Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: The danger of a single story | TED

14,089,006 views ใƒป 2009-10-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shahar Kaiser ืžื‘ืงืจ: osnat mader willensky
00:12
I'm a storyteller.
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ืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจืช-ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
00:14
And I would like to tell you a few personal stories
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื
00:17
about what I like to call "the danger of the single story."
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื›ื ื•ืช "ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“".
00:22
I grew up on a university campus in eastern Nigeria.
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ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
00:26
My mother says that I started reading at the age of two,
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ืื™ืžื™ ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
00:29
although I think four is probably close to the truth.
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ื•ืื•ืœื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืžืช.
00:33
So I was an early reader,
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื. ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืจืืชื™
00:35
and what I read were British and American children's books.
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ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
00:39
I was also an early writer,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื’ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื.
00:42
and when I began to write, at about the age of seven,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืข ืœืขืจืš,
00:46
stories in pencil with crayon illustrations
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ืขื ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื
00:48
that my poor mother was obligated to read,
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ืฉืื™ืžื™ ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื” ืื•ืœืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื,
00:51
I wrote exactly the kinds of stories I was reading:
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืงืจืืชื™.
00:55
All my characters were white and blue-eyed,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืชื›ื•ืœื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
01:00
they played in the snow,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ื‘ืฉืœื’.
01:02
they ate apples,
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ื”ื ืื›ืœื• ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื.
01:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:06
and they talked a lot about the weather,
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ื•ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
01:08
how lovely it was that the sun had come out.
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื™ืฆืื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื.
01:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:12
Now, this despite the fact that I lived in Nigeria.
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ื•ื–ืืช, ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
01:15
I had never been outside Nigeria.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
01:19
We didn't have snow, we ate mangoes,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื ื• ืฉืœื’. ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื ื’ื•.
01:22
and we never talked about the weather,
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
01:24
because there was no need to.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฆื•ืจืš.
01:26
My characters also drank a lot of ginger beer,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืฉืชื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืช ื–ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืœ
01:29
because the characters in the British books I read
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
01:31
drank ginger beer.
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ืฉืชื• ื‘ื™ืจืช ื–ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืœ
01:33
Never mind that I had no idea what ginger beer was.
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ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื”ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืจืช ื–ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืœ
01:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:37
And for many years afterwards,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ื ื•ืืฉ
01:39
I would have a desperate desire to taste ginger beer.
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ืœื˜ืขื•ื ื‘ื™ืจืช ื–ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืœ.
01:42
But that is another story.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
01:44
What this demonstrates, I think,
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™
01:46
is how impressionable and vulnerable we are
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ื• ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
01:49
in the face of a story,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
01:51
particularly as children.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
01:53
Because all I had read were books in which characters were foreign,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืจื™ื
ื‘ื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ืชื™,
01:57
I had become convinced that books
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขืช ืฉืกืคืจื™ื
01:59
by their very nature had to have foreigners in them
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ืžืขืฆื ื˜ื™ื‘ื, ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื,
02:02
and had to be about things with which I could not personally identify.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ืชื‘ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ
ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืื™ืชื
02:07
Now, things changed when I discovered African books.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื.
02:11
There weren't many of them available,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื. ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื•
02:13
and they weren't quite as easy to find as the foreign books.
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ืงืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ื.
ืืš ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆ'ื ื•ืื” ืืฆ'ื‘ื” ื•ืงืืžืจื” ืœืื™ื”
02:16
But because of writers like Chinua Achebe and Camara Laye,
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02:19
I went through a mental shift in my perception of literature.
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ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื™
ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช.
02:23
I realized that people like me,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื™,
02:25
girls with skin the color of chocolate,
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ื ืขืจื•ืช ืขื ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“
02:27
whose kinky hair could not form ponytails,
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ืฉืฉื™ืขืจืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื–ืœ ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ื–ื ื‘-ืกื•ืก
02:30
could also exist in literature.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืฃ ื”ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช.
02:32
I started to write about things I recognized.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืจืชื™.
02:36
Now, I loved those American and British books I read.
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ืื ื™ ืืžื ื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืงืจืืชื™.
02:40
They stirred my imagination. They opened up new worlds for me.
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ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ืชื• ืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™. ื”ื ืคืชื—ื• ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื™.
02:44
But the unintended consequence
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ืืš ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืฉืœื”ื
02:46
was that I did not know that people like me
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื™
02:48
could exist in literature.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช.
02:50
So what the discovery of African writers did for me was this:
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืชืจื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื›ืš:
02:54
It saved me from having a single story of what books are.
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ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืžื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“
ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื ืกืคืจื™ื.
02:59
I come from a conventional, middle-class Nigerian family.
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ืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ื™ื’ืจื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™.
03:02
My father was a professor.
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ืื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ.
03:04
My mother was an administrator.
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ืื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื ื”ืœื ื™ืช.
03:07
And so we had, as was the norm,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•, ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ,
03:10
live-in domestic help, who would often come from nearby rural villages.
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ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื.
03:15
So, the year I turned eight, we got a new house boy.
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ื•ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื” ืžืœืื• ืœื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื ืขืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืขื–ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
03:19
His name was Fide.
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ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ื“'ื”.
03:21
The only thing my mother told us about him was that his family was very poor.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืื™ืžื™ ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื ื• ืขืœื™ื•
ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืขื ื™ื™ื” ืžืื“.
03:27
My mother sent yams and rice, and our old clothes, to his family.
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ืื™ืžื™ ื ื”ื’ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื‘ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืจื–,
ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ืืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•.
03:32
And when I didn't finish my dinner, my mother would say,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืืจื•ื—ื” ืื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืžืจืช,
03:34
"Finish your food! Don't you know? People like Fide's family have nothing."
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"ืกื™ื™ืžื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ! ืืช ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช? ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื“'ื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื".
03:39
So I felt enormous pity for Fide's family.
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ื•ื›ืš ื—ืฉืชื™ ื—ืžืœื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื“'ื”.
03:43
Then one Saturday, we went to his village to visit,
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ื•ืื– ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ืื—ื“ ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœื›ืคืจื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ.
03:46
and his mother showed us a beautifully patterned basket
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ื•ืื™ืžื• ื”ืจืืชื” ืœื ื• ืกืœ ื™ืคื™ืคื”, ืžืขืฉื” ืžืงืœืขืช ืžืงื•ืฉื˜ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช,
03:50
made of dyed raffia that his brother had made.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื“ืงืœ ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉ, ืฉืื—ื™ื• ืงืœืข.
03:53
I was startled.
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ื ื“ื”ืžืชื™.
03:55
It had not occurred to me that anybody in his family
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ืœื ื”ืขืœื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืžืฉืคื—ืชื•
03:58
could actually make something.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•.
04:01
All I had heard about them was how poor they were,
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ื›ืœ ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ื,
04:04
so that it had become impossible for me to see them as anything else but poor.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœืจืื•ืชื
ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ื–ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืขื ื™ื™ื.
04:09
Their poverty was my single story of them.
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ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
04:13
Years later, I thought about this when I left Nigeria
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ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”
04:15
to go to university in the United States.
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
04:18
I was 19.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืช ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื”.
04:20
My American roommate was shocked by me.
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ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืžื” ืžืžื ื™.
04:24
She asked where I had learned to speak English so well,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘,
04:27
and was confused when I said that Nigeria
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื ื™ืชื™ ืœื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”
04:29
happened to have English as its official language.
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ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช.
04:33
She asked if she could listen to what she called my "tribal music,"
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžืžื ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื ืชื” "ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืช" ืฉืœื™
04:38
and was consequently very disappointed
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ืคื•ื ืžืื“ ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘ืช
04:40
when I produced my tape of Mariah Carey.
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื” ืงืกื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžืืจื™ื” ืงืืจื™.
04:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:45
She assumed that I did not know how to use a stove.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืื™ืš
ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ.
04:49
What struck me was this:
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”: ื”ื™ื ืจื™ื—ืžื” ืขืœื™
04:51
She had felt sorry for me even before she saw me.
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ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืจืืชื” ืื•ืชื™.
04:54
Her default position toward me, as an African,
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ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ืฉืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื›ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
04:58
was a kind of patronizing, well-meaning pity.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื ืฉืืช.
05:02
My roommate had a single story of Africa:
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ืœืฉื•ืชืคื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
05:05
a single story of catastrophe.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขืœ ืืกื•ืŸ.
05:08
In this single story,
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
05:09
there was no possibility of Africans being similar to her in any way,
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ืฉืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš.
05:14
no possibility of feelings more complex than pity,
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ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืจื—ืžื™ื.
05:17
no possibility of a connection as human equals.
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ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื.
05:21
I must say that before I went to the U.S.,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื
05:23
I didn't consciously identify as African.
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ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ื›ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
05:26
But in the U.S., whenever Africa came up, people turned to me.
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ื•ืื•ืœื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื ื• ืืœื™.
05:29
Never mind that I knew nothing about places like Namibia.
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ืžื™ื‘ื™ื”.
05:33
But I did come to embrace this new identity,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
05:35
and in many ways I think of myself now as African.
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
05:38
Although I still get quite irritable when Africa is referred to as a country,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื ืœื™ ื›ืืฉืจ
ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ืืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
05:42
the most recent example being my otherwise wonderful flight
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื” ืžื˜ื™ืกื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช
05:46
from Lagos two days ago,
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ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืื’ื•ืก (ื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”) ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”
05:47
in which there was an announcement on the Virgin flight
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ืจื’'ื™ืŸ
05:50
about the charity work in "India, Africa and other countries."
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ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” "ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช".
05:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:56
So, after I had spent some years in the U.S. as an African,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืื•ืชื ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
06:00
I began to understand my roommate's response to me.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ืœืคื™.
06:04
If I had not grown up in Nigeria,
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ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
06:06
and if all I knew about Africa were from popular images,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื,
06:09
I too would think that Africa was a place of beautiful landscapes,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืฃ ืื ื™ ืชื•ืคืกืช ืืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ
ื ื•ืคื™ื ืขื•ืฆืจื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื•ืช,
06:14
beautiful animals,
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06:16
and incomprehensible people,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
06:18
fighting senseless wars, dying of poverty and AIDS,
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ืฉื ืœื—ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืืœื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืชื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืžืื™ื™ื“ืก,
06:21
unable to speak for themselves
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ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืขืฆืžื,
06:24
and waiting to be saved by a kind, white foreigner.
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ื•ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ,
ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘.
06:29
I would see Africans in the same way that I,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืจืื™ืชื™,
06:31
as a child, had seen Fide's family.
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ื›ื™ืœื“ื”, ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื“'ื”.
06:35
This single story of Africa ultimately comes, I think, from Western literature.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžื’ื™ืข, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™, ืžื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
06:39
Now, here is a quote from the writing of a London merchant called John Lok,
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ื”ื ื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš
ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ื—ืจ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืง,
06:44
who sailed to west Africa in 1561
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ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1561,
06:47
and kept a fascinating account of his voyage.
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ื•ืฉืžืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืžืจืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื•.
06:52
After referring to the black Africans as "beasts who have no houses,"
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ืื—ืจื™ ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
ื›-"ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ื",
06:56
he writes, "They are also people without heads,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘, "ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืจืืฉื™ื,
07:00
having their mouth and eyes in their breasts."
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ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื”".
07:05
Now, I've laughed every time I've read this.
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ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืืช ื–ื”.
07:07
And one must admire the imagination of John Lok.
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื• ื”ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืง.
07:11
But what is important about his writing
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•
07:13
is that it represents the beginning
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื”
07:15
of a tradition of telling African stories in the West:
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ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
07:18
A tradition of Sub-Saharan Africa as a place of negatives,
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ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืกื”ืจื”, ื›ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ืœื”,
07:21
of difference, of darkness,
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ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™, ืฉืœ ืืคืœื”,
07:23
of people who, in the words of the wonderful poet Rudyard Kipling,
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื, ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ื ื”ื“ืจ
ืจื•ื“ื™ืืจื“ ืงื™ืคืœื™ื ื’
07:29
are "half devil, half child."
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"ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื“, ื—ืฆื™ ื™ืœื“".
07:32
And so, I began to realize that my American roommate
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ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืฉืœื™
07:35
must have throughout her life
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ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”
07:37
seen and heard different versions of this single story,
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ืจืืชื” ื•ืฉืžืขื” ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”,
07:41
as had a professor,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ,
07:43
who once told me that my novel was not "authentically African."
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ืฉืคืขื ืื—ืช ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืื™ื ื• "ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™".
07:48
Now, I was quite willing to contend
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืžื ื ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
07:49
that there were a number of things wrong with the novel,
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ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ,
07:52
that it had failed in a number of places,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.
07:56
but I had not quite imagined that it had failed
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ืืš ื”ืชืงืฉื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ืฉืœ
07:58
at achieving something called African authenticity.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• "ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช".
08:01
In fact, I did not know what African authenticity was.
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ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืžื”
ื”ื™ื "ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช".
08:06
The professor told me that my characters were too much like him,
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ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ
ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืœื• ืขืฆืžื• -
08:10
an educated and middle-class man.
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ืื“ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™.
08:12
My characters drove cars.
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ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื ืกืขื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
08:14
They were not starving.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื’ื•ื•ืขื• ื‘ืจืขื‘.
08:17
Therefore they were not authentically African.
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ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื—ืคื• ืž-"ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช".
08:21
But I must quickly add that I too am just as guilty
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืฉืœืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”
08:24
in the question of the single story.
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ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“".
08:27
A few years ago, I visited Mexico from the U.S.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
08:31
The political climate in the U.S. at the time was tense,
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ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ื—.
08:33
and there were debates going on about immigration.
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ื•ื ืขืจื›ื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื”.
08:37
And, as often happens in America,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
08:39
immigration became synonymous with Mexicans.
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ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื ืจื“ืคืช ืœืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ื.
08:42
There were endless stories of Mexicans
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ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ-ืกืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ื
08:44
as people who were fleecing the healthcare system,
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ื›ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•
ืขื•ืฉืงื™ื ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
08:48
sneaking across the border,
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ื—ื•ืžืงื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
08:50
being arrested at the border, that sort of thing.
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ื ืขืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.
08:54
I remember walking around on my first day in Guadalajara,
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื“ืœื—ืจื”,
08:58
watching the people going to work,
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ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
09:00
rolling up tortillas in the marketplace,
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ืžื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง,
09:02
smoking, laughing.
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ืžืขืฉื ื™ื, ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื.
09:05
I remember first feeling slight surprise.
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื—ืฉืชื™ ืžื•ืคืชืขืช.
09:08
And then, I was overwhelmed with shame.
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ื•ืื– ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื•ืฆืคืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืฉื”.
09:11
I realized that I had been so immersed in the media coverage of Mexicans
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ื” ืฉืงื•ืขื”
ื‘ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ื
09:16
that they had become one thing in my mind,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื™,
09:18
the abject immigrant.
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ื”ืžื”ื’ืจ ื”ื‘ื–ื•ื™.
09:20
I had bought into the single story of Mexicans
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ืฉื•ื›ื ืขืชื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ื
09:23
and I could not have been more ashamed of myself.
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ื•ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืื“ ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื™.
09:26
So that is how to create a single story,
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ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“:
09:28
show a people as one thing,
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ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืขื ืžืกื•ื™ื ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
09:31
as only one thing,
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ืืš ื•ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“,
09:33
over and over again,
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ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื,
09:35
and that is what they become.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื›ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื•.
09:37
It is impossible to talk about the single story
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ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
09:40
without talking about power.
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ืžื‘ืœืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—.
09:43
There is a word, an Igbo word,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืื’ื™ื‘ื• (ืฉืคื” ืžืžื–ืจื— ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”),
09:45
that I think about whenever I think about the power structures of the world,
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ืฉืื ื™ ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืื™ืžืช ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ
ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื 'ืงืืœื™".
09:49
and it is "nkali."
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09:50
It's a noun that loosely translates to "to be greater than another."
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื-ืขืฆื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืจื’ืžื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
ื›-"ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ".
09:55
Like our economic and political worlds,
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
09:58
stories too are defined by the principle of nkali:
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ื›ืš ื’ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื
ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื 'ืงืืœื™.
10:03
How they are told, who tells them,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืชื,
10:05
when they're told, how many stories are told,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื,
10:08
are really dependent on power.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—.
10:12
Power is the ability not just to tell the story of another person,
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ืจืง ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ,
10:15
but to make it the definitive story of that person.
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ืืœื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ื›ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื.
10:19
The Palestinian poet Mourid Barghouti writes
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ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ึผืจื™ื“ ื‘ืจื’ื•ืชื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘
10:21
that if you want to dispossess a people,
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ืฉืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืœื ืฉืœ ืขื,
10:24
the simplest way to do it is to tell their story
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื•
10:27
and to start with, "secondly."
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ื•ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื ื™.
10:30
Start the story with the arrows of the Native Americans,
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื ื”ื—ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
10:34
and not with the arrival of the British,
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ื•ืœื ืขื ื”ื’ืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช,
10:37
and you have an entirely different story.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
10:40
Start the story with the failure of the African state,
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื
ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
10:44
and not with the colonial creation of the African state,
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ื•ืœื ืขื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
10:48
and you have an entirely different story.
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ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
10:52
I recently spoke at a university
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื”
10:54
where a student told me that it was such a shame
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื–ื•
ื—ืจืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
10:57
that Nigerian men were physical abusers
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ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื›ื™ื,
11:01
like the father character in my novel.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™.
11:04
I told him that I had just read a novel called "American Psycho" --
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ืขื ื™ืชื™ ืœื• ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืจื•ืžืŸ
ืฉื ืงืจื "ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™"
11:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:10
-- and that it was such a shame
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ื•ืฉื–ื• ื—ืจืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
11:12
that young Americans were serial murderers.
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ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ืกื“ืจืชื™ื™ื.
11:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:19
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:25
Now, obviously I said this in a fit of mild irritation.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืืžืจื• ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืขืก ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ.
11:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:30
But it would never have occurred to me to think
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
11:32
that just because I had read a novel in which a character was a serial killer
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ืฉืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืจื•ืžืŸ
ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืฆื— ืกื“ืจืชื™
11:36
that he was somehow representative of all Americans.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’
ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
11:40
This is not because I am a better person than that student,
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ื•ื–ืืช, ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืื•ืชื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜,
11:43
but because of America's cultural and economic power,
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ืืœื, ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
11:46
I had many stories of America.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
11:48
I had read Tyler and Updike and Steinbeck and Gaitskill.
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ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื˜ื™ื™ืœืจ ื•ืืคื“ื™ื™ืง ื•ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืง ื•ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืกืงื™ืœ.
11:52
I did not have a single story of America.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
11:55
When I learned, some years ago,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืžื“ืชื™, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ, ืฉืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ืคืจื™ื
11:57
that writers were expected to have had really unhappy childhoods
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ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืœื ืžืื•ืฉืจืช
12:01
to be successful,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื,
12:04
I began to think about how I could invent horrible things my parents had done to me.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืชื”ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืช
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื™ ืขืฉื• ืœื™.
12:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:10
But the truth is that I had a very happy childhood,
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ืืš ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:14
full of laughter and love, in a very close-knit family.
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ืžืœืืช ืฆื—ื•ืง ื•ืื”ื‘ื”, ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ื—ืžื”.
12:17
But I also had grandfathers who died in refugee camps.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื.
12:20
My cousin Polle died because he could not get adequate healthcare.
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ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœ'ื” ืžืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ื•ืœื.
12:25
One of my closest friends, Okoloma, died in a plane crash
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ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื•ืงื•ืœื•ืžื”, ืžืช ื‘ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืก
12:28
because our fire trucks did not have water.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืžื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืืฉ ืœื ื ืฉืืจื• ืžื™ื.
12:31
I grew up under repressive military governments
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ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืฆื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื“ื›ืื ื™
12:34
that devalued education,
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ืฉืคื™ื—ืช ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
12:36
so that sometimes, my parents were not paid their salaries.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ื.
12:39
And so, as a child, I saw jam disappear from the breakfast table,
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ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื›ื™ืœื“ื”, ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื” ื ืขืœืžืช ืžืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
12:43
then margarine disappeared,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืจื’ืจื™ื ื” ื ืขืœืžื”,
12:45
then bread became too expensive,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืœื—ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืคืš ื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื™,
12:48
then milk became rationed.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆื•ื‘.
12:51
And most of all, a kind of normalized political fear
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ, ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื ื“ืžื” ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืžืจืื”
12:54
invaded our lives.
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ื—ื“ืจ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
12:57
All of these stories make me who I am.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขืฉื• ืžืžื ื™ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืื ื™.
13:00
But to insist on only these negative stories
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ืืš ืœื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื
13:04
is to flatten my experience
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ืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™,
13:07
and to overlook the many other stories that formed me.
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ื•ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื™.
13:11
The single story creates stereotypes,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื.
13:14
and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue,
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื
ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฉื”ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืืžืช,
13:19
but that they are incomplete.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉืœืžื™ื.
13:21
They make one story become the only story.
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
13:25
Of course, Africa is a continent full of catastrophes:
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ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืกื•ื ื•ืช.
13:27
There are immense ones, such as the horrific rapes in Congo
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ื—ืœืงื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ - ื›ืžื• ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืื•ื ืก ื”ืžื–ืขื–ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•.
13:31
and depressing ones,
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ื•ื—ืœืงื ืžื“ื›ืื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
13:32
such as the fact that 5,000 people apply for one job vacancy in Nigeria.
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ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ 5,000 ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืฉืจื” ืคื ื•ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
13:38
But there are other stories that are not about catastrophe,
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ืืš ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืขืœ ืืกื•ืŸ.
13:41
and it is very important, it is just as important, to talk about them.
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ; ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
13:45
I've always felt that it is impossible
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™
13:47
to engage properly with a place or a person
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ืœื’ืฉืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืื•ืชื” ืืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื• ืื“ื
13:50
without engaging with all of the stories of that place and that person.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืจื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืื• ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื.
13:54
The consequence of the single story is this:
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
13:57
It robs people of dignity.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื™.
14:00
It makes our recognition of our equal humanity difficult.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:04
It emphasizes how we are different rather than how we are similar.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืžื” ืื ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
14:09
So what if before my Mexican trip,
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ืื– ืžื” ืืคื•ื, ืื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœื™ ืœืžืงืกื™ืงื•
14:11
I had followed the immigration debate from both sides,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื,
14:15
the U.S. and the Mexican?
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ื”ืฆื“ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™?
14:17
What if my mother had told us that Fide's family was poor
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ืžื” ืื ืื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื ื• ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื“'ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื ื™ื™ื”
14:21
and hardworking?
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ื•ื’ื ื—ืจื•ืฆื”?
14:23
What if we had an African television network
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืชื—ื ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช
14:25
that broadcast diverse African stories all over the world?
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื“ืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื?
14:29
What the Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe calls "a balance of stories."
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื ื™ื’ืจื™ ืฆ'ื ื•ืื” ืืฆ'ื‘ื” ืงื•ืจื ืœื•
"ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื"
14:33
What if my roommate knew about my Nigerian publisher,
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ื’ืจื™ ืฉืœื™,
14:37
Muhtar Bakare,
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ืžื•ืงื˜ื” ื‘ืืงืืจื™,
14:39
a remarkable man who left his job in a bank
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ืื“ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื ืง
14:41
to follow his dream and start a publishing house?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื• ื•ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื”?
14:44
Now, the conventional wisdom was that Nigerians don't read literature.
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ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื™ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืช.
14:47
He disagreed.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ
14:49
He felt that people who could read, would read,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื, ื™ืงืจืื•
14:52
if you made literature affordable and available to them.
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ืื ืชืกืคืง ืœื”ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื•ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืชื”.
14:56
Shortly after he published my first novel,
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ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
14:59
I went to a TV station in Lagos to do an interview,
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ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืชื—ื ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืœืื’ื•ืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืจืื™ื•ืŸ.
15:02
and a woman who worked there as a messenger came up to me and said,
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ื•ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืชื—ื ื” ื›ืฉืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืื” ืœืงืจืืชื™ ื•ืืžืจื”:
15:05
"I really liked your novel. I didn't like the ending.
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"ืžืžืฉ ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœืš. ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืกื•ืคื•
15:08
Now, you must write a sequel, and this is what will happen ..."
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื• ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืš, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื•..."
15:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:14
And she went on to tell me what to write in the sequel.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืžื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืžืฉืš.
15:17
I was not only charmed, I was very moved.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื ืจืง ืžื•ืงืกืžืช, ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžืื“.
15:20
Here was a woman, part of the ordinary masses of Nigerians,
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ื”ืจื™ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืื™ืฉื”, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื’ืจื™ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืžืจืื”,
15:23
who were not supposed to be readers.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื• ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืจืื™ ืกืคืจื™ื.
15:26
She had not only read the book,
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ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืงืจืื” ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ืœืงื—ื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•
15:27
but she had taken ownership of it
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ื•ื—ืฉื” ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื™
15:29
and felt justified in telling me what to write in the sequel.
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ืžื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืžืฉืš.
15:33
Now, what if my roommate knew about my friend Funmi Iyanda,
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืคื•ืžื™ ืื•ื ื“ื”,
15:37
a fearless woman who hosts a TV show in Lagos,
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ืื™ืฉื” ื—ืกืจืช ืžื•ืจื ืฉืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืœืื’ื•ืก,
15:40
and is determined to tell the stories that we prefer to forget?
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ื•ื—ื“ื•ืจืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ื—?
15:43
What if my roommate knew about the heart procedure
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืœื‘
15:47
that was performed in the Lagos hospital last week?
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ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืœืื’ื•ืก ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ?
15:50
What if my roommate knew about contemporary Nigerian music,
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื ื™ื’ืจื™ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช?
15:54
talented people singing in English and Pidgin,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
15:57
and Igbo and Yoruba and Ijo,
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ื•ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืื™ื’ื‘ื• ื•ื™ื•ืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ืื™ื™ื’'ื•,
15:59
mixing influences from Jay-Z to Fela
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ืžืžื–ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžื’'ื™ื™-ื–ื™ ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืคืืœื (ืคืืœื ืงื•ื˜ื™ - ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื ื™ื’ืจื™)
16:03
to Bob Marley to their grandfathers.
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ืขื“ ืœื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืืจืœื™ ื•ืขื“ ืœืกื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื.
16:06
What if my roommate knew about the female lawyer
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ
16:08
who recently went to court in Nigeria to challenge a ridiculous law
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ืžื’ื•ื—ืš
16:12
that required women to get their husband's consent
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ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉื” ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœื”
16:15
before renewing their passports?
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ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื™ื’ืฉืช ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”?
16:18
What if my roommate knew about Nollywood,
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“,
16:21
full of innovative people making films despite great technical odds,
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ื”ืžืœืื” ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื—ืจืฃ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื?
16:25
films so popular
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ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื›ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื
16:27
that they really are the best example of Nigerians consuming what they produce?
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืขื•ืœื”
ืœื ื™ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืืช ืคืจื™ ืขืžืœื.
16:32
What if my roommate knew about my wonderfully ambitious hair braider,
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ืงื•ืœืขืช ื”ืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ืขื ื”ืฉืืคืชื ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืฉืœื”,
16:35
who has just started her own business selling hair extensions?
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ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืขืกืง ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ ืฉืœื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืจ?
16:39
Or about the millions of other Nigerians who start businesses and sometimes fail,
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ืื• ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื• ื‘ืชื™ ืขืกืง ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ื•ืฉืœื™ื,
16:43
but continue to nurse ambition?
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ืืš ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ืคื— ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช?
16:47
Every time I am home I am confronted
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืžืชืช ืขื
16:49
with the usual sources of irritation for most Nigerians:
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ืื•ืชื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก, ืฉื”ื ืžื ืช ื—ืœืงื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื:
16:52
our failed infrastructure, our failed government,
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ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื›ื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืœื ื•.
16:55
but also by the incredible resilience
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ืืš ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
16:57
of people who thrive despite the government,
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ืฉืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”,
17:01
rather than because of it.
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ืœื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื”.
17:03
I teach writing workshops in Lagos every summer,
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ืื ื™ ืžืœืžื“ืช ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืœืื’ื•ืก ื›ืœ ืงื™ืฅ.
17:06
and it is amazing to me how many people apply,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืจืฉืžื™ื,
17:09
how many people are eager to write,
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื”ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘,
17:12
to tell stories.
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ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
17:14
My Nigerian publisher and I have just started a non-profit
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ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ื’ืจื™ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืงืžื ื• ืžืœื›"ืจ (ืžื•ืกื“ ืœืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืจื•ื•ื—)
17:17
called Farafina Trust,
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ืฉืงืจื•ื™ "ืงืจืŸ ืคืืจืคื™ื ื”".
17:19
and we have big dreams of building libraries
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช
17:22
and refurbishing libraries that already exist
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ื•ืœืฉืคืฅ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
17:24
and providing books for state schools
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ื•ืœืกืคืง ืกืคืจื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื
17:27
that don't have anything in their libraries,
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ืฉื”ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื,
17:29
and also of organizing lots and lots of workshops,
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ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืกื“ื ืื•ืช,
17:31
in reading and writing,
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ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”,
17:33
for all the people who are eager to tell our many stories.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืขื‘ื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
17:36
Stories matter.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
17:38
Many stories matter.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
17:40
Stories have been used to dispossess and to malign,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฉืœ ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืฅ.
17:44
but stories can also be used to empower and to humanize.
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ืืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
17:48
Stories can break the dignity of a people,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืžื•ืก ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื™.
17:51
but stories can also repair that broken dignity.
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ืืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืกื’ื•ืœื™ ืคื’ื•ืข.
17:56
The American writer Alice Walker wrote this
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ื”ืกื•ืคืจืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืืœื™ืก ื•ื•ืงืจ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืงื˜ืข
17:58
about her Southern relatives who had moved to the North.
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ืขืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื
ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ.
18:02
She introduced them to a book about
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืกืคืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช
18:04
the Southern life that they had left behind.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื.
18:07
"They sat around, reading the book themselves,
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"ื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื,
18:11
listening to me read the book, and a kind of paradise was regained."
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ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืŸ".
18:17
I would like to end with this thought:
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•:
18:20
That when we reject the single story,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“,
18:23
when we realize that there is never a single story
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืจืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“
18:26
about any place,
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ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื,
18:28
we regain a kind of paradise.
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ืื ื• ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืŸ.
18:30
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
18:32
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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