5 ways to listen better | Julian Treasure | TED

譯者: Ana Choi 審譯者: Sean Chuang

We are losing our listening.

我們正在失去傾聽的能力。

We spend roughly 60 percent of our communication time listening,

我們花大約60％的時間傾聽我們的溝通，

but we're not very good at it.

但我們不是傾聽得很有效。

We retain just 25 percent of what we hear.

我們只保留我們聽到的25％。

Now -- not you, not this talk,

不是說你現在，不是說這演說，

but that is generally true.

但這是一般是事實。

(Laughter)

讓我們定義傾聽

Let's define listening as making meaning from sound.

為從聽聲音搜索到意思。

It's a mental process,

這是一個心理過程，

and it's a process of extraction.

一個提取的過程。

我們使用一些很酷的技術來做到這一點。

We use some pretty cool techniques to do this.

其中一樣是模式識別。

One of them is pattern recognition.

（人群噪音）例如在一個雞尾酒會這樣，

(Crowd noises) So in a cocktail party like this,

if I say, "David, Sara, pay attention" -- some of you just sat up.

假如我說：「大衛，薩拉，注意， 」

你們有些便會坐起來。

We recognize patterns to distinguish noise from signal,

我們認識到模式

來區分噪聲的信號，

and especially our name.

尤其是我們的名字。

Differencing is another technique we use.

「過濾削減法」是我們使用的另一種技術。

If I left this pink noise on for more than a couple of minutes,

如果我讓這吵雜的聲音播放着兩分鐘，

(Pink noise) you would literally cease to hear it.

你會漸漸停止聽到它。

我們辨聽到差異，

We listen to differences; we discount sounds that remain the same.

我們對保持不變的聲音逐漸地不理會。

接著便是一個整體範圍的過濾器。

And then there is a whole range of filters.

這些過濾器把我們帶到所有的聲音

These filters take us from all sound

down to what we pay attention to.

直至到我們注意的聲音。

Most people are entirely unconscious of these filters.

大部分人是對這些過濾器

完全​​無意識的。

But they actually create our reality in a way,

但它們實際上創造了

because they tell us what we're paying attention to right now.

我們的現實，因為它們正在告訴我們現在正在關注什麼。

I'll give you one example of that.

給你們一個例子：

Intention is very important in sound, in listening.

聽和聲音的意圖是非常重要的。

When I married my wife,

當我太太嫁給我時，

I promised her I would listen to her every day

我答應她我會每天聽從她

as if for the first time.

彷彿像是第一次一樣。

現在，這是我每天功虧一簣的事情。

Now that's something I fall short of on a daily basis.

(笑聲)

(Laughter)

But it's a great intention to have in a relationship.

但對關係它是一個偉大的意圖。

(Laughter)

但這還不是全部。

But that's not all.

聲音將我們放在空間和時間。

Sound places us in space and in time.

如果你現在在這個房間裡閉上眼睛，

If you close your eyes right now in this room,

you're aware of the size of the room

你會從混響和聲音

彈跳離開不同表面

from the reverberation and the bouncing of the sound off the surfaces;

而察覺到房間的大小。

you're aware of how many people are around you,

而從收到周圍的微噪音

你便會察覺到有多少人。

because of the micro-noises you're receiving.

And sound places us in time as well,

而聲音更加把我們察覺到時間

because sound always has time embedded in it.

因為聲音總是有

時間嵌入其中。

In fact, I would suggest that our listening is the main way

其實，我認為，聆聽是我們主要途徑

that we experience the flow of time

來讓我們經歷時間從過去

from past to future.

到未來的流動。

那麼，“聲響是時間和意義” -- 一個偉大的引用句。

So, "Sonority is time and meaning" -- a great quote.

在一開始我說，我們正在失去我們的聽力。

I said at the beginning, we're losing our listening.

為什麼我這樣說呢？

Why did I say that?

Well, there are a lot of reasons for this.

有很多原因的。

First of all, we invented ways of recording --

第一，我們發明了記錄的方法

首先, 寫作，然後錄音

first writing, then audio recording and now video recording as well.

和以及現在, 錄像。

The premium on accurate and careful listening has simply disappeared.

那獨特的準確和仔細的聆聽

簡直已消失了。

Secondly, the world is now so noisy,

其次，世界上現在那麼吵，

(Noise) with this cacophony going on visually and auditorily,

(噪音）與此視覺

和聽覺的雜音，

it's just hard to listen;

是十分很難聆聽，

it's tiring to listen.

要聆聽很是累人。

Many people take refuge in headphones,

許多人躲避於聽筒內，

but they turn big, public spaces like this,

但他們因此將這又大，又公眾共享

shared soundscapes,

音景的場所，

into millions of tiny, little personal sound bubbles.

改變成為百萬個微小的和個人的聲音小氣泡。

In this scenario, nobody's listening to anybody.

在這種情況下，沒有人在聆聽任何人。

我們越來越不耐煩。

We're becoming impatient.

我們不希望再聽演講，

We don't want oratory anymore; we want sound bites.

我們只擷取片段的句子。

And the art of conversation is being replaced -- dangerously, I think --

而談話的藝術被

危險地替換成為--我認為的 --

by personal broadcasting.

由個人廣播。

I don't know how much listening there is in this conversation,

我不知道有多少人在聽這次談話，

這是很可悲的普遍，

which is sadly very common, especially in the UK.

尤其是在英國。

We're becoming desensitized.

我們變得麻木。

Our media have to scream at us with these kinds of headlines

為以獲得我們的注意力, 我們的媒體紛紛在用

in order to get our attention.

這類型的標題以博取我們的注意。

And that means it's harder for us to pay attention

這意味著我們漸有困難地注意

安靜，含蓄

to the quiet, the subtle, the understated.

和低調的事物。

This is a serious problem that we're losing our listening.

這是一個嚴重的問題，我們正在失去我們的聆聽力。

This is not trivial,

這不是小事。

because listening is our access to understanding.

因為聆聽力是我們獲得理解的通路。

有意識的聆聽總會創造有意識的理解。

Conscious listening always creates understanding,

and only without conscious listening

而只有無意識的聆聽

can these things happen.

能令這些事情發生 --

A world where we don't listen to each other at all

變成這個世界上，我們不再傾聽對方的一切，

變成一個非常可怕的地方。

is a very scary place indeed.

所以我想與大家

So I'd like to share with you five simple exercises,

分享可以採取的, 五個簡單的練習工具，

tools you can take away with you,

來提高你自己的意識和聆聽力。

to improve your own conscious listening.

你想要嗎？

Would you like that?

Audience: Yes!

（觀眾：想要。）好。

Good. The first one is silence.

第一: 是沉默。

Just three minutes a day of silence is a wonderful exercise

僅僅每天三分鐘的沉默

是一種奇妙的練習，

to reset your ears and to recalibrate,

以重復你的耳朵，並重新調整，

so that you can hear the quiet again.

使你能聽到安靜。

如果你不能得到絕對的沉默，

If you can't get absolute silence,

go for quiet, that's absolutely fine.

去一個較安靜的地方，這是沒有問題的。

Second, I call this "the mixer."

第二，我稱此為混合器。

(Noise) So even if you're in a noisy environment like this --

（噪音）即使你在一個這樣嘈雜的環境中 --

我們都花很多時間在這樣的地方 --

and we all spend a lot of time in places like this --

listen in the coffee bar to how many channels of sound can I hear?

在咖啡吧試試可以聽到

多少聲音的頻道？

How many individual channels in that mix am I listening to?

你實際上在聽到多少不同的頻道呢？

You can do it in a beautiful place as well, like in a lake.

你可以在一個美麗的地方練習，像一個湖泊。

你在聽到多少隻鳥呢？

How many birds am I hearing?

Where are they? Where are those ripples?

牠們在哪裡？波紋在哪裡呢？

It's a great exercise for improving the quality of your listening.

這是一個很好的

鍛煉來提高你聆聽的素質。

Third, this exercise I call "savoring," and this is a beautiful exercise.

第三，這項練習我稱之為品嚐，

這是一個美麗的練習。

It's about enjoying mundane sounds.

這是關於享受平凡的聲音。

This, for example, is my tumble dryer.

例如，我的乾衣機。

(Dryer)

（乾衣機）這是一首華爾茲。

It's a waltz -- one, two, three; one, two, three; one, two, three.

一，二，三。一，二，三。一二三。

我喜歡它。

I love it!

Or just try this one on for size.

或者試試這個。

(Coffee grinder)

（磨咖啡機）

Wow!

哇！

So, mundane sounds can be really interesting --

所以，如果你留意, 平凡的聲音會很有趣。

if you pay attention.

我稱之為隱藏的合唱團。

I call that the "hidden choir" -- it's around us all the time.

我們身邊通通皆是。

接下來的練習

The next exercise is probably the most important of all of these,

可能是這些最重要的，

若然你只採取一樣練習。

if you just take one thing away.

This is listening positions --

這是聆聽的位置 --

the idea that you can move your listening position

意思是，你可以移動你聆聽的位置

到適合你聆聽的什麼。

to what's appropriate to what you're listening to.

這是把弄那些過濾器。

This is playing with those filters.

你還記得嗎？我開始時給你們這些過濾器。

Remember I gave you those filters?

開始將它們如槓桿般把弄，

It's starting to play with them as levers,

以獲得有關它們的知覺和移動到不同的地方。

to get conscious about them and to move to different places.

這些只是一些可以使用的聆聽位置，

These are just some of the listening positions,

或尺度聽的位置。

or scales of listening positions, that you can use.

There are many.

有很多。

Have fun with that. It's very exciting.

很有樂趣的。非常令人興奮。

And finally, an acronym.

最後，一個縮寫。

You can use this in listening, in communication.

你可以在聆聽上和在溝通上使用這個。

If you're in any one of those roles --

如果你在這任何一個些任務 --

and I think that probably is everybody who's listening to this talk --

我認為這可能是在聽這談論的任何人 --

the acronym is RASA,

縮寫是RASA，

which is the Sanskrit word for "juice" or "essence."

這是梵文,

意思是果汁或本質。

And RASA stands for "Receive," which means pay attention to the person;

而RASA的R代表要接收，

意思是要注意著人;

要賞識，製造小噪音

"Appreciate," making little noises like "hmm," "oh," "OK";

像嗯，哦，還好;

"Summarize" -- the word "so" is very important in communication;

要總結，"因此"這個詞在溝通是非常重要;

並且要問，之後提出問題。

and "Ask," ask questions afterwards.

Now sound is my passion, it's my life.

現在，聲音是我的激情，是我的生命。

I wrote a whole book about it. So I live to listen.

我對於這個寫了一整本書。所以，我活著為了聆聽。

這對大多數人是過分的要求。

That's too much to ask for most people.

但我相信每個人

But I believe that every human being needs to listen consciously

為了充分體驗生活

in order to live fully --

需要有意識地傾聽 --

來連接在我們身邊

connected in space and in time to the physical world around us,

物理世界的空間和時間，

connected in understanding to each other,

來連接相互理解，

更何況是精神上的相連，

not to mention spiritually connected,

因為我知道每一個精神心路上的歷程

because every spiritual path I know of has listening and contemplation

都以聆聽和沉思

為核心。

at its heart.

That's why we need to teach listening in our schools as a skill.

這就是為什麼

我們要在學校需要教聆聽

為一門技能。

Why is it not taught? It's crazy.

為什麼不教這個？這實在是瘋狂。

如果我們可以在學校教導聽聆，

And if we can teach listening in our schools,

we can take our listening off that slippery slope

我們可以把我們的聆聽能力拉回來,

to that dangerous, scary world that I talked about,

避免滑落去這個我談及的危險和可怕的世界，

and move it to a place where everybody is consciously listening all the time,

並將其移動到一個大家在任何時間都自覺地聆聽著對方的地方，

or at least capable of doing it.

-- 或至少有能力這樣做的地方。

Now, I don't know how to do that,

現在我不知道該怎麼做，

but this is TED,

但這是TED，

and I think the TED community is capable of anything.

我覺得的TED社群是有能力做任何事情。

So I invite you to connect with me, connect with each other,

因此，我邀請你與我連縶，與每個人相互連接，

take this mission out.

採取這個任務，讓我們在學校教導聽聆，

And let's get listening taught in schools,

改造世界的一代成為有意識地傾聽的世界 --

and transform the world in one generation

to a conscious, listening world -- a world of connection,

一個有連縶的世界，

a world of understanding

一個有理解和和平的世界。

and a world of peace.

Thank you for listening to me today.

謝謝今天你的聆聽。

(Applause)

（掌聲）