How to speak so that people want to listen | Julian Treasure | TED

翻译人员: Yuanqing Edberg 校对人员: Qingqing Mao

The human voice:

人类的声音：

It's the instrument we all play.

是我们所有人都弹奏的乐器。

可能是这个世界上最有力的声音。

It's the most powerful sound in the world, probably.

它绝无仅有，或能引起战争，

It's the only one that can start a war or say "I love you."

或能说“我爱你”。

And yet many people have the experience

然而，很多人有这种经历，

that when they speak, people don't listen to them.

当他们说的时候，人们并不在听。

And why is that?

这是为什么呢？

How can we speak powerfully to make change in the world?

我们怎样有力地说

而让世界发生某种改变？

What I'd like to suggest,

我所提议的是，

there are a number of habits that we need to move away from.

我们需要改变一些习惯。

在此我为你们收集整理了，

I've assembled for your pleasure here seven deadly sins of speaking.

说话的七宗罪。

I'm not pretending this is an exhaustive list,

我没打算假装这是一个详细的列表，

but these seven, I think, are pretty large habits that we can all fall into.

但这七个，我以为是

我们相当容易犯的坏习惯。

First, gossip.

第一就是，流言蜚语，

Speaking ill of somebody who's not present.

在背后说某些人的坏话。

Not a nice habit, and we know perfectly well

这不是一个好习惯，我们都很明白

the person gossiping, five minutes later, will be gossiping about us.

那个说闲话的人在五分钟以后

就会在别人跟前说我们的闲话。

Second, judging.

第二，评判。

We know people who are like this in conversation,

我们知道有些人在谈话中是这样的，

and it's very hard to listen to somebody

这让人很难听进别人的话，

if you know that you're being judged and found wanting at the same time.

如果你知道你被人评判

且被认为不合格。

Third, negativity.

第三，消极。

你能陷入这个泥潭。

You can fall into this.

My mother, in the last years of her life, became very negative,

我的母亲，在她生命的最后几年里，

变得非常非常消极，很难让人听她说话。

and it's hard to listen.

我记得有一天，我对她说，

I remember one day, I said to her, "It's October 1 today,"

“今天是十月一号，”

and she said, "I know, isn't it dreadful?"

她说，“我知道，这不可怕吗？”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

It's hard to listen when somebody's that negative.

当某人那么消极的时候是很难让人听进去的。

(Laughter)

And another form of negativity, complaining.

另外一种消极，就是抱怨。

Well, this is the national art of the U.K.

这是英国的全国性艺术。

It's our national sport.

是我们的全国性运动。我们抱怨天气，

We complain about the weather, sport, about politics, about everything,

体育和政治，几乎每件事，

but actually, complaining is viral misery.

但实际上抱怨是病毒性的悲催，

It's not spreading sunshine and lightness in the world.

它不会在这个世界上传播太阳和光明。

Excuses.

借口。我们都遇上过这个家伙。

We've all met this guy.

Maybe we've all been this guy.

也许我们都曾经是这个家伙。

Some people have a blamethrower.

有些人有指责癖好。

They just pass it on to everybody else

他们怪罪任何人

and don't take responsibility for their actions,

而不是对自己的行为负责任，

所以，这又是让人难以聆听的一种。

and again, hard to listen to somebody who is being like that.

Penultimate, the sixth of the seven,

七件里面的老六，倒数第二，

embroidery, exaggeration.

浮夸，吹牛。

It demeans our language, actually, sometimes.

它有时贬低了我们的语言，事实上。

For example, if I see something that really is awesome,

比如，如果我看见

什么真的很神奇的事情，

what do I call it?

那我该说什么呢？

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And then, of course, this exaggeration becomes lying,

当然这种夸大后来就变成了说谎。

彻头彻尾的说谎，我们就不想听

and we don't want to listen to people we know are lying to us.

这种我们知道会说谎的人。

And finally, dogmatism.

最后是，固执己见，

The confusion of facts with opinions.

把事实和意见混淆。

When those two things get conflated,

当这两件事混为一谈，

你就像在听风一样。

you're listening into the wind.

You know, somebody is bombarding you with their opinions as if they were true.

你知道，有人用他们自己的意见来强迫你。

这很难让我们听讲。

It's difficult to listen to that.

So here they are, seven deadly sins of speaking.

这就是说话的七宗罪。

These are things I think we need to avoid.

我认为这些是我们需要避免的。

But is there a positive way to think about this?

但有没有比较正面的呢？

Yes, there is.

的确有。

I'd like to suggest that there are four really powerful cornerstones, foundations,

我想建议四种我们可以牢靠站立的

真正强有力的基石或者基础，

that we can stand on if we want our speech

如果我们想让我们的言语有力

to be powerful and to make change in the world.

并且让世界产生变化。

幸运的是，这些事情连起来是一个单词。

Fortunately, these things spell a word.

The word is "hail," and it has a great definition as well.

这个词就是“hail”，它有着特别好的定义。

I'm not talking about the stuff that falls from the sky

我不是讲那个天上掉下来的

砸在你头上的东西。

and hits you on the head.

我在谈论的是

I'm talking about this definition,

“热情地致敬或赞扬”这个定义。

to greet or acclaim enthusiastically,

我认为我们的言辞会如此被接受，

which is how I think our words will be received

if we stand on these four things.

如果我们坚持这四件事。

So what do they stand for?

那么它们到底是什么呢？

See if you can guess.

看看你是否能猜到。

H，代表了诚实（Honesty），当然，

The H, honesty, of course,

being true in what you say, being straight and clear.

说真话，直接了当并且清楚明白。

The A is authenticity, just being yourself.

A，代表了真实(Authenticity)，做一个自然而然的自己。

A friend of mine described it as standing in your own truth,

我的一个朋友把它描述为

坚持真实的自己，

which I think is a lovely way to put it.

我觉得这是一个优美的表述。

The I is integrity, being your word,

I，代表了正气(Integrity)，言而有信，

actually doing what you say,

说到做到，

and being somebody people can trust.

成为别人能信任的人。

L，代表爱（Love）。

And the L is love.

I don't mean romantic love,

我不是指罗曼蒂克的爱情，

but I do mean wishing people well, for two reasons.

而是指对别人有良好的祝愿，这出于两个原因。

First of all, I think absolute honesty may not be what we want.

第一，我认为绝对的诚实

也许不是我们所想要的。

I mean, my goodness, you look ugly this morning.

我的意思是，天哪，今天早上你真难看。

Perhaps that's not necessary.

那可能不必要。

Tempered with love, of course, honesty is a great thing.

诚实是很重要的。当然，适当地带着爱。

But also, if you're really wishing somebody well,

但还有，当你真的很希望别人好，

it's very hard to judge them at the same time.

就很难同时评判他们。

I'm not even sure you can do those two things simultaneously.

我不知道你们是否能

同时做到这两点。

So hail.

那么hail。

Also, now that's what you say,

上面提到的是你所说的内容。

and it's like the old song, it is what you say,

另外，就像老歌里唱的，你所说的很重要，

it's also the way that you say it.

还有你的表达方式也很重要。

You have an amazing toolbox.

你有一个很神奇的工具盒。

This instrument is incredible,

里面有难以置信的工具，

and yet this is a toolbox that very few people have ever opened.

然而这个工具盒只有不多的人打开过。

I'd like to have a little rummage in there with you now

我愿意跟你们在这里

做一点儿探查，并且找出几种工具。

and just pull a few tools out

that you might like to take away and play with,

你也许想拿来试一下，

这些将会增加你说话的力量。

which will increase the power of your speaking.

Register, for example.

比如说，音域。

Now, falsetto register may not be very useful most of the time,

假声大部分时候可能是没用的，

but there's a register in between.

但在两者之间会有一种是有用的。

I'm not going to get very technical about this

对于在座的语音教练们，

我不会在这个问题上很深入。

for any of you who are voice coaches.

然而，你能定位你的声音。

You can locate your voice, however.

So if I talk up here in my nose, you can hear the difference.

如果我把声音提到鼻子这儿，你可以听出不同。

如果我把声音降到嗓子这里，

If I go down here in my throat,

这是我们大部分人大多数时候所做的。

which is where most of us speak from most of the time.

But if you want weight,

但是如果你想有份量，

you need to go down here to the chest.

你需要降到胸腔。

You hear the difference?

你听出了不同吗？

We vote for politicians with lower voices, it's true,

我们给声音低沉的政治家投票，那是真的，

because we associate depth with power

因为我们把深沉

and with authority.

和权力、权威联系在一起。

That's register.

那是音域。

Then we have timbre.

然后我们再说音色，

It's the way your voice feels.

那是你的声音让人感觉如何。

Again, the research shows

研究显示我们喜欢那种

that we prefer voices which are rich, smooth, warm,

丰厚，平滑，温暖，像热巧克力一样的声音。

like hot chocolate.

Well if that's not you, that's not the end of the world,

当然如果你没有那样的声音，这也不是世界末日。

because you can train.

因为你可以训练。

Go and get a voice coach.

去找到一个声音教练。

And there are amazing things you can do

你可以做很神奇的事情，

with breathing, with posture, and with exercises

利用呼吸，姿势，还有锻炼

to improve the timbre of your voice.

来提高你嗓音的音色。

Then prosody. I love prosody.

然后是韵律。我喜欢韵律。

This is the sing-song, the meta-language

那是唱歌，是元语言，

that we use in order to impart meaning.

我们用来传送意味。

It's root one for meaning in conversation.

在谈话中是意思的根基。

People who speak all on one note are really quite hard to listen to

那种说话一个声调的人

很难让人听讲，

if they don't have any prosody at all.

如果他们没有一点儿韵律。

That's where the word "monotonic" comes from,

那就是单调这个词的来源，

or monotonous, monotone.

或者说枯燥无味，一成不变。

Also, we have repetitive prosody now coming in,

我们还有重复性的韵律，

where every sentence ends as if it were a question

每个句子的结尾好像是一个疑问句，

when it's actually not a question, it's a statement?

但事实上，它不是疑问句，而是陈述句。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And if you repeat that one,

如果你一遍一遍地重复某个东西，

it's actually restricting your ability to communicate through prosody,

它会限制你

用韵律来交流的能力，

我认为这是一件憾事，

which I think is a shame,

so let's try and break that habit.

让我们努力打破那个习惯。

语速，我可以非常非常兴奋地

Pace.

I can get very excited by saying something really quickly,

飞快地说着什么，

或者我能慢下来强调，

or I can slow right down to emphasize,

and at the end of that, of course, is our old friend silence.

在结尾处，当然是我们的老朋友，

沉默。

There's nothing wrong with a bit of silence in a talk, is there?

在讲话中，有一点儿沉默

没关系，是吗？

We don't have to fill it with ums and ahs.

我们不需要用“嗯” 和“ 啊”来填充。

It can be very powerful.

沉默就很有力。

Of course, pitch often goes along with pace

当然，音调常常跟语速一起

to indicate arousal, but you can do it just with pitch.

来指示兴奋度，但你能仅仅用音调就显示出来。

Where did you leave my keys?

你把我的钥匙放在哪儿啦？

(Higher pitch) Where did you leave my keys?

你把我的钥匙放在哪儿啦？

So, slightly different meaning in those two deliveries.

那么轻微的差别

在这两个表达中。

And finally, volume.

最后，是音量。

(Loud) I can get really excited by using volume.

我能用音量表示极端的兴奋。

Sorry about that, if I startled anybody.

如果我打扰了任何人的话，抱歉。

Or, I can have you really pay attention by getting very quiet.

或者，我能用很轻的声音

让你认真地注意。

Some people broadcast the whole time.

有人全程一直都在说话。

Try not to do that.

别那样。

That's called sodcasting,

那叫做“公放音乐”，

(Laughter)

Imposing your sound on people around you carelessly and inconsiderately.

把你的声音不假思索

和草率地强加给别人。不好。

Not nice.

Of course, where this all comes into play most of all

当然，这些工具真正发挥作用的地方，

is when you've got something really important to do.

是当你有什么很重要的事情要做的时候。

这可能是像这样站在演讲台上

It might be standing on a stage like this and giving a talk to people.

对着人演讲。

It might be proposing marriage,

它可能是求婚，

asking for a raise, a wedding speech.

要求加薪，或者婚礼上的讲话。

Whatever it is, if it's really important,

不管是什么，如果它非常重要，

you owe it to yourself to look at this toolbox

你应该看着这个工具盒，

and the engine that it's going to work on,

以及将要工作运行的发动机，

and no engine works well without being warmed up.

没有预热的发动机不会好好工作。

Warm up your voice.

预热你自己的声音。

Actually, let me show you how to do that.

让我给你演示怎样做。

Would you all like to stand up for a moment?

你们都愿意站起来一会儿吗？

I'm going to show you

我会给你演示六个预热声音的锻炼，

the six vocal warm-up exercises that I do before every talk I ever do.

在每次演讲之前我都这么做。

Any time you're going to talk to anybody important, do these.

在跟任何重要的人谈话之前，做以下这些。

First, arms up, deep breath in,

第一，举起双臂，吸气，

and sigh out, ahhhhh, like that.

然后呼出，啊哈，就像那样。

One more time.

再来一次。

Ahhhh, very good.

啊哈，很好。

Now we're going to warm up our lips,

现在我们要预热我们的嘴唇，

and we're going to go Ba, Ba, Ba, Ba,

做出吧，吧，吧，吧，

Ba, Ba, Ba, Ba. Very good.

吧，吧，吧，吧。很好。

And now, brrrrrrrrrr,

现在，brrrrrrr，

just like when you were a kid.

就像你是个孩子。

Brrrr. Now your lips should be coming alive.

brrrrr。现在你的嘴唇应该活了。

We're going to do the tongue next

下一个是舌头，

with exaggerated la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la.

夸张的啦，啦，啦，啦……

Beautiful. You're getting really good at this.

美极了。你们做得很好。

然后，卷舌一个R，Rrrrrr。

And then, roll an R. Rrrrrrr.

That's like champagne for the tongue.

这就像给舌头的香槟酒。

Finally, and if I can only do one,

最后，如果我只能做一个，

the pros call this the siren.

专业人士把这叫做警报。

It's really good. It starts with "we" and goes to "aw."

这个特别好。它开始于“we”然后转为“aw”。

The "we" is high, the "aw" is low.

“we”是高音，“aw”是低音。

那么就是，“weeeaawww……”

So you go, weeeaawww, weeeaawww.

Fantastic. Give yourselves a round of applause.

妙极了。给你自己来鼓个掌。

Take a seat, thank you.

请坐，谢谢你们。（鼓掌）

(Applause)

Next time you speak, do those in advance.

下次你演讲之前，提前做到这几项。

Now let me just put this in context to close.

现在让我在结束之前作个总结。

This is a serious point here.

这一点是认真的。

This is where we are now, right?

这就是我们的所在，对吗？

We speak not very well

我们说得不好，

to people who simply aren't listening

人们也听不进去，

in an environment that's all about noise and bad acoustics.

在一个吵闹和喧哗的环境里。

I have talked about that on this stage in different phases.

我已经在讲台上

分阶段地谈到这个问题。

What would the world be like

这个世界会是怎样，

if we were speaking powerfully

如果我们有说服力，

to people who were listening consciously

人们有意识地听，

in environments which were actually fit for purpose?

在一个量身定做的环境下？

Or to make that a bit larger,

或者说得更大一些，

what would the world be like

世界将会是怎样，

if we were creating sound consciously

如果我们有意识地说话，

and consuming sound consciously

有意识地倾听，

and designing all our environments

并且有意识地针对声音

来设计我们的周围环境？

consciously for sound?

That would be a world that does sound beautiful,

那会是一个听起来非常美丽的世界，

and one where understanding would be the norm,

在那儿

理解会是常态。

and that is an idea worth spreading.

那是一个值得传播的理念。

Thank you.

感谢你们。

(Applause)

谢谢你们。（鼓掌）