5 ways to listen better | Julian Treasure | TED

翻译人员: Jiwei Qu 校对人员: Chunxiang Qian

We are losing our listening.

我们正在丧失倾听的能力

We spend roughly 60 percent of our communication time listening,

我们交流过程中60%的时间都是用来倾听

but we're not very good at it.

但其实我们并不擅长倾听

We retain just 25 percent of what we hear.

我们只保留了25%所听到的内容

Now -- not you, not this talk,

不是指在座各位和这个演讲

but that is generally true.

这是一个普遍的事实

(Laughter)

让我们来定义倾听

Let's define listening as making meaning from sound.

就是使得声音有意义

It's a mental process,

这是一个心理过程

and it's a process of extraction.

它也是一个提取的过程

我们用一些很酷的技术完成这个过程

We use some pretty cool techniques to do this.

其中之一是模式识别技术

One of them is pattern recognition.

（人群噪音）在像这样的一个鸡尾酒会上

(Crowd noises) So in a cocktail party like this,

if I say, "David, Sara, pay attention" -- some of you just sat up.

如果我说 “大卫，莎拉，注意了”

你们中间就会有人坐直身子

We recognize patterns to distinguish noise from signal,

我们能识别出一些声音特点

从而从信号中区分它们

and especially our name.

特别是对于自己的名字

Differencing is another technique we use.

区分是我们用的另外一个技术

If I left this pink noise on for more than a couple of minutes,

如果我让这种粉红噪声保持几分钟

(Pink noise) you would literally cease to hear it.

你就不会很认真的听它了

我们只会听有变化声音

We listen to differences; we discount sounds that remain the same.

我们不大专注于持续不变的声音

这里有一系列的过滤功能

And then there is a whole range of filters.

它把我们从所有声音中抽离出来

These filters take us from all sound

down to what we pay attention to.

重点去听我们所关注的

Most people are entirely unconscious of these filters.

大多数人都完全没有察觉这些

过滤器

But they actually create our reality in a way,

但是它们在某种程度上创造了现实生活

because they tell us what we're paying attention to right now.

因为它们告诉我们当下我们正在关注什么

I'll give you one example of that.

举个例子：

Intention is very important in sound, in listening.

意向在声音和听觉中非常重要

When I married my wife,

我娶我夫人的时候

I promised her I would listen to her every day

我向她承诺我每天都会像我们第一次见面那样

as if for the first time.

去倾听她

现在我每天都在下降

Now that's something I fall short of on a daily basis.

（笑声）

(Laughter)

But it's a great intention to have in a relationship.

但这是这种关系下的一个很好的意愿

(Laughter)

但这不是全部

But that's not all.

声音把我们置于时间和空间中

Sound places us in space and in time.

如果你现在马上闭上眼

If you close your eyes right now in this room,

you're aware of the size of the room

你会通过声音回响以及声音

在物体表面撞击的力度

from the reverberation and the bouncing of the sound off the surfaces;

感觉出这件房间的大小

you're aware of how many people are around you,

你还可以感觉到在你周围有多少人

因为你可以听到周围微小的噪音

because of the micro-noises you're receiving.

And sound places us in time as well,

同时，声音还把我们置于时间中

because sound always has time embedded in it.

因为声音总是和时间

并存的

In fact, I would suggest that our listening is the main way

实际上我认为听觉是我们最主要的方式

that we experience the flow of time

去感受时间从过去到未来

from past to future.

的流动

因此 “声音是时间和存在”--很好的引述

So, "Sonority is time and meaning" -- a great quote.

我在演讲开始的时候说过，我们正逐渐丧失倾听的能力

I said at the beginning, we're losing our listening.

我为什么这么说呢？

Why did I say that?

Well, there are a lot of reasons for this.

这里面有许多的原因

First of all, we invented ways of recording --

首先，我们发明了记录的方式--

一开始通过书写，接着是录音

first writing, then audio recording and now video recording as well.

然后到了现在可以记录影像

The premium on accurate and careful listening has simply disappeared.

精确、仔细的倾听所带来的好处

已经消失了

Secondly, the world is now so noisy,

第二，现在的世界太嘈杂了

(Noise) with this cacophony going on visually and auditorily,

（噪音）伴随着视觉、听觉上的

这样的污染

it's just hard to listen;

已经很难去倾听了

it's tiring to listen.

也疲于去倾听了

Many people take refuge in headphones,

许多人用耳机逃避吵杂的世界

but they turn big, public spaces like this,

但是他们把像这样的庞大的，公共空间

shared soundscapes,

本可被共享的音乐场景

into millions of tiny, little personal sound bubbles.

变成了数百万个这样的私人音乐小气泡

In this scenario, nobody's listening to anybody.

这种情况下，没有人会倾听其他人

我们正在变得浮躁

We're becoming impatient.

我们更青睐简单的语言而不再需要

We don't want oratory anymore; we want sound bites.

那些华丽的词藻

And the art of conversation is being replaced -- dangerously, I think --

交谈的艺术

正在被私人化的平实语言所取代

by personal broadcasting.

我认为这是很危险的

I don't know how much listening there is in this conversation,

我不清楚这种交谈中倾听能够占几成

通常都很不乐观

which is sadly very common, especially in the UK.

特别是在英国

We're becoming desensitized.

我们正在变得麻木

Our media have to scream at us with these kinds of headlines

媒体不得不用这样的标题向我们“嘶吼”

in order to get our attention.

就是为了夺人眼球

And that means it's harder for us to pay attention

这就意味着我们难以专注于

安静的，细微的

to the quiet, the subtle, the understated.

需要理解的东西

This is a serious problem that we're losing our listening.

丧失倾听的能力是个很严重的问题

This is not trivial,

这不是没有意义的

because listening is our access to understanding.

因为倾听是我们去认识事物的途径

有意识的去倾听往往有助于我们的理解力

Conscious listening always creates understanding,

and only without conscious listening

如果失去有意识的倾听

can these things happen.

就会导致以下的后果--

A world where we don't listen to each other at all

一个人们不会相互倾听的世界

是非常可怕的

is a very scary place indeed.

因此 我希望与大家分享

So I'd like to share with you five simple exercises,

五个简单的技巧来帮助大家

tools you can take away with you,

改进自己有意识的倾听

to improve your own conscious listening.

你们想听吗？

Would you like that?

Audience: Yes!

（听众：当然） 好！

Good. The first one is silence.

首先是安静

Just three minutes a day of silence is a wonderful exercise

每天只需拿出三分钟让自己安静下来

就是一个很好的练习

to reset your ears and to recalibrate,

来让听觉系统进行重置和调整

so that you can hear the quiet again.

从而可以再一次感受到宁静

如果没有完全无声的环境

If you can't get absolute silence,

go for quiet, that's absolutely fine.

那就去一个安静的地方也没问题

Second, I call this "the mixer."

第二点，我称之为混合器

(Noise) So even if you're in a noisy environment like this --

（噪音）即使你在一个像这样嘈杂的环境中--

我们很多时间都生活在这样的环境中--

and we all spend a lot of time in places like this --

listen in the coffee bar to how many channels of sound can I hear?

在咖啡厅里听

你可以听到多少种声音？

How many individual channels in that mix am I listening to?

你可以在混杂噪音中分辨出多少独立的声音？

You can do it in a beautiful place as well, like in a lake.

这种方法也可以在幽静的地方练习，比如在湖边

我可以听到多少种鸟叫声？

How many birds am I hearing?

Where are they? Where are those ripples?

它们从哪里发出？传向哪里？

It's a great exercise for improving the quality of your listening.

这也是很好的练习

来改善我们的听觉能力

Third, this exercise I call "savoring," and this is a beautiful exercise.

第三点，我称之为品味声音

这是个很好的练习

It's about enjoying mundane sounds.

是关于享受平淡声音的

This, for example, is my tumble dryer.

比如说，这是我的滚筒式干衣机

(Dryer)

（干衣机）像华尔兹一样

It's a waltz -- one, two, three; one, two, three; one, two, three.

1－2－3，1－2－3，1－2－3

我喜欢它

I love it!

Or just try this one on for size.

或者试试这个

(Coffee grinder)

（咖啡研磨机）

Wow!

哇喔！

So, mundane sounds can be really interesting --

如果你用心，如此平凡的声音也可以这样有趣

if you pay attention.

我称其为隐形合唱团

I call that the "hidden choir" -- it's around us all the time.

他们一直都在我们周围

下一个练习

The next exercise is probably the most important of all of these,

也许是五项之中最重要的

如果只选一个的话

if you just take one thing away.

This is listening positions --

那就是倾听的状态--

the idea that you can move your listening position

你可以改变你倾听的状态

根据你所听的内容而定

to what's appropriate to what you're listening to.

这些要用到哪些过滤器

This is playing with those filters.

还记得吗，我开始的时候提到过的

Remember I gave you those filters?

像一个杠杆一样去运用它们

It's starting to play with them as levers,

根据它们来移动到不同的地方

to get conscious about them and to move to different places.

屏幕上只是一部分倾听的状态

These are just some of the listening positions,

或者是大家可以运用的倾听状态的一些尺度

or scales of listening positions, that you can use.

There are many.

还有许多

Have fun with that. It's very exciting.

它很有趣，很让人激动

And finally, an acronym.

最后，是一个缩略词

You can use this in listening, in communication.

你可以在倾听、交流时用到它

If you're in any one of those roles --

只要你处于其中一种情况下--

and I think that probably is everybody who's listening to this talk --

我想可能听这个演讲的在座各位都是吧--

the acronym is RASA,

这个缩写就是RASA

which is the Sanskrit word for "juice" or "essence."

它本身是个梵文

意思是汁液或者精华

And RASA stands for "Receive," which means pay attention to the person;

同时RASA这里代表着 接受

意思是关注于与你交谈的人

赏识，做出些反映

"Appreciate," making little noises like "hmm," "oh," "OK";

比如，恩，哦，好不错；

"Summarize" -- the word "so" is very important in communication;

小结 “所以，因此”这个词在交流中是非常重要的

以及 询问 最后的时候问些问题

and "Ask," ask questions afterwards.

Now sound is my passion, it's my life.

声音是我的爱好 我的生命

I wrote a whole book about it. So I live to listen.

我为此写了一本书，所以我为倾听而生

当然这对大多数人来说要求太高了

That's too much to ask for most people.

但是我相信每一个人

But I believe that every human being needs to listen consciously

都需要有意识的倾听

in order to live fully --

才是完整的生活--

把空间和时间

connected in space and in time to the physical world around us,

和我们周围的自然世界联系起来

connected in understanding to each other,

把每个人用相互理解联系起来

更不用说是精神层面的联系

not to mention spiritually connected,

因为每一个我了解的精神幽径

because every spiritual path I know of has listening and contemplation

都包括发自内心的倾听

和凝视

at its heart.

That's why we need to teach listening in our schools as a skill.

这就是为什么

我们需要在学校把倾听当作一个技能

去传授

Why is it not taught? It's crazy.

为什么实际情况却相反？太不可理解了

如果我们可以在学校里传授倾听技巧

And if we can teach listening in our schools,

we can take our listening off that slippery slope

可以阻止我们的听觉坠向我提到过的

to that dangerous, scary world that I talked about,

那个危险、可怕的世界

and move it to a place where everybody is consciously listening all the time,

并将其引导到一个每个人都乐于有意识的去倾听的地方--

or at least capable of doing it.

或者至少有能力去倾听

Now, I don't know how to do that,

现在还不知道如何做到这点

but this is TED,

但这就是TED

and I think the TED community is capable of anything.

我认为TED团体有能力做任何事情

So I invite you to connect with me, connect with each other,

因此我邀请大家联系我，同时彼此互相联系

take this mission out.

秉承这个使命，同时让倾听课程进入学校

And let's get listening taught in schools,

通过一代人的努力把世界变成一个乐于倾听的世界--

and transform the world in one generation

to a conscious, listening world -- a world of connection,

一个彼此联系的世界

a world of understanding

一个相互理解的世界 一个和平的世界

and a world of peace.

Thank you for listening to me today.

谢谢大家今天倾听我的演讲

(Applause)

（掌声）