Adam Grosser: A mobile fridge for vaccines

82,959 views ใƒป 2008-06-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Dan Liebeschutz
00:13
This is a work in process,
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ื–ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื”
00:16
based on some comments that were made at TED two years ago
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉืžืขื•
ื‘-TED ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™-ืื™ื—ืกื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
00:21
about the need for the storage of vaccine.
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00:24
(Video): [On this planet
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
[ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ] ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”
00:26
1.6 billion people
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ืœ-1.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื—ืฉืžืœ
00:29
don't have access to electricity
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ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ
00:31
refrigeration
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ืื• ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™-ื“ืœืง ื‘ืื—ืกื ื”.
00:35
or stored fuels
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00:38
this is a problem
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ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื”
ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื”:
00:41
it impacts:
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00:44
the spread of disease
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ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
ืขืœ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
00:47
the storage of food and medicine
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00:49
and the quality of life.
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ื•ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช: ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื–ื•ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื—ืฉืžืœ
00:53
So here's the plan ... inexpensive refrigeration
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00:55
that doesn't use electricity, propane, gas, kerosene or consumables
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ื’ื– ืคืจื•ืคืŸ, ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ, ื ืคื˜ ืื• ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืชื›ืœื™ื.
ื•ืขืชื” - ืงืฆืช ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”,
01:01
time for some thermodynamics
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ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืงืจืจ ื”ืกืคื™ื’ื” ื”ืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืช
01:03
And the story of the Intermittent Absorption Refrigerator]
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ืื“ื ื’ืจื•ืกืจ: ืœืคื ื™ 29 ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชืจืžื•-ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”
01:06
Adam Grosser: So 29 years ago, I had this thermo teacher
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01:09
who talked about absorption and refrigeration, one of those things
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ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื’ื” ื•ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.
ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืชืงืขื• ืœื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ
01:12
that stuck in my head, a lot like the Stirling engine:
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ื–ื” ื“ืžื” ืžืื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’:
ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื•.
01:14
it was cool, but you didn't know what to do with it.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื‘-1858 ืข"ื™ ืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื“ ืงืืจ
01:17
It was invented in 1858, by this guy Ferdinand Carrรฉ,
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01:19
but he couldn't actually build anything with it
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ืืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื–.
01:22
because of the tools at the time.
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01:23
This crazy Canadian named Powel Crosley commercialized this thing
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ื”ืงื ื“ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”, ืคืื•ื•ืœ ืงืจื•ืกืœื™
01:27
called the IcyBall, in 1928.
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ืžื™ืกื—ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืงืจื•ื™ 'ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ืงืจื—' ื‘-1928
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘,
01:30
It was a really neat idea, and I'll get to why it didn't work,
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ืืกืคืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—,
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืคืขืœ ื›ืš:
01:33
but here's how it works.
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01:34
There's two spheres and they're separated in distance.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืจื•ื•ื—.
01:36
One has a working fluid, water and ammonia,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื–ืœ ืคืขื™ืœ, ืžื™ื ื•ืืžื•ื ื™ื”,
01:39
and the other is a condenser.
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ื•ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื”.
01:40
You heat up one side, the hot side.
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ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื,
01:42
The ammonia evaporates and it recondenses in the other side.
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ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ืžืชืื“ื”
ื•ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžืชืขื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
01:45
You let it cool to room temperature,
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ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ื ืŸ ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ,
ื•ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ืžืชืื“ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืžืชื—ื‘ืจืช ืขื ื”ืžื™ื
01:48
and then, as the ammonia reevaporates and combines with the water
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01:51
back on the erstwhile hot side,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื ื—ื,
ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืคืงื˜ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืจื‘-ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
01:53
it creates a powerful cooling effect.
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01:55
So it was a great idea that didn't work at all.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื›ืฉืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™: ื–ื” ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ
01:58
They blew up.
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื
01:59
(Laughter)
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02:00
Because you're using ammonia, you get hugely high pressures
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02:03
if you heated them wrong;
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ืื ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
02:04
it topped 400 psi.
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ืžืขืœ 400 ืคื™-ืืก-ืื™ื™. ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืขื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืชื™ื–ื” ืœื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ.
02:06
The ammonia was toxic, it sprayed everywhere.
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02:08
But it was kind of an interesting thought.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘-2006 ื”ื•ื
02:11
So the great thing about 2006,
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02:13
there's a lot of really great computational work you can do.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘.
02:16
So we got the whole thermodynamics department at Stanford involved --
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”
ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“--
02:20
a lot of computational fluid dynamics.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื,
02:22
We proved that most of the ammonia refrigeration tables are wrong.
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ื”ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช.
ืžืฆืื ื• ื›ืžื” ื ื•ื–ืœื™-ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจืขื™ืœื™ื
02:26
We found some nontoxic refrigerants
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02:28
that worked at very low vapor pressures.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืฆื™ ื ื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื“.
ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”--
02:30
We brought in a team from the UK --
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02:32
a lot of great refrigeration people, it turns out, in the UK --
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื™ื,
ื›ืš ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”--
02:35
and built a test rig, and proved that, in fact,
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ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืžืชืงืŸ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”
02:37
we could make a low-pressure, nontoxic refrigerator.
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืงืจืจ ืœื-ืจืขื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื ืžื•ืš.
02:41
So this is the way it works.
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
02:42
You put it on a cooking fire.
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ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืœื”ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ,
02:44
Most people have cooking fires in the world,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืœื” ื’ืœืœื™ ื’ืžืœื™ื ืื• ืขืฅ.
02:46
whether it's camel dung or wood.
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02:47
It heats up for about 30 minutes, cools for an hour.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ืžื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›-30 ื“ืงื•ืช, ืžืฆื˜ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื”.
ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ
02:51
You put it into a container and it will refrigerate for 24 hours.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืงืจืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช.
02:55
It looks like this.
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”-5. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจ.
02:56
This is the fifth prototype, it's not quite done.
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02:59
It weighs about eight pounds, and this is the way it works.
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ืฉื•ืงืœ ื›-3.5 ืง"ื’, ื•ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
03:02
You put it into a 15-liter vessel, about three gallons,
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ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื™ื›ืœ ืฉืœ 15 ืœื™ื˜ืจ, ื‘ืขืจืš 3 ื’ืœื•ื ื™ื,
03:05
and it'll cool it down to just above freezing --
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืงืจืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืงืฆืช ืžืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืคืื•ืŸ--
03:08
three degrees above freezing --
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืคืื•ืŸ--
03:09
for 24 hours in a 30 degree C environment.
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ืœืžืฉืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 30 ืžืขืœื•ืช. ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื–ื•ืœ.
03:13
It's really cheap.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื ื‘ื ืคื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘-25 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
03:14
We think we can build these in high volumes for about 25 dollars,
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ื•ื‘ื ืคื—ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื›-40 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
03:17
in low volumes for about 40 dollars.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ
03:19
And we think we can make refrigeration something that everybody can have.
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“
03:22
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื
03:23
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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