Adam Grosser: A mobile fridge for vaccines

翻译人员: yu wang 校对人员: Calvin Chun-yu Chan

This is a work in process,

这项工作目前还在进行中

based on some comments that were made at TED two years ago

主要是基于先前的一些意见

两年前在TED所提出的

关于疫苗的储藏问题

about the need for the storage of vaccine.

(Video): [On this planet

（音乐）

在29年以前，我有这样一位热能学老师。

1.6 billion people

他讲过一些关于吸收作用和制冷的相关知识

之后我一直詺记于心中

don't have access to electricity

它有些像斯特林发动机

refrigeration

它很厉害但是你不知道它能用在什么地方

or stored fuels

this is a problem

1858年Ferdinand Carre发明了它

但是他没法制造出来

it impacts:

the spread of disease

因为当时的工具条件不允许

后来有个疯狂的加拿大人Powell Crosley

the storage of food and medicine

and the quality of life.

在1928年將这个项目商业化，命名為Icyball

这是个绝妙的想法

So here's the plan ... inexpensive refrigeration

that doesn't use electricity, propane, gas, kerosene or consumables

但我会告诉大家为什么没有成功

先解析一下运作原理

time for some thermodynamics

这里有两个半球体，中间有一定的距离。

And the story of the Intermittent Absorption Refrigerator]

一个装有工作介质，含水和氨。

Adam Grosser: So 29 years ago, I had this thermo teacher

who talked about absorption and refrigeration, one of those things

另一个是冷凝器

当你將一侧加热时，热的这一侧

that stuck in my head, a lot like the Stirling engine:

氨开始蒸发

然后它会在另一侧重新凝固

it was cool, but you didn't know what to do with it.

之后让它降到室温

It was invented in 1858, by this guy Ferdinand Carré,

but he couldn't actually build anything with it

当氨重新蒸发时会与水结合

回到先前的热的一侧

because of the tools at the time.

This crazy Canadian named Powel Crosley commercialized this thing

它会产生很强大的制冷效果

called the IcyBall, in 1928.

这个想法虽然很好，但是不可行：它会炸掉

因为用氨会产生很大的压力

It was a really neat idea, and I'll get to why it didn't work,

如果你的加热不当

压力会超过每平方寸400磅，有毒的氨会四处飞溅。

but here's how it works.

There's two spheres and they're separated in distance.

但这个想法很不错。

One has a working fluid, water and ammonia,

所以到了2006年事情有了进展

and the other is a condenser.

我们可以用很多数据来计算研究

You heat up one side, the hot side.

我们还得到斯坦福大学

The ammonia evaporates and it recondenses in the other side.

热力学系的参与

基于大量流体力学的研究计算

You let it cool to room temperature,

我们证明了大部分关于氨制冷的数据是错的

我们发现了一些无毒的制冷剂

and then, as the ammonia reevaporates and combines with the water

back on the erstwhile hot side,

能於極低蒸汽压下運作

这是从英国小组那里带来的——

it creates a powerful cooling effect.

So it was a great idea that didn't work at all.

他們有很多优秀的冷冻学人才

They blew up.

在英国——

(Laughter)

Because you're using ammonia, you get hugely high pressures

if you heated them wrong;

并建立了一个试验台，并证明了

it topped 400 psi.

我们可以造出低压力，无毒的制冷器

The ammonia was toxic, it sprayed everywhere.

But it was kind of an interesting thought.

以下是运作原理

你可以在煮食炉灶上加热它

So the great thing about 2006,

there's a lot of really great computational work you can do.

全世界大部分人都有煮食炉灶吧

So we got the whole thermodynamics department at Stanford involved --

无论燃料是骆驼粪便或木材。

加热30分钟，之后凉一个小时

a lot of computational fluid dynamics.

把它放入容器中

We proved that most of the ammonia refrigeration tables are wrong.

那么它就可以制冷24个小时

它看上去是这样的，这是第5个样机，还不是太完美。

We found some nontoxic refrigerants

that worked at very low vapor pressures.

重大约8磅，它是这样用的。

把它放入一个15升的容器中，大约三加仑，

We brought in a team from the UK --

a lot of great refrigeration people, it turns out, in the UK --

它就可以冷却到冰点之上

高于冰点3度

and built a test rig, and proved that, in fact,

在30度的环境中保持24小时，而且它很便宜。

we could make a low-pressure, nontoxic refrigerator.

我们可以大批量的制造，价格约25美元。

So this is the way it works.

小批量的价格约40美元。

You put it on a cooking fire.

我们可以造出

任何人都能拥有的冰箱

Most people have cooking fires in the world,

谢谢

whether it's camel dung or wood.

It heats up for about 30 minutes, cools for an hour.

（鼓掌）

You put it into a container and it will refrigerate for 24 hours.

It looks like this.

This is the fifth prototype, it's not quite done.

It weighs about eight pounds, and this is the way it works.

You put it into a 15-liter vessel, about three gallons,

and it'll cool it down to just above freezing --

three degrees above freezing --

for 24 hours in a 30 degree C environment.

It's really cheap.

We think we can build these in high volumes for about 25 dollars,

in low volumes for about 40 dollars.

And we think we can make refrigeration something that everybody can have.

Thank you.

(Applause)