Why is 'x' the unknown? | Terry Moore

711,277 views ・ 2012-06-06

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Jenny Zurawell
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λ²ˆμ—­: Young-ho Park κ²€ν† : Woo Hwang
00:15
I have the answer to a question that we've all asked.
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μ €λŠ” μš°λ¦¬λ“€ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ–Έμ  κ°€λŠ” ν•œλ²ˆ λ¬Όμ–΄λ³Έ 적이 μžˆλŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ 닡을 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
The question is,
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κ·Έ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ λ°”λ‘œ
00:20
Why is it that the letter X
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μ™œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” 것을
00:22
represents the unknown?
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X자둜 ν‘œμ‹œν•˜λƒλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
00:24
Now I know we learned that in math class,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μˆ˜ν•™μ‹œκ°„μ— λ―Έμ§€μˆ˜λ₯Ό X라고 μ“΄λ‹€κ³  λ°°μ› μ£ .
00:27
but now it's everywhere in the culture --
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그런데 μš”μ¦˜μ€ μ–΄λ”œ κ°€λ‚˜ X νˆ¬μ„±μ΄μ£  --
00:29
The X prize, the X-Files,
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X ν”„λΌμ΄μ¦ˆ, X-파일,
00:32
Project X, TEDx.
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ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈ X, TEDx.
00:36
Where'd that come from?
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그런데 X자λ₯Ό μ“°κ²Œλœ μœ λž˜λŠ” λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
00:38
About six years ago
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μ €λŠ” μ•½ 6년전에 μ•„λžμ–΄λ₯Ό 배우기 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
00:39
I decided that I would learn Arabic,
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μ•„λžμ–΄κ°€ μ§€κ·Ήνžˆ 논리적인
00:42
which turns out to be a supremely logical language.
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μ–Έμ–΄λΌλŠ” 것을 κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜μ£ .
00:46
To write a word or a phrase
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μ•„λžμ–΄μ˜ μ–΄νœ˜λ‚˜ λ¬Έμž₯은
00:48
or a sentence in Arabic
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μˆ˜ν•™ 방정식 처럼
00:50
is like crafting an equation,
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λ¬Έμž₯의 각 λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ˜λ―Έκ°€
00:52
because every part is extremely precise
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κ·Ήλ„λ‘œ λͺ…λ°±ν•˜κ³ 
00:54
and carries a lot of information.
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λ§Žμ€ 정보λ₯Ό μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
00:57
That's one of the reasons
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν˜„μž¬ μ„œμ–‘μ˜ κ³Όν•™μ΄λ‚˜
00:58
so much of what we've come to think of
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κ³΅ν•™μ—μ„œ μœ λž˜ν•œ 것이라고
01:00
as Western science and mathematics and engineering
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μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ˜ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ 뢀뢄은 사싀
01:04
was really worked out in the first few centuries of the Common Era
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μ„œλ ₯기원 첫 λͺ‡μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ 페λ₯΄μ‹œμ•„인, μ•„λžμΈ
01:07
by the Persians and the Arabs and the Turks.
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그리고 터킀인듀이 이미 생각해 λƒˆλ˜ 것듀이죠.
01:10
This includes the little system in Arabic
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κ·Έμ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” μ•„λžμ–΄λ‘œ
01:13
called al-jebra.
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μ•ŒμžλΈŒλΌλΌκ³  λ§ν•˜λŠ” 체계이죠.
01:14
And al-jebr roughly translates to
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μ•ŒμžλΈŒλΌμ˜ λŒ€λž΅μ μΈ μ˜λ―ΈλŠ”
01:18
"the system for reconciling disparate parts."
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"이질적인 뢀뢄을 μ‘°ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 체계"인데
01:21
Al-jebr finally came into English as algebra.
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이것은 후에 μ•Œμ œλΈŒλΌ , 즉 λŒ€μˆ˜ν•™μ΄λΌλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ 단어가 λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
01:25
One example among many.
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이와같은 μ˜ˆλŠ” 많이 μžˆμ§€μš”.
01:28
The Arabic texts containing this mathematical wisdom
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μˆ˜ν•™μ μΈ μ§€ν˜œκ°€ λ‹΄κΈ΄ μ•„λž 책듀이
01:32
finally made their way to Europe --
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11μ„ΈκΈ° 및 12세기에
01:33
which is to say Spain --
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슀페인으둜
01:35
in the 11th and 12th centuries.
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μ „ν•΄μ‘Œμ§€μš”.
01:37
And when they arrived
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μ΄λŸ°ν•œ μ•„λžμ–΄ 책듀이 λ„μ°©ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
01:38
there was tremendous interest
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이듀 책에 λ‹΄κΈ΄ 지식과 μ§€ν˜œλ₯Ό
01:40
in translating this wisdom
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유럽 μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ λ²ˆμ—­ν•˜λ €λŠ”
01:42
into a European language.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μš•κ΅¬κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
01:43
But there were problems.
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이런 λ²ˆμ—­μ„ ν•˜λŠ”λ° λͺ†κ°€μ§€ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
01:46
One problem
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κ·Έμ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” λ§Žμ€ μ—°μŠ΅μ„ ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” ν•œ
01:47
is there are some sounds in Arabic
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유럽 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ
01:50
that just don't make it through a European voice box
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λ°œμŒμ„ ν•  수 μ—†λŠ”
01:53
without lots of practice.
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μ•„λžμ–΄ μ†Œλ¦¬λ“€μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
01:55
Trust me on that one.
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λ„€, 정말 그런 μ†Œλ¦¬λ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
Also, those very sounds
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그런데 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜
01:59
tend not to be represented
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그런 μ†Œλ¦¬λŠ” 유럽 μ–Έμ–΄μ˜
02:01
by the characters that are available in European languages.
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μ•ŒνŒŒλ²³μ—λŠ” μ—†λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬μ£ .
02:05
Here's one of the culprits.
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이 λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” 그런 쒋은 예의 ν•˜λ‚˜μ£ .
02:06
This is the letter sheen,
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이건 μ‰μΈμ΄λΌλŠ” κΈ€μžμΈλ°
02:08
and it makes the sound we think of as SH -- "sh."
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우리 κ·€μ—λŠ” '쉬'처럼 듀리죠.
02:12
It's also the very first letter
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이 κΈ€μžλŠ” '쉐이둠'μ΄λΌλŠ”
02:14
of the word shayun,
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λ‹¨μ–΄μ˜ 첫 κΈ€μžμΈλ°
02:17
which means "something"
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쉐일둠은 "μ–΄λ–€ 것(something)"μ΄λΌλŠ” 의미인데
02:19
just like the the English word "something" --
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μ˜μ–΄ 단어 somethingκ³Ό λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ
02:21
some undefined, unknown thing.
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κ·Έ μ–΄λ–€ μ •μ˜λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€, μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•˜μ£ .
02:24
Now in Arabic,
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μ•„λžμ–΄μ—μ„œλŠ” '쉐이둠' μ•žμ—
02:25
we can make this definite
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정관사인 'al'을 μ•žμ— 뢙이면
02:26
by adding the definite article "al."
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"μ•Œμ‰μ΄λ‘ "μ΄λΌλŠ” 단어가 λ˜λŠ”λ°
02:28
So this is al-shayun --
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이 λ‹¨μ–΄μ˜ μ˜λ―ΈλŠ”
02:31
the unknown thing.
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"κ·Έ λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” 어떀것" 이죠.
02:33
And this is a word that appears throughout early mathematics,
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이 λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” 이와같은 10μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ μœ λ„μ¦λͺ… 같은
02:36
such as this 10th-century derivation of roots.
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κ³ λŒ€ μˆ˜ν•™μ— 자주 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ£ .
02:43
The problem for the Medieval Spanish scholars
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그런데 이런 책듀을 λ²ˆμ—­ν•˜λ˜
02:46
who were tasked with translating this material
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쀑세 슀페인 ν•™μžλ“€μ€
02:48
is that the letter sheen and the word shayun
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μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄μ—λŠ” "쉐"λΌλŠ” 말이 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
02:53
can't be rendered into Spanish
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μ‰μΈμ΄λΌλŠ” κΈ€μžμ™€ μ‰μ΄λ‘ μ΄λΌλŠ”
02:55
because Spanish doesn't have that SH,
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단어λ₯Ό μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λ‘œ μ“Έ 수 μ—†μ—ˆλ˜
02:57
that "sh" sound.
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λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
02:59
So by convention,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그듀은
03:00
they created a rule in which
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κ³ λŒ€ κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ–΄μ˜ μ•ŒνŒŒλ²³μ—μ„œ
03:02
they borrowed the CK sound, "ck" sound,
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"컀" λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ λ“€λ¦¬λŠ”
03:06
from the classical Greek
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카이(Kai)λΌλŠ” κΈ€μžλ₯Ό λΉŒλ €μ„œ
03:08
in the form of the letter Kai.
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μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν–ˆμ£ .
03:10
Later when this material was translated
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κ·Έ 후에 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 슀페인의 λ²ˆμ—­λ¬Έμ΄
03:13
into a common European language,
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유럽의 곡톡어인 λΌν‹΄μ–΄λ‘œ λ²ˆμ—­λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
03:15
which is to say Latin,
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κ·Έ λ²ˆμ—­μ„ ν•˜λ˜ ν•™μžλ“€μ΄
03:18
they simply replaced the Greek Kai
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κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ–΄μ˜ μΉ΄μ΄λΌλŠ” μ•ŒνŒŒλ²³μ„
03:20
with the Latin X.
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λΌν‹΄μ–΄μ˜ X둜 κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ κ΅μ²΄ν–ˆμ£ .
03:22
And once that happened,
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μ΄λ¦¬ν•˜μ—¬ λͺ¨λ“  라틴 λ²ˆμ—­ λ¬Έμ„œλŠ”
03:23
once this material was in Latin,
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Xλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆκ³  κ·Έ ν›„
03:26
it formed the basis for mathematics textbooks
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거의 600λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μˆ˜ν•™ κ΅κ³Όμ„œμ˜
03:29
for almost 600 years.
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κΈ°λ³Έ λ¬Έμ„œλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
03:31
But now we have the answer to our question.
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자 이제 우리의 μ›λž˜ 질문으둜 λŒμ•„κ°€μ£ .
03:33
Why is it that X is the unknown?
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μ™œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” 것을 X자둜 ν‘œμ‹œν• κΉŒμš”?
03:36
X is the unknown
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” 것을 X자둜 ν‘œμ‹œν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ”
03:38
because you can't say "sh" in Spanish.
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μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λ‘œ "쉐"λΌλŠ” λ°œμŒμ„ ν•  수 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
03:42
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:44
And I thought that was worth sharing.
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μ „ 이것이 퍼뜨릴 κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ μžˆλŠ” 이야기라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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