5 ways to listen better | Julian Treasure | TED

4,653,740 views ・ 2011-07-29

TED


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Prevoditelj: Tilen Pigac - EFZG Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG
00:15
We are losing our listening.
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Gubimo naše slušanje.
00:18
We spend roughly 60 percent of our communication time listening,
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Ugrubo 60 posto vremena koje trošimo na komunikaciju provodimo slušajući.
00:22
but we're not very good at it.
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Ali nismo dobri u tome.
00:24
We retain just 25 percent of what we hear.
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Zadržimo samo 25 posto onoga što čujemo.
00:26
Now -- not you, not this talk,
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Ne vi, ne nužno ovaj govor,
00:28
but that is generally true.
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ali to je generalno točno.
00:29
(Laughter)
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Definirajmo slušanje
00:31
Let's define listening as making meaning from sound.
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kao proizvodnju značenja iz zvuka.
00:34
It's a mental process,
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To je mentalni proces,
00:36
and it's a process of extraction.
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i to je proces izvlačenja.
Koristimo neke prilično zanimljive tehnike da to napravimo.
00:39
We use some pretty cool techniques to do this.
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Jedna od njih je prepoznavanje uzorka.
00:41
One of them is pattern recognition.
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(Buka gomile) Dakle, na koktel zabavi poput ove,
00:43
(Crowd noises) So in a cocktail party like this,
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00:45
if I say, "David, Sara, pay attention" -- some of you just sat up.
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ako kažem, "David, Sara, obratite pozornost,"
neki od vas će sjesti uspravno.
00:49
We recognize patterns to distinguish noise from signal,
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Primjećujemo uzorke
kako bi razlikovali buku od signala,
00:53
and especially our name.
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i naročito naše ime.
00:55
Differencing is another technique we use.
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Diferenciranje je druga tehnika koju koristimo.
00:57
If I left this pink noise on for more than a couple of minutes,
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Kada bih pustio ovu ružičastu buku na nešto više od par minuta,
01:00
(Pink noise) you would literally cease to hear it.
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doslovno biste je prestali čuti.
Slušamo razlike,
01:03
We listen to differences; we discount sounds that remain the same.
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zanemarujemo zvukove koji ostaju isti.
A zatim postoji cijeli niz filtera.
01:08
And then there is a whole range of filters.
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Ti filtera nas odvode od svih zvukova
01:11
These filters take us from all sound
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01:13
down to what we pay attention to.
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na ono na što obraćamo pozornost.
01:15
Most people are entirely unconscious of these filters.
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Većina ljudi je potpuno nesvjesna
tih filtera.
01:19
But they actually create our reality in a way,
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Ali oni na neki način, zapravo, kreiraju našu stvarnost,
01:22
because they tell us what we're paying attention to right now.
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jer nam govore na što trenutno obraćamo pozornost.
01:25
I'll give you one example of that.
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Dati ću vam jedan primjer toga:
01:27
Intention is very important in sound, in listening.
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Namjera je vrlo važna u zvuku, u slušanju.
01:30
When I married my wife,
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Kada sam oženio svoju ženu,
01:32
I promised her I would listen to her every day
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obećao sam joj da ću je slušati svaki dan
01:34
as if for the first time.
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kao prvi puta.
Sada, to je nešto u čemu ne uspijevam na dnevnoj bazi.
01:37
Now that's something I fall short of on a daily basis.
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(Smijeh)
01:40
(Laughter)
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01:41
But it's a great intention to have in a relationship.
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Ali to je sjajna namjera koju možete imati u vezi.
01:44
(Laughter)
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Ali to nije sve.
01:45
But that's not all.
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Zvuk nas stavlja u prostor i vrijeme.
01:47
Sound places us in space and in time.
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Ukoliko zatvorite svoje oči upravo sada u ovoj prostoriji,
01:50
If you close your eyes right now in this room,
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01:52
you're aware of the size of the room
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svjesni ste veličine ove prostorije
zbog odjekivanja
01:55
from the reverberation and the bouncing of the sound off the surfaces;
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i odbijanja zvuka od površine.
01:58
you're aware of how many people are around you,
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I svjesni ste koliko ima ljudi oko vas
zbog mikro-buka koje primate.
02:01
because of the micro-noises you're receiving.
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02:03
And sound places us in time as well,
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I zvuk nas smještava u vrijeme također,
02:06
because sound always has time embedded in it.
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jer u zvuk je uvijek
uključeno i vrijeme.
02:09
In fact, I would suggest that our listening is the main way
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Zapravo, ja bih sugerirao kako je naše slušanje glavni način
02:12
that we experience the flow of time
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na koji doživljavamo protok vremena
02:14
from past to future.
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iz prošlosti prema budućnosti.
Dakle, "Zvučnost je vrijeme i značenje" -- izvrsna poslovica.
02:17
So, "Sonority is time and meaning" -- a great quote.
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Rekao sam na početku, kako gubimo naše slušanje.
02:20
I said at the beginning, we're losing our listening.
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Zašto sam to rekao?
02:22
Why did I say that?
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02:23
Well, there are a lot of reasons for this.
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Pa, postoji mnogo razloga za to.
02:25
First of all, we invented ways of recording --
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Kao prvo, izmislili smo načine snimanja --
prvo pisanje, zatim snimanje zvuka
02:28
first writing, then audio recording and now video recording as well.
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i sada snimanje video zapisa također.
02:31
The premium on accurate and careful listening has simply disappeared.
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Nagrada za točno i pažljivo slušanje
je jednostavno nestala.
02:36
Secondly, the world is now so noisy,
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Drugo, svijet je sada toliko bučan,
02:39
(Noise) with this cacophony going on visually and auditorily,
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(Buka) sa svom tom kakofonijom
vizualno i auditivno,
02:44
it's just hard to listen;
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da je jednostavno teško slušati;
02:46
it's tiring to listen.
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zamarajuće je slušati.
02:48
Many people take refuge in headphones,
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Mnogi ljudi potraže zaklon u naglavnim slušalicama,
02:50
but they turn big, public spaces like this,
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ali oni pretvaraju velike, javne prostore poput ovog,
02:53
shared soundscapes,
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zajedničke zvučne krajolike,
02:55
into millions of tiny, little personal sound bubbles.
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u milijune sićušnih, malih osobnih zvučnih mjehurića.
02:59
In this scenario, nobody's listening to anybody.
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U tom scenariju, nitko ne sluša nikoga.
Postajemo nestrpljivi.
03:03
We're becoming impatient.
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Više ne želimo govorništvo,
03:05
We don't want oratory anymore; we want sound bites.
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želimo dijeliće zvuka.
03:08
And the art of conversation is being replaced -- dangerously, I think --
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A umjetnost razgovora
se zamjenjuje -- što je opasno, mislim --
03:12
by personal broadcasting.
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osobnim emitiranjem.
03:14
I don't know how much listening there is in this conversation,
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Ne znam koliko ima slušanja u ovom razgovoru,
što je nažalost vrlo često,
03:18
which is sadly very common, especially in the UK.
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naročito u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu.
03:21
We're becoming desensitized.
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Postajemo neosjetljivi.
03:23
Our media have to scream at us with these kinds of headlines
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Naši mediji moraju vrištati na nas sa svim tim vrstama naslovnica
03:26
in order to get our attention.
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kako bi zadobili našu pažnju.
03:28
And that means it's harder for us to pay attention
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A to znači kako nam je teže obraćati pozornost
na tiho, suptilno,
03:31
to the quiet, the subtle, the understated.
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nenametljivo.
03:35
This is a serious problem that we're losing our listening.
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To što gubimo naše slušanje je ozbiljan problem.
03:38
This is not trivial,
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To nije trivijalno.
03:40
because listening is our access to understanding.
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Jer slušanje je naš pristup shvaćanju.
Svjesno slušanje uvijek stvara shvaćanje.
03:44
Conscious listening always creates understanding,
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03:47
and only without conscious listening
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A jedino bez svjesnog slušanja
03:50
can these things happen.
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se te stvari mogu dogoditi --
03:52
A world where we don't listen to each other at all
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svijet u kojem ne slušamo jedni druge uopće,
je doista jako zastrašujuće mjesto.
03:55
is a very scary place indeed.
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Stoga bih volio s vama podijeliti
03:59
So I'd like to share with you five simple exercises,
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pet jednostavnih vježbi, alata koje možete nositi sa sobom,
04:02
tools you can take away with you,
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kako bi poboljšali vaše vlastito svjesno slušanje.
04:04
to improve your own conscious listening.
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Biste li voljeli to?
04:06
Would you like that?
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04:07
Audience: Yes!
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(Publika: Da.) Dobro.
04:08
Good. The first one is silence.
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Prvi je šutnja.
04:11
Just three minutes a day of silence is a wonderful exercise
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Samo tri minute šutnje na dan
je prekrasna vježba
04:15
to reset your ears and to recalibrate,
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kako biste resetirali svoju uha i ponovno ih kalibrirali
04:17
so that you can hear the quiet again.
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kako biste ponovno mogli čuti tišinu.
Ukoliko ne možete imati apsolutnu tišinu,
04:20
If you can't get absolute silence,
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04:21
go for quiet, that's absolutely fine.
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idite za tihim, to je potpuno u redu.
04:24
Second, I call this "the mixer."
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Drugo, zovem to mikserom.
04:27
(Noise) So even if you're in a noisy environment like this --
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(Buka) Dakle, čak i kada ste u bučnom okruženju poput ovog --
a svi mi provodimo puno vremena na mjestima poput ovog --
04:31
and we all spend a lot of time in places like this --
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04:33
listen in the coffee bar to how many channels of sound can I hear?
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slušajte u kafiću
koliko mnogo kanala zvuka možete čuti?
04:37
How many individual channels in that mix am I listening to?
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Koliko pojedinačnih kanala u tom miksu ja slušam?
04:40
You can do it in a beautiful place as well, like in a lake.
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Možete to raditi i na lijepom mjestu isto tako, poput jezera.
Koliko ptica čujem?
04:44
How many birds am I hearing?
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04:45
Where are they? Where are those ripples?
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Gdje su? Gdje je to mreškanje?
04:47
It's a great exercise for improving the quality of your listening.
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To je odlična vježba
za poboljšanje kvalitete vašeg slušanja.
04:52
Third, this exercise I call "savoring," and this is a beautiful exercise.
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Treće, ovu vježbu zovem uživanje,
i to je prekrasna vježba.
04:56
It's about enjoying mundane sounds.
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Radi se o uživanju u svakodnevnim zvukovima.
04:58
This, for example, is my tumble dryer.
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Ovo, na primjer, je moja sušilica rublja.
05:01
(Dryer)
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(Sušilica) To je valcer.
05:02
It's a waltz -- one, two, three; one, two, three; one, two, three.
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Jedan, dva, tri. Jedan, dva, tri. Jedan dva tri.
Volim je.
05:07
I love it!
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05:08
Or just try this one on for size.
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Ili jednostavno isprobajte ovaj za veličinu.
05:10
(Coffee grinder)
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(Mlin za kavu)
05:19
Wow!
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Vau!
05:21
So, mundane sounds can be really interesting --
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Tako svakodnevni zvukovi mogu doista biti zanimljivi ako obratite pozornost.
05:23
if you pay attention.
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Zovem to skrivenim zborom.
05:24
I call that the "hidden choir" -- it's around us all the time.
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Nalazi se oko nas cijelo vrijeme.
Iduća vježba
05:28
The next exercise is probably the most important of all of these,
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je vjerojatno najvažnija od svih,
ukoliko maknete samo jednu stvar.
05:32
if you just take one thing away.
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05:33
This is listening positions --
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To je pozicije slušanja --
05:35
the idea that you can move your listening position
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ideja da možete pomaknuti svoju poziciju slušanja
onome što je prikladno ka onome što slušate.
05:39
to what's appropriate to what you're listening to.
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To je igranje s tim filterima.
05:41
This is playing with those filters.
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Sjećate li se, dao sam vam te filtere na početku.
05:43
Remember I gave you those filters?
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To je početak igre s njima kao polugama,
05:45
It's starting to play with them as levers,
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kako biste postali svjesni njih i kako bi ih pomicali na različita mjesta.
05:47
to get conscious about them and to move to different places.
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To su samo neke od pozicija slušanja,
05:50
These are just some of the listening positions,
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ili ljestvice pozicija slušanja, koje možete koristiti.
05:52
or scales of listening positions, that you can use.
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05:54
There are many.
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Ima ih mnogo.
05:56
Have fun with that. It's very exciting.
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Zabavite se s time. Vrlo je uzbudljivo.
05:58
And finally, an acronym.
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I naposljetku, akronim.
06:00
You can use this in listening, in communication.
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Možete to koristiti u slušanju, u komunikaciji.
06:03
If you're in any one of those roles --
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Ukoliko se nalazite u bilo kojoj od tih uloga --
06:05
and I think that probably is everybody who's listening to this talk --
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a mislim kako je to vjerojatno svatko tko sluša ovaj govor --
06:09
the acronym is RASA,
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akronim je RASA,
06:11
which is the Sanskrit word for "juice" or "essence."
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što je riječ iz Sanskrsta
za sok ili srž.
06:15
And RASA stands for "Receive," which means pay attention to the person;
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A RASA znači primiti,
što znači obratiti pozornost na osobu;
Cijeniti, proizvoditi male zvukove
06:20
"Appreciate," making little noises like "hmm," "oh," "OK";
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poput hmm, o, u redu;
06:23
"Summarize" -- the word "so" is very important in communication;
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Sumirati, riječ 'dakle' je jako važna u komunikaciji;
i 'pitati', postavljati naknadno pitanja.
06:27
and "Ask," ask questions afterwards.
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06:30
Now sound is my passion, it's my life.
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Sada, zvuk je moja strast, on je moj život.
06:32
I wrote a whole book about it. So I live to listen.
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Napisao sam cijelu knjigu o tome. Stoga volim slušati.
To je previše za tražiti od većine ljudi.
06:35
That's too much to ask for most people.
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Ali vjerujem kako svako ljudsko biće
06:38
But I believe that every human being needs to listen consciously
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mora svjesno slušati
06:41
in order to live fully --
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kako bi moglo potpuno živjeti --
spojeno u prostoru i vremenu
06:44
connected in space and in time to the physical world around us,
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s fizičkim svjetom oko nas,
06:47
connected in understanding to each other,
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spojeno u međusobnom shvaćanju,
a da ne spominjem duhovnu povezanost,
06:50
not to mention spiritually connected,
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jer svaki duhovni put koji poznajem
06:52
because every spiritual path I know of has listening and contemplation
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ima slušanje i kontemplaciju
u svojoj srži.
06:56
at its heart.
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06:57
That's why we need to teach listening in our schools as a skill.
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Zato
moramo podučavati slušanje u našim školama
kao vještinu.
07:03
Why is it not taught? It's crazy.
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Zašto se ne podučava? To je ludo.
A ako možemo podučavati slušanje u našim školama,
07:06
And if we can teach listening in our schools,
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07:08
we can take our listening off that slippery slope
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možemo maknuti naše slušanje s te skliske padine
07:11
to that dangerous, scary world that I talked about,
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u taj opasni, zastrašujući svijet o kojem sam govorio
07:13
and move it to a place where everybody is consciously listening all the time,
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i premjestiti ga na mjesto gdje svi slušaju svjesno cijelo vrijeme --
07:17
or at least capable of doing it.
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ili gdje smo barem sposobni to raditi.
07:19
Now, I don't know how to do that,
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Sada, ne znam kako to učiniti,
07:21
but this is TED,
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ali ovo je TED,
07:23
and I think the TED community is capable of anything.
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i mislim kako je TED zajednica sposobna uraditi bilošto.
07:26
So I invite you to connect with me, connect with each other,
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Stoga vas pozivam da se povežete sa mnom, povežete jedni s drugima,
07:29
take this mission out.
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iznesete ovu misiju van i učinimo da se slušanje podučava u školama,
07:31
And let's get listening taught in schools,
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i preobrazi svijet u jednoj generaciji u svijet svjesnog slušanja --
07:33
and transform the world in one generation
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07:35
to a conscious, listening world -- a world of connection,
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svijet povezanosti,
07:37
a world of understanding
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svijet shvaćanja i svijet mira.
07:39
and a world of peace.
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07:40
Thank you for listening to me today.
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Hvala vam što ste me slušali danas.
07:42
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

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