
00:46
which are relevant to what I want to talk about.
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00:48
One is the extraordinary evidence of human creativity
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for det jeg gerne vil tale om.
Et af dem er de fantastiske beviser på menneskelig kreativitet
00:53
in all of the presentations that we've had
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i alle de præsentationer vi har set
00:55
and in all of the people here;
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00:57
just the variety of it and the range of it.
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og fra alle folk her. Alene omfanget af det
og bredden. Det andet er, at
01:01
The second is that it's put us in a place
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01:03
where we have no idea what's going to happen
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det sætter os i en position, hvor vi slet ikke har nogen ide om, hvad der kommer til at ske
01:05
in terms of the future.
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i forhold til fremtiden. Ingen ide om
01:07
No idea how this may play out.
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hvordan det her kommer til at ske.
01:10
I have an interest in education.
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Jeg er interesseret i uddannelse --
01:11
Actually, what I find is, everybody has an interest in education.
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det vil sige, mit indtryk er, at alle har en interesse i uddannelse.
01:16
Don't you?
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Er I ikke enige? Det synes jeg er meget interessant.
01:17
I find this very interesting.
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Hvis du er til et middagsselskab, og du siger
01:19
If you're at a dinner party, and you say you work in education --
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at du arbejder inden for uddannelse --
01:23
actually, you're not often at dinner parties, frankly.
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det vil sige, du er ikke så tit til middagsselskaber, hvis vi skal være helt ærlige, hvis du arbejder inden for uddannelse.
01:25
(Laughter)
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01:29
If you work in education, you're not asked.
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(Latter) Du bliver ikke inviteret.
01:32
(Laughter)
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Og du bliver aldrig inviteret igen, mærkelig nok. Det synes jeg er underligt.
01:35
And you're never asked back, curiously. That's strange to me.
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01:39
But if you are, and you say to somebody,
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Men hvis du er, og du fortæller nogen,
01:41
you know, they say, "What do you do?"
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du ved, de spørger, "Hvad arbejder du med?"
01:43
and you say you work in education,
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og du siger, at du arbejder inden for uddannelse,
01:45
you can see the blood run from their face.
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kan du se blodet forsvinde fra deres ansigt. De tænker,
01:47
They're like, "Oh my God. Why me?"
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01:48
(Laughter)
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"Åh gud," du ved, "Hvorfor mig? Den ene aften i ugen jeg er i byen." (Latter)
01:51
"My one night out all week."
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01:52
(Laughter)
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01:55
But if you ask about their education, they pin you to the wall,
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Men hvis du spørger om deres uddannelse,
så skal du bare se. Det er nemlig en af de ting,
01:58
because it's one of those things that goes deep with people, am I right?
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der virkelig betyder noget for folk, er det ikke rigtigt?
02:02
Like religion and money and other things.
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Ligesom religion, og penge og andre ting.
02:05
So I have a big interest in education, and I think we all do.
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Jeg er meget interesset i uddannelse, og det tror jeg vi allesammen er.
Det er i virkeligheden i vores egen interesse,
02:10
We have a huge vested interest in it,
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02:11
partly because it's education that's meant to take us into this future
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dels for det er uddannelse som skal forestille at
føre os ind i den fremtid, som vi dårligt kan forstå.
02:15
that we can't grasp.
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02:16
If you think of it,
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Hvis du tænker over det, så vil børn, der starter i skolen i år,
02:18
children starting school this year will be retiring in 2065.
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blive pensioneret i 2065. Der er ingen der aner --
02:25
Nobody has a clue,
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02:26
despite all the expertise that's been on parade for the past four days,
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på trods af al den ekspertise, som er blevet vist frem de sidste fire dage --
hvordan verden kommer til at se ud
02:30
what the world will look like in five years' time.
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om bare fem år. Og alligevel skal vi
02:33
And yet, we're meant to be educating them for it.
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uddanne dem til det. Så uforudsigeligheden, mener jeg,
02:35
So the unpredictability, I think, is extraordinary.
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er helt utrolig.
02:37
And the third part of this is that we've all agreed, nonetheless,
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Og for det tredje, så
så er vi allesammen enige om, uanset hvad, at
02:41
on the really extraordinary capacities that children have --
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børnene har en ufattelig evne --
02:46
their capacities for innovation.
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en evne for innovation. Jeg mener, Sirena var i går aftes helt vidunderlig,
02:49
I mean, Sirena last night was a marvel, wasn't she?
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var hun ikke? Bare det at se hvad hun kunne.
02:51
Just seeing what she could do.
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02:53
And she's exceptional, but I think she's not, so to speak,
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Og hun er er exceptionel, men jeg tror ikke hun er, så at sige,
exceptionel i hele sin barndom.
02:59
exceptional in the whole of childhood.
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Det er en person med en ekstraordinær dedikation
03:02
What you have there is a person of extraordinary dedication
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03:04
who found a talent.
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som har fundet et talent. Og mit postulat er,
03:06
And my contention is, all kids have tremendous talents,
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at børn har utrolige talenter.
03:08
and we squander them, pretty ruthlessly.
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Og vi spilder dem, ganske tankeløst.
Så jeg vil gerne tale om uddannelse og
03:11
So I want to talk about education,
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03:13
and I want to talk about creativity.
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jeg vil gerne tale om kreativitet. Mit postulat er, at
03:14
My contention is that creativity now is as important in education as literacy,
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kreativitet er lige så vigtigt i uddannelse som stavning,
og vi burde behandle det tilsvarende.
03:21
and we should treat it with the same status.
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03:23
(Applause)
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(Bifald) Tak. Det var det i øvrigt det hele.
03:24
Thank you.
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03:26
(Applause)
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03:30
That was it, by the way. Thank you very much.
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Mange tak skal I have. (Latter) Okay, 15 minutter tilbage.
03:32
(Laughter)
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03:34
So, 15 minutes left.
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Altså, jeg blev født -- nej. (Latter)
03:36
(Laughter)
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03:39
"Well, I was born ... "
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03:41
(Laughter)
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Jeg hørte for nyligt en sjov historie -- jeg elsker at fortælle det her --
03:45
I heard a great story recently -- I love telling it --
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om en lille pige, som var til tegneundervisning. Hun var seks år
03:47
of a little girl who was in a drawing lesson.
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03:50
She was six, and she was at the back, drawing,
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og hun sad nede bagerst og tegnede,
03:52
and the teacher said this girl hardly ever paid attention,
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og læreren fortalte, at denne lille pige næsten aldrig
fulgte med, men i denne time gjorde hun.
03:55
and in this drawing lesson, she did.
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03:56
The teacher was fascinated.
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03:58
She went over to her, and she said, "What are you drawing?"
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Læreren var fascineret, og gik over til hende
og spurgte, "Hvad tegner du?"
04:01
And the girl said, "I'm drawing a picture of God."
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Pigen svarede, "Jeg tegner Gud."
04:04
And the teacher said, "But nobody knows what God looks like."
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Og læreren spurgte, "Men der er jo ingen der ved, hvordan Gud ser ud?"
04:07
And the girl said, "They will in a minute."
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Pigen svarede, "Det gør de om lidt."
04:10
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
Da min søn var fire i England --
04:21
When my son was four in England --
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det vil sige, han var fire overalt, hvis jeg skal være helt ærlig. (Latter)
04:24
actually, he was four everywhere, to be honest.
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Teknisk set var han, uanset hvor han befandt, fire år gammel det år.
04:26
(Laughter)
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04:28
If we're being strict about it, wherever he went, he was four that year.
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04:31
He was in the Nativity play. Do you remember the story?
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Han var med i et krybbespil.
Kan I huske historien? Nej, det var stort.
04:34
(Laughter)
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04:35
No, it was big, it was a big story.
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Det var en stor historie. Mel Gibson lavede efterfølgeren.
04:37
Mel Gibson did the sequel, you may have seen it.
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04:39
(Laughter)
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I har måske set den: "Krybbespil II." Men James havde rollen som Joseph,
04:41
"Nativity II."
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04:42
But James got the part of Joseph, which we were thrilled about.
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hvilket vi var henrykte over.
04:46
We considered this to be one of the lead parts.
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Vi betragtede det som en af de ledende roller.
04:49
We had the place crammed full of agents in T-shirts:
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Vi havde fyldt stedet med agenter i T-shirts:
"James Robinson ER Joseph!" (Latter)
04:52
"James Robinson IS Joseph!"
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04:53
(Laughter)
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04:54
He didn't have to speak, but you know the bit where the three kings come in?
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Han havde ikke nogen replikker, men I ved der
hvor de tre konger kommer ind. De kommer med gaver,
04:58
They come in bearing gifts, gold, frankincense and myrrh.
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og med guld, røgelse og myrra.
05:00
This really happened.
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Det skete virkelig. Vi sad lige der
05:02
We were sitting there, and I think they just went out of sequence,
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og jeg tror, at de kom lidt ud af takt,
05:05
because we talked to the little boy afterward and said,
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fordi vi talte med den lille dreng bagefter, og vi spurgte,
05:07
"You OK with that?" They said, "Yeah, why? Was that wrong?"
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"Er du okay med det?" Han svarede, "Ja, hvorfor? Var det forkert?"
De byttede bare, det var det hele.
05:10
They just switched.
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05:11
The three boys came in, four-year-olds with tea towels on their heads.
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Nå, men de tre drenge kom ind,
fire-årige med viskestykker på hovedet,
og de satte de her kasser ned,
05:15
They put these boxes down, and the first boy said, "I bring you gold."
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og den første dreng sagde, "Jeg kommer med guld til jer."
05:18
And the second boy said, "I bring you myrrh."
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Den anden dreng sagde, "Jeg kommer med Myrra."
05:20
And the third boy said, "Frank sent this."
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05:22
(Laughter)
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Og den tredje dreng sagde, "Frank sendte det her." (Latter)
05:35
What these things have in common is that kids will take a chance.
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Fælles for de her ting er, at børn tager gerne en chance.
05:38
If they don't know, they'll have a go.
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Selv hvis de ikke ved det, prøver de alligevel.
Har jeg ret? De er ikke bange for at tage fejl.
05:42
Am I right? They're not frightened of being wrong.
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Det skal lige siges, at jeg ikke mener, at det at tage fejl, er det samme som at være kreativ.
05:45
I don't mean to say that being wrong is the same thing as being creative.
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05:49
What we do know is, if you're not prepared to be wrong,
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Hvad vi ved er,
at hvis du ikke er forberedt på at lave fejl,
05:53
you'll never come up with anything original --
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kommer du aldrig til at finde på noget originalt.
05:55
if you're not prepared to be wrong.
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Hvis du ikke er klar til at lave fejl. Og når de endelig bliver voksne,
05:57
And by the time they get to be adults, most kids have lost that capacity.
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har de fleste børn mistet den evne.
De er blevet bange for at lave fejl.
06:02
They have become frightened of being wrong.
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06:04
And we run our companies like this.
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Og sådan leder vi i øvrigt vores virksomheder.
06:06
We stigmatize mistakes.
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Vi stigmatiserer fejl. Vi har nu
06:08
And we're now running national education systems
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uddannelsessystemer hvor
06:10
where mistakes are the worst thing you can make.
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det at fejle er det værste man kan gøre.
06:13
And the result is that we are educating people
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Resultatet er, at vi uddanner folk ud af
06:16
out of their creative capacities.
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deres kreative evner. Picasso sagde engang:
06:19
Picasso once said this, he said that all children are born artists.
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han sagde, at alle børn bliver født som kunstere.
06:23
The problem is to remain an artist as we grow up.
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Udfordringen er, at forblive kunstner, når vi vokser op. Det er min klare holdning
06:26
I believe this passionately, that we don't grow into creativity,
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at vi ikke vokser ind i kreavitet,
06:30
we grow out of it.
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vi vokser ud af det. Eller rettere, vi bliver uddannet ud af det.
06:31
Or rather, we get educated out of it.
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Hvordan kan det være?
06:34
So why is this?
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Jeg boede i Stratford-on-Avon indtil for fem år siden.
06:37
I lived in Stratford-on-Avon until about five years ago.
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06:39
In fact, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles.
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Faktisk så flyttede vi fra Stratford til Los Angeles.
Så I kan nok forestille jer, hvordan det var en helt gnidningsfri overgang.
06:42
So you can imagine what a seamless transition this was.
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06:45
(Laughter)
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(Latter) Faktisk
06:47
Actually, we lived in a place called Snitterfield,
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boede vi et sted kaldet Snitterfield,
06:49
just outside Stratford,
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lige udenfor Stratford, hvor
06:50
which is where Shakespeare's father was born.
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Shakespeares far blev født. Blev I lige ramt af en ny tanke? Det blev jeg.
06:53
Are you struck by a new thought? I was.
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06:55
You don't think of Shakespeare having a father, do you?
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Man tænker ikke på, at Shakespeare havde en far, gør man?
06:58
Do you?
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Gør I? Fordi jeg tænker ikke på
06:59
Because you don't think of Shakespeare being a child, do you?
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Shakespeare som barn, gør I?
07:02
Shakespeare being seven?
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Shakespeare som syv-årig? Jeg har aldrig tænkt over det. Jeg mener, han var
07:03
I never thought of it.
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07:04
I mean, he was seven at some point.
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syv år på et tidspunkt. Han var i
07:06
He was in somebody's English class, wasn't he?
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en eller andens engelskklasse. Hvor irriterende ville det ikke være?
07:08
(Laughter)
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07:15
How annoying would that be?
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(Latter) "Bør arbejde hårdere." At blive sendt i seng af sin far, I ved,
07:17
(Laughter)
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07:24
"Must try harder."
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07:26
(Laughter)
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07:30
Being sent to bed by his dad, to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now!"
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til Shakespeare," Gå i seng, nu,"
07:33
To William Shakespeare.
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til William Shakespeare, "og læg så den blyant.
07:34
"And put the pencil down!"
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Og hold op med at tale sådan. Det forvirrer alle."
07:36
(Laughter)
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07:37
"And stop speaking like that."
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07:38
(Laughter)
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07:42
"It's confusing everybody."
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07:43
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
07:48
Anyway, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles,
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Nå, men vi flyttede fra Stratford til Los Angeles,
og jeg vil egentlig gerne lige sige et par ord om overgangen.
07:54
and I just want to say a word about the transition.
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Min søn ville ikke med.
07:56
Actually, my son didn't want to come.
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07:58
I've got two kids; he's 21 now, my daughter's 16.
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Jeg har to børn. Han er 21 nu; min datter er 16.
08:00
He didn't want to come to Los Angeles.
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Han ville ikke med til Los Angeles. Han elskede tanken,
08:03
He loved it, but he had a girlfriend in England.
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men han havde en kæreste i England. Dette var hans livs store kærlighed, Sarah.
08:06
This was the love of his life, Sarah.
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Han havde kendt hende en måned.
08:09
He'd known her for a month.
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De havde haft deres fire års jubilæum,
08:11
(Laughter)
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08:12
Mind you, they'd had their fourth anniversary,
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fordi det er lang tid, når man er 16.
08:15
because it's a long time when you're 16.
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08:17
He was really upset on the plane.
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Nå, men han var virkelig ophidset i flyet,
08:19
He said, "I'll never find another girl like Sarah."
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og han sagde, "Jeg finder aldrig en anden pige som Sarah."
08:21
And we were rather pleased about that, frankly --
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Og det passede os egentlig ganske fint, hvis jeg skal være helt ærlig.
fordi hun var den primære årsag til, at vi forlod landet.
08:24
(Laughter)
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08:32
because she was the main reason we were leaving the country.
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08:35
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
Men når man opdager noget, når man flytter til Amerika
08:41
But something strikes you when you move to America
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og når man rejser omkring i verden:
08:43
and travel around the world:
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samtlige uddannelsessystemer på jorden har det samme hierarki for uddannelsesretninger.
08:44
every education system on earth has the same hierarchy of subjects.
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Samtlige. Uanset hvor man tager hen.
08:48
Every one. Doesn't matter where you go.
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Man skulle ikke tro det, men sådan er det.
08:50
You'd think it would be otherwise, but it isn't.
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Øverst at matematik og sprog,
08:52
At the top are mathematics and languages, then the humanities.
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og så humaniora, og nederst er kunst.
08:55
At the bottom are the arts. Everywhere on earth.
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Overalt på Jorden.
08:58
And in pretty much every system, too, there's a hierarchy within the arts.
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Og i stort set samtlige systemer,
er der også et hierarki inden for kunst.
09:02
Art and music are normally given a higher status in schools
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Kunst og musik får normalt en højere status i skolerne,
09:05
than drama and dance.
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end drama og dans. Der er ikke et uddannelsessystem på planeten,
09:06
There isn't an education system on the planet
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09:08
that teaches dance every day to children
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hvor børn dagligt bliver undervist i dans
09:10
the way we teach them mathematics.
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som vi gør med matematik. Hvorfor?
09:12
Why?
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09:13
Why not?
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Hvorfor ikke? Det, tror jeg, er ganske vigtigt.
09:14
I think this is rather important.
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Jeg tror, at matematik er meget vigtigt, men det er dans også.
09:16
I think math is very important, but so is dance.
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09:18
Children dance all the time if they're allowed to, we all do.
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Børn danser konstant, hvis de får lov til det. Det gør vi allesammen.
09:21
We all have bodies, don't we? Did I miss a meeting?
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Vi har allesammen en krop, har vi ikke? Eller har jeg misforstået noget?
09:24
(Laughter)
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(Latter) I virkeligheden sker der det,
09:27
Truthfully, what happens is, as children grow up,
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at efterhånden som børn vokser op, begynder vi at uddanne dem
09:29
we start to educate them progressively from the waist up.
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i stigende grad fra taljen og op. Og derefter fokuserer vi på deres hoveder.
09:32
And then we focus on their heads.
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Lidt til den ene side.
09:34
And slightly to one side.
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Hvis du besøgte uddannelse, som et rumvæsen,
09:37
If you were to visit education as an alien
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09:39
and say "What's it for, public education?"
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og spurgte, "Hvad skal uddannelse gøre godt for?"
09:42
I think you'd have to conclude, if you look at the output,
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Jeg tror du ville være nødt til at konkludere -- hvis du ser på resultatet,
09:44
who really succeeds by this,
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hvem det i virkeligheden gavner,
09:46
who does everything they should,
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dem der gør alt hvad de får besked på,
09:48
who gets all the brownie points, who are the winners --
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dem der får alle de gode karakterer, dem der er vinderne --
09:50
I think you'd have to conclude the whole purpose of public education
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Jeg tror du ville være nødt til at konkludere, at hele formålet med offentlig uddannelse
09:54
throughout the world
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verden over
09:55
is to produce university professors.
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1979
er, at producere universitetsprofessorer. Er det ikke rigtigt?
09:57
Isn't it?
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09:58
They're the people who come out the top.
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1984
Det er dem, der kommer ud i toppen.
10:00
And I used to be one, so there.
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10:02
(Laughter)
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Og jeg plejede at være en af dem. (Latter)
Jeg kan godt lide universitetsprofessorer, men
10:06
And I like university professors,
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1600
10:08
but, you know, we shouldn't hold them up
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1915
vi bør ikke holde dem op som det ypperste mennesker kan opnå.
10:10
as the high-water mark of all human achievement.
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10:13
They're just a form of life.
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De er bare en slags liv,
10:15
Another form of life.
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en lidt anden slags liv. Men de er ganske specielle,
10:16
But they're rather curious.
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og jeg siger dette med stor kærlighed for dem.
10:18
And I say this out of affection for them:
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618005
1964
10:19
there's something curious about professors.
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Det er min erfaring, at der er noget specielt ved professorer --
10:22
In my experience -- not all of them, but typically -- they live in their heads.
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ikke dem alle, men typisk -- de lever i deres hoved.
10:25
They live up there and slightly to one side.
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De lever deroppe, og lidt til den ene side.
De er kropsløse, I ved, på en lidt bogstavelig måde.
10:28
They're disembodied, you know, in a kind of literal way.
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10:31
They look upon their body as a form of transport for their heads.
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De ser deres krop
som en form for transportmiddel til deres hoved.
10:35
(Laughter)
225
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6047
10:41
Don't they?
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1377
10:42
It's a way of getting their head to meetings.
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(Latter) Det er en måde at få deres hoveder rundt til møder.
10:44
(Laughter)
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Hvis I vil se ægte beviser på ud-af-kroppen oplevelser,
10:50
If you want real evidence of out-of-body experiences, by the way,
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i øvrigt, så tag til en konference
10:53
get yourself along to a residential conference of senior academics
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3475
for højtstående akademikere,
10:57
and pop into the discotheque on the final night.
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og kig ind forbi dansegulvet den sidste aften.
10:59
(Laughter)
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(Latter) Der vil I se det, voksne mænd og kvinder
11:02
And there, you will see it.
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11:03
Grown men and women writhing uncontrollably, off the beat.
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der vrider sig ukontrollabelt, ude af takt,
11:08
(Laughter)
235
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2492
mens de venter på at det stopper, så de kan tage hjem og skrive en rapport om det.
11:10
Waiting until it ends, so they can go home and write a paper about it.
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Vores uddannelsessystem er baseret på akademiske evner.
11:14
(Laughter)
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674240
1981
11:16
Our education system is predicated on the idea of academic ability.
238
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Og det er der en grund til.
11:20
And there's a reason.
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1171
11:21
Around the world, there were no public systems of education,
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3629
Hele systemet blev opfundet -- der var, verden over,
ikke noget offentligt uddannelsessystem før det 19. århundrede.
11:24
really, before the 19th century.
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2107
Det blev altsammen til
11:27
They all came into being to meet the needs of industrialism.
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3247
i takt med industrialiseringen.
Så hierarkiet bygger på to ideer.
11:30
So the hierarchy is rooted on two ideas.
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2052
11:32
Number one, that the most useful subjects for work are at the top.
244
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4562
Et, at de mest brugbare emner i forhold til arbejde
I
11:37
So you were probably steered benignly away from things at school
245
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ting i skolen, i god tro, da I var børn. Ting I kunne lide,
11:40
when you were a kid,
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med argumentet, at det ville I
11:41
things you liked,
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1153
11:42
on the grounds you would never get a job doing that.
248
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aldrig komme til at arbejde med. Har jeg ret?
11:44
Is that right?
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1151
Hold dig fra musik, du bliver aldrig musiker;
11:46
"Don't do music, you're not going to be a musician;
250
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2412
hold dig fra kunst, du bliver aldrig en kunstner.
11:48
don't do art, you won't be an artist."
251
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1851
11:50
Benign advice -- now, profoundly mistaken.
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Givet i god tro -- nu, dybt perfekt. Hele verden
11:53
The whole world is engulfed in a revolution.
253
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er i gang med en revolution.
11:55
And the second is academic ability,
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2097
Det andet er akademiske evner, som efterhånden dominerer
11:57
which has really come to dominate our view of intelligence,
255
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2819
vores syn på intelligens,
fordi universiteterne designede systemerne i deres eget billede.
12:00
because the universities design the system in their image.
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2739
Hvis I tænker over det, er hele systemet
12:03
If you think of it,
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1151
12:04
the whole system of public education around the world is a protracted process
258
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3664
med offentlig uddannelse, verden over, en lang optagelse
til universiteter.
12:07
of university entrance.
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1151
Konsekvensen er, at mange talentfulde,
12:09
And the consequence is that many highly talented,
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2293
12:11
brilliant, creative people think they're not,
261
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2518
geniale, kreative mennesker tror, at de ikke er det,
12:13
because the thing they were good at at school
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2133
fordi det de var gode til i skolen
ikke blev påskønnet, eller i virkeligheden blev stigmatiseret.
12:16
wasn't valued, or was actually stigmatized.
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2302
12:18
And I think we can't afford to go on that way.
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Jeg mener ikke, at vi har råd til at gøre det sådan.
12:20
In the next 30 years, according to UNESCO,
265
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2287
Ifølge UNESCO vil der i løbet af de næste 30 år være
12:23
more people worldwide will be graduating through education
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flere mennesker der består
12:26
than since the beginning of history.
267
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2195
en uddannelse, end der har været i hele historien.
12:28
More people.
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1157
Flere mennesker, og det er kombinationen
12:29
And it's the combination of all the things we've talked about:
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af alle de ting, vi har talt om --
12:32
technology and its transformational effect on work,
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teknologi og dets indvirkning på arbejde, og demografien
12:35
and demography and the huge explosion in population.
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og den store eksplosion i befolkningstal.
12:37
Suddenly, degrees aren't worth anything.
272
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2437
Pludselig er diplomer ikke noget værd. Er det ikke rigtigt?
12:40
Isn't that true?
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Da jeg studerende var det sådan, at hvis du havde et diplom, havde du et job.
12:41
When I was a student, if you had a degree, you had a job.
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2981
12:44
If you didn't have a job, it's because you didn't want one.
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Hvis du ikke havde et job, var det fordi du ikke ville have et.
12:47
And I didn't want one, frankly.
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2334
Og jeg ville ikke have et, for at være helt ærlig. (Latter)
12:50
(Laughter)
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Men nu drager børn med diplomer ofte
12:51
But now kids with degrees are often heading home
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12:55
to carry on playing video games,
279
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1794
hjem, for at fortsætte med at spille videospil,
fordi du har brug for mastergrad, hvor den tidligere stilling krævede en bachelorgrad,
12:57
because you need an MA where the previous job required a BA,
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3048
og nu skal du have en ph.d. for det andet.
13:00
and now you need a PhD for the other.
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1787
13:02
It's a process of academic inflation.
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1776
Det er akademisk inflation.
13:04
And it indicates the whole structure of education is shifting beneath our feet.
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Og det indikerer, at uddannelseskonstruktionen
ændrer sig under os. Vi er nødt til at tænke i helt nye baner
13:07
We need to radically rethink our view of intelligence.
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2542
i forhold til vores syn på intelligens.
Vi ved tre ting om intelligens.
13:10
We know three things about intelligence.
285
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1924
Et, intelligens er fleksibelt. Vi tænker på verden på alle de måder
13:12
One, it's diverse.
286
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1151
13:13
We think about the world in all the ways that we experience it.
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2981
vi oplever den. Vi tænker visuelt,
13:16
We think visually, we think in sound, we think kinesthetically.
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2977
vi tænker i lyd, vi tænker med hele kroppen.
13:19
We think in abstract terms, we think in movement.
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2321
Vi tænker i abstrakte begreber, vi tænker i bevægelse.
13:21
Secondly, intelligence is dynamic.
290
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1996
To, intelligens er dynamisk.
13:24
If you look at the interactions of a human brain,
291
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2303
Hvis du ser på interaktionerne i den menneskelige hjerne, som vi hørte om
13:27
as we heard yesterday from a number of presentations,
292
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i går fra flere talere,
13:30
intelligence is wonderfully interactive.
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intelligens er vidunderligt interaktiv.
13:32
The brain isn't divided into compartments.
294
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2238
Hjernen er ikke delt ind i afdelinger.
13:34
In fact, creativity --
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1574
Faktisk er kreativitet -- hvilket jeg definerer som det at
13:36
which I define as the process of having original ideas that have value --
296
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4020
få en original idea af værdi --
13:40
more often than not comes about
297
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1930
som regel noget der kommer via interaktion
13:42
through the interaction of different disciplinary ways of seeing things.
298
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3557
med forskellige måder at se ting på.
Hjernen er bevidst -- der er i øvrigt
13:47
By the way, there's a shaft of nerves that joins the two halves of the brain,
299
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3631
en samling af nerver, som samler de to hjernehalvdele,
13:51
called the corpus callosum.
300
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1298
kaldet corpus callosum. Den er tykkere hos kvinder.
13:52
It's thicker in women.
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1221
I forlængelse af Helen i går, tror jeg,
13:54
Following off from Helen yesterday,
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1723
at det formentlig er derfor kvinder er bedre til at multi-taske.
13:56
this is probably why women are better at multitasking.
303
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3011
13:59
Because you are, aren't you?
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1825
Fordi det er I, er I ikke?
14:01
There's a raft of research, but I know it from my personal life.
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3334
Der er en masse research, men jeg ved det fra mit eget liv.
14:04
If my wife is cooking a meal at home, which is not often ...
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2935
Hvis min kone er i gang med at lave mad derhjemme --
hvilket heldigvis ikke sker så tit, gudskelov. (Latter)
14:09
thankfully.
307
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1166
14:10
(Laughter)
308
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2690
Men I ved, hun er i gang -- nej, hun er faktisk god til nogle ting --
14:13
No, she's good at some things.
309
853128
1452
men hvis hun laver mad,
14:14
But if she's cooking, she's dealing with people on the phone,
310
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2895
er hun igang med at tale i telefon,
14:17
she's talking to the kids, she's painting the ceiling --
311
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2647
hun taler med børnene, maler loftet,
14:20
(Laughter)
312
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1015
laver hjertekirurgi herovre.
14:21
she's doing open-heart surgery over here.
313
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2025
14:23
If I'm cooking, the door is shut, the kids are out,
314
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2998
Hvis jeg laver mad, er døren lukket, ungerne er ude,
14:26
the phone's on the hook,
315
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1239
telefonstikket er trukket ud. Hvis hun kommer ind, bliver jeg irriteret.
14:27
if she comes in, I get annoyed.
316
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1690
14:29
I say, "Terry, please, I'm trying to fry an egg in here."
317
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2790
Jeg siger, "Terry, helt ærligt, jeg er lige ved at stege et æg. Prøv lige at giv mig lidt plads." (Latter)
14:32
(Laughter)
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6730
14:39
"Give me a break."
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1200
14:40
(Laughter)
320
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1720
14:42
Actually, do you know that old philosophical thing,
321
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2499
I kender den der gamle filosofiske ting,
14:44
"If a tree falls in a forest, and nobody hears it, did it happen?"
322
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3483
når et træ falder i skoven, og der ikke er nogen der hører det,
skete det så overhovedet? Kan I huske den gamle kending?
14:48
Remember that old chestnut?
323
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1329
14:49
I saw a great T-shirt recently, which said,
324
889605
2910
Jeg så en t-shirt for kort tid siden, hvor der stod, "Hvis en mand siger sin mening
14:52
"If a man speaks his mind in a forest, and no woman hears him,
325
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3437
i en skov, og ingen kvinde hører hvad han siger,
14:56
is he still wrong?"
326
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1396
tager han så stadig fejl?" (Latter)
14:57
(Laughter)
327
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5606
15:05
And the third thing about intelligence is,
328
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2039
Den tredje ting ved intelligens er,
15:07
it's distinct.
329
907152
1369
at det er tydeligt. Jeg er i gang med at skrive en ny bog for tiden
15:09
I'm doing a new book at the moment called "Epiphany,"
330
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2504
med titlen "Åbenbaring," som er baseret på en række
15:11
which is based on a series of interviews with people
331
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2441
interviews med folk, om hvordan de har opdaget
15:14
about how they discovered their talent.
332
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1864
deres talent. Jeg er fascineret af, hvordan folk kom frem til det.
15:15
I'm fascinated by how people got to be there.
333
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2121
Det startede i virkeligheden med en samtale jeg havde
15:18
It's really prompted by a conversation I had with a wonderful woman
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3191
med en vidunderlig kvinde, som de færreste formentlig
15:21
who maybe most people have never heard of, Gillian Lynne.
335
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2677
har hørt om. Hun hedder Gillian Lynne.
Kender I hende? Nogle gør. Hun er koreograf
15:24
Have you heard of her? Some have.
336
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1596
15:25
She's a choreographer, and everybody knows her work.
337
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2452
og alle kender det hun har lavet.
Hun har lavet "Cat," og "Phantom of the Opera."
15:28
She did "Cats" and "Phantom of the Opera."
338
928152
2016
Hun er vidunderlig. Jeg var tidligere i bestyrelsen ved Den Kongelige Ballet, i England,
15:30
She's wonderful.
339
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1151
15:31
I used to be on the board of The Royal Ballet, as you can see.
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2947
som I kan se.
15:34
(Laughter)
341
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1929
Nå, men Gillian og jeg spiste frokost en dag, og jeg spurgte
15:36
Gillian and I had lunch one day. I said, "How did you get to be a dancer?"
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3525
"Gillian, hvordan gik det til, at du blev danser?" Hun svarede,
15:39
It was interesting.
343
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1151
at det var interessant, fordi da hun gik i skole,
15:41
When she was at school, she was really hopeless.
344
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2247
var hun helt håbløs. Og skolen, i 30'erne,
15:43
And the school, in the '30s, wrote to her parents and said,
345
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2789
skrev til hendes forældre, at "Vi tror
15:46
"We think Gillian has a learning disorder."
346
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2035
Gillian har problemer med at lære." Hun kunne ikke koncentrere sig,
15:48
She couldn't concentrate; she was fidgeting.
347
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2098
hun var rastløs. Jeg tror man i dag ville sige,
15:50
I think now they'd say she had ADHD.
348
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1877
at hun har DAMP. Ville I ikke? Men det her var i 30'erne,
15:52
Wouldn't you?
349
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1299
15:53
But this was the 1930s, and ADHD hadn't been invented at this point.
350
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4177
og DAMP var ikke opfundet endnu.
15:57
It wasn't an available condition.
351
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2040
Det var ikke en tilgængelig diagnose. (Latter)
15:59
(Laughter)
352
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3215
Folk vidste slet ikke, at de kunne have det.
16:03
People weren't aware they could have that.
353
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2042
Nå, men hun gik til en specialist. Hun var i det her rum med egepaneler
16:05
(Laughter)
354
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2425
16:07
Anyway, she went to see this specialist.
355
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4176
og hun var der sammen med sin mor,
16:11
So, this oak-paneled room, and she was there with her mother,
356
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3707
og hun blev ført hen til en stol og satte sig,
og hun sad på sine hænder i 20 minutter, mens
16:15
and she was led and sat on this chair at the end,
357
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2327
den her mand talte med hendes mor om alle
16:17
and she sat on her hands for 20 minutes,
358
977805
1945
de problemer, som Gillian havde i skolen. Til sidst --
16:19
while this man talked to her mother
359
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1681
16:21
about all the problems Gillian was having at school,
360
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2464
fordi hun forstyrrede folk,
16:23
because she was disturbing people, her homework was always late, and so on.
361
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3549
hendes lektier blev altid afleveret for sent, og så videre,
et lille barn på otte -- til sidst gik lægen hen og satte sig
16:27
Little kid of eight.
362
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1151
16:28
In the end, the doctor went and sat next to Gillian and said,
363
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2911
ved siden af Gillian, og sagde, "Gillian,
16:31
"I've listened to all these things your mother's told me.
364
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2713
jeg har hørt på alle de ting din mor
har fortalt mig, og jeg er nødt til at tale med hende alene."
16:34
I need to speak to her privately.
365
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1594
Han sagde," Vent her, vi kommer tilbage, og der varer ikke særlig længe."
16:36
Wait here. We'll be back. We won't be very long,"
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16:38
and they went and left her.
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De gik, og efterlod hende der.
Men på vej ud af rummet, tændte han for en radio
16:41
But as they went out of the room,
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1640
16:42
he turned on the radio that was sitting on his desk.
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2856
der stod på hans skrivebord. Og da de
kom ud af lokalet, sagde han til hendes mor,
16:45
And when they got out of the room,
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1638
"Prøv bare at stå her og se på hende." Og i samme øjeblik de gik ud af rummet,
16:47
he said to her mother, "Just stand and watch her."
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2378
16:49
And the minute they left the room,
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2512
fortalte hun, var hun oppe og stå, og bevægede sig til musikken.
16:52
she was on her feet, moving to the music.
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2595
De så på hende i nogle minutter
16:54
And they watched for a few minutes, and he turned to her mother and said,
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3503
og han vendte sig mod hendes mor og sagde,
16:58
"Mrs. Lynne, Gillian isn't sick.
375
1018309
1979
"Fru Lynne, Gillian er ikke syg. Hun er en danser.
17:00
She's a dancer.
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1664
Tag hende med til en danseskole."
17:03
Take her to a dance school."
377
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1386
17:04
I said, "What happened?"
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1228
Jeg spurgte, "Hvad skete der?"
17:06
She said, "She did. I can't tell you how wonderful it was.
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1026000
2976
Hun sagde, "Det gjorde hun. Jeg kan slet ikke fortælle dig hvor vidunderligt det var.
17:09
We walked in this room, and it was full of people like me --
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2829
Vi kom ind i det her lokale, og det var fyldt med
17:11
people who couldn't sit still,
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2222
folk som mig. Folk der ikke kunne sidde stille.
17:14
people who had to move to think."
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2907
Folk der var nødt til at bevæge sig, for at kunne tænke." Som var nødt til at bevæge sig, for at kunne tænke.
17:17
Who had to move to think.
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1037030
1832
De lærte ballet, de lærte steppedans, de lærte jazz,
17:18
They did ballet, they did tap, jazz; they did modern; they did contemporary.
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1038886
3610
de lærte moderne dans, de lærte tidens dans.
Hun var endeligt til optagelsesprøve ved Den Kongelig Balletskole,
17:22
She was eventually auditioned for the Royal Ballet School.
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2746
hun blev solodanser. Hun havde en vidunderlig karriere
17:25
She became a soloist; she had a wonderful career at the Royal Ballet.
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3253
ved Den Kongelige Ballet. Endelig blev hun færdig
17:28
She eventually graduated from the Royal Ballet School,
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2555
ved Den Kongelige Balletskole, og
stiftede sit eget kompagni, Gillian Lynne Dansekompagni,
17:31
founded the Gillian Lynne Dance Company,
388
1051146
1928
17:33
met Andrew Lloyd Webber.
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1237
mødte Andrew Lloyd Weber. Hun har lavet
17:34
She's been responsible for
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1296
17:35
some of the most successful musical theater productions in history,
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3148
nogle af de mest succesfulde musikalske
17:38
she's given pleasure to millions,
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1596
teaterproduktioner i historien, hun har skabt glæde for millioner,
17:40
and she's a multimillionaire.
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1407
17:41
Somebody else might have put her on medication and told her to calm down.
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3710
og hun er en multimillionær. Andre
17:45
(Applause)
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6782
havde måske givet hende medicin og bedt hende
om at slappe af.
Jeg tror -- (Bifald) Jeg tror følgende:
17:53
What I think it comes to is this:
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1073603
1573
17:55
Al Gore spoke the other night
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1776
Al Gore talte den anden aften
17:57
about ecology and the revolution that was triggered by Rachel Carson.
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4519
om økologi, og den revolution der blev udløst af Rachel Carson.
Jeg tror vores eneste håb for fremtiden
18:02
I believe our only hope for the future
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2112
18:04
is to adopt a new conception of human ecology,
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3875
er, at tillægge os en ny forståelse for menneskelig økologi,
en hvor vi starter med at genoplive vores opfattelse
18:08
one in which we start to reconstitute our conception
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2527
18:10
of the richness of human capacity.
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2261
af den menneskelige kreativitets rigdom.
18:13
Our education system has mined our minds
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3371
Vores uddannelsessystem har udnyttet vores hjerner på samme måde
18:16
in the way that we strip-mine the earth for a particular commodity.
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3441
som vi har drevet minedrift på Jorden: for at finde en specifik vare.
I fremtiden vil det ikke være til vores fordel.
18:20
And for the future, it won't serve us.
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2422
18:22
We have to rethink the fundamental principles
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2153
Vi er nødt til at tænke anderledes på de fundamentale principper.
18:25
on which we're educating our children.
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2063
På den måde vi uddanner vores børn. Der var
18:27
There was a wonderful quote by Jonas Salk, who said,
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2674
et vidunderligt citat af Jonas Salk, som sagde, "Hvis alle insekter
18:29
"If all the insects were to disappear from the Earth,
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5097
forsvandt fra Jorden,
18:34
within 50 years, all life on Earth would end.
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2783
ville alt liv på Jorden ende inden for 50 år.
Hvis alle mennesker forsvandt fra Jordens overflade,
18:38
If all human beings disappeared from the Earth,
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3037
ville alle former for liv blomstre inden for 50 år."
18:41
within 50 years, all forms of life would flourish."
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2634
Han har ret.
18:45
And he's right.
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1285
Det TED fejrer, er den menneskelige opfindsomhed.
18:47
What TED celebrates is the gift of the human imagination.
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3731
Vi er nødt til at sørge for, at vi bruger denne gave
18:51
We have to be careful now that we use this gift wisely,
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4234
fornuftigt, og at vi undgår nogle af de scenarier,
18:55
and that we avert some of the scenarios that we've talked about.
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3229
scenarier vi har talt om. Den eneste måde vi
18:59
And the only way we'll do it is by seeing our creative capacities
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3755
kan gøre det på, er ved at se vores kreative evner
19:02
for the richness they are
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1787
som den rigdom det er, og se
19:04
and seeing our children for the hope that they are.
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vores børn som det håb de er. Det er vores opgave
19:07
And our task is to educate their whole being,
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at uddanne hele deres væsen, så de kan gå fremtiden i møde.
19:10
so they can face this future.
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1413
19:11
By the way -- we may not see this future,
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I øvrigt -- vi kommer måske ikke til at se den fremtid,
19:14
but they will.
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men de gør. Det er vores job at hjælpe dem
19:15
And our job is to help them make something of it.
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med at få noget godt ud af den. Mange tak skal I have.
19:18
Thank you very much.
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19:19
(Applause)
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