How to speak so that people want to listen | Julian Treasure | TED

譯者: Fred Lee 審譯者: Marssi Draw

The human voice:

我們每個人，

It's the instrument we all play.

都會運用語音。

這大概是全世界最有影響力的聲音，

It's the most powerful sound in the world, probably.

一句話能夠挑起連天的戰火，

It's the only one that can start a war or say "I love you."

也能表達愛慕的情愫。

And yet many people have the experience

很多人都有相似的經歷：

that when they speak, people don't listen to them.

說了話卻沒人在聽。

And why is that?

這是為什麼呢？

How can we speak powerfully to make change in the world?

如何讓話語擲地有聲，

進而改變世界？

What I'd like to suggest,

我建議大家，

there are a number of habits that we need to move away from.

我們要改掉一些不良習慣。

我整理出講話中的「七宗罪」，

I've assembled for your pleasure here seven deadly sins of speaking.

供大家參考。

I'm not pretending this is an exhaustive list,

內容並非盡善盡美，

but these seven, I think, are pretty large habits that we can all fall into.

但是這七條過失，

可能是我們所有人的弱點。

First, gossip.

首先，「說長道短」。

Speaking ill of somebody who's not present.

我們在別人背後指指點點，

Not a nice habit, and we know perfectly well

這是個壞習慣。

如果有人在我們面前搬弄別人的是非，

the person gossiping, five minutes later, will be gossiping about us.

那麼五分鐘後他就會在別人面前評論我們。

Second, judging.

第二，「評斷」。

We know people who are like this in conversation,

很多人在交談時都很喜歡評判。

and it's very hard to listen to somebody

如果別人在說話時批評你，

if you know that you're being judged and found wanting at the same time.

或認為你能力不足，

你就不會願意聽他講話。

Third, negativity.

第三，「心態消極」。

你也可能陷入這種狀態。

You can fall into this.

My mother, in the last years of her life, became very negative,

我母親晚年時的心態變得非常消極，

and it's hard to listen.

沒有人願意聽她講話。

有一天我對她說：

I remember one day, I said to her, "It's October 1 today,"

「今天是10月1日了。」

and she said, "I know, isn't it dreadful?"

她說：「是啊，很糟吧？」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

It's hard to listen when somebody's that negative.

大家可不想聽那麼消極的人說話。

(Laughter)

And another form of negativity, complaining.

抱怨也是一種負面情緒，

Well, this is the national art of the U.K.

這已經成為了一種英國文化。

It's our national sport.

這是全民運動，我們抱怨天氣、

We complain about the weather, sport, about politics, about everything,

抱怨比賽、抱怨政治，抱怨一切。

but actually, complaining is viral misery.

但抱怨是病毒般的災難。

It's not spreading sunshine and lightness in the world.

因為你沒有把溫暖和光明帶給他人。

Excuses.

「找藉口」。我們都碰過這種人。

We've all met this guy.

Maybe we've all been this guy.

也許我們都曾找藉口開脫。

Some people have a blamethrower.

有些人老是找替死鬼，

They just pass it on to everybody else

他們推諉塞責，

and don't take responsibility for their actions,

不為自己的言行承擔責任，

我們不太會去聽這種人說話。

and again, hard to listen to somebody who is being like that.

Penultimate, the sixth of the seven,

倒數第二點，也就是第六點，

embroidery, exaggeration.

「花言巧語，過分誇張」。

It demeans our language, actually, sometimes.

這可以說是對語言的褻瀆。

For example, if I see something that really is awesome,

假如一個說話誇張的人，

遇到超讚的事，

what do I call it?

那麼他還能用什麼形容詞呢？

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And then, of course, this exaggeration becomes lying,

其實，語言過分誇張就是欺騙，

不折不扣的謊言，

and we don't want to listen to people we know are lying to us.

沒有人喜歡聽騙子的話。

And finally, dogmatism.

最後是「過分武斷」。

The confusion of facts with opinions.

真相與見解混淆不清。

When those two things get conflated,

這樣講話只會成為別人的耳旁風。

you're listening into the wind.

You know, somebody is bombarding you with their opinions as if they were true.

就像有人用自以為是的觀點炮轟你，

很難有人想聽他說話。

It's difficult to listen to that.

So here they are, seven deadly sins of speaking.

以上就是講話中的「七宗罪」。

These are things I think we need to avoid.

我們應該避免以上的錯誤。

But is there a positive way to think about this?

那麼在講話時是否有能遵循的原則呢？

Yes, there is.

是有幾項。

I'd like to suggest that there are four really powerful cornerstones, foundations,

我一共總結了四個

強而有力的基本要點，

that we can stand on if we want our speech

能使我們講話更有影響力，

to be powerful and to make change in the world.

並且能夠改變這個世界。

很湊巧，這四個要點可以拼成一個單詞，

Fortunately, these things spell a word.

The word is "hail," and it has a great definition as well.

這就是「HAIL」，這個單詞 本身就包含深刻的意義。

I'm not talking about the stuff that falls from the sky

我指的不是從天而下、

砸在你頭上的冰雹。

and hits you on the head.

我指的是熱情歡呼、喝采的意思，

I'm talking about this definition,

to greet or acclaim enthusiastically,

若能依據這四個要點，

which is how I think our words will be received

if we stand on these four things.

別人就能聽進我們的話。

So what do they stand for?

那麼「HAIL」分別代表什麼呢？

See if you can guess.

你猜猜看。

當然，「H」代表誠實 (Honesty)。

The H, honesty, of course,

being true in what you say, being straight and clear.

講話的內容要真實，且清晰無任何歪曲。

The A is authenticity, just being yourself.

「A」代表內心誠懇、 正心誠意（Authenticity）。

A friend of mine described it as standing in your own truth,

我朋友認為，

這就如同對自己誠實。

which I think is a lovely way to put it.

這個解釋非常到位。

The I is integrity, being your word,

「I」代表言行一致（Integrity），

actually doing what you say,

不能說一套做一套，

and being somebody people can trust.

做一個能讓人信任的人。

「L」代表愛（Love），

And the L is love.

I don't mean romantic love,

這不是指男女之間的愛情，

but I do mean wishing people well, for two reasons.

而是希望幫助別人、成就別人。

First of all, I think absolute honesty may not be what we want.

原因有二：首先，

我們也許不需要絕對的誠實。

I mean, my goodness, you look ugly this morning.

「天哪，你今早真是難看」之類的話，

Perhaps that's not necessary.

是沒有必要的。

Tempered with love, of course, honesty is a great thing.

如果你內心充滿慈愛， 那麼誠實就是很大的優點。

But also, if you're really wishing somebody well,

如果你真心希望別人受益，

it's very hard to judge them at the same time.

你就不會指摘別人的不是，

I'm not even sure you can do those two things simultaneously.

因為你無法同時做到這兩件事。

So hail.

這就是「HAIL」。

Also, now that's what you say,

以上介紹的是講話的內容，

and it's like the old song, it is what you say,

就像一首老歌裡唱的，你說的話重要，

it's also the way that you say it.

你說話的方式也很重要。

You have an amazing toolbox.

我們每個人都擁有智慧的寶庫，

This instrument is incredible,

寶庫裡藏著十分有用的工具，

and yet this is a toolbox that very few people have ever opened.

但很少有人開啟這座寶庫。

I'd like to have a little rummage in there with you now

接下來我將與各位一起進入寶庫探索，

尋找一些大家都樂於使用的工具，

and just pull a few tools out

that you might like to take away and play with,

就能藉此增強你說話的力量。

which will increase the power of your speaking.

Register, for example.

首先是音區。

Now, falsetto register may not be very useful most of the time,

在講話時，假音往往不太有效，

but there's a register in between.

因此我們應當使用較為適中的聲區。

I'm not going to get very technical about this

我不想說得太專業，以免班門弄斧，

因為在座有很多是聲樂導師。

for any of you who are voice coaches.

其實，我們可以自己調整發聲位置。

You can locate your voice, however.

So if I talk up here in my nose, you can hear the difference.

如果我透過鼻腔發聲，你就會聽出不同；

透過喉嚨發聲是這樣的，

If I go down here in my throat,

在座大多數人通常都透過喉嚨發聲。

which is where most of us speak from most of the time.

But if you want weight,

但如果你想加強聲音的厚重感，

you need to go down here to the chest.

就可以透過胸腔發聲。

You hear the difference?

你能聽出區別嗎？

We vote for politicians with lower voices, it's true,

我們會把票投給嗓音低沉的候選人，

這是真的，因為低沉的嗓音

because we associate depth with power

會讓人們想到力量和權威。

and with authority.

That's register.

這是「聲區」。

Then we have timbre.

下面我們介紹「音色」，

It's the way your voice feels.

也就是嗓音帶給別人的感覺。

Again, the research shows

研究顯示，我們偏好

that we prefer voices which are rich, smooth, warm,

如同熱巧克力一般 豐富、流暢、溫暖的嗓音。

like hot chocolate.

Well if that's not you, that's not the end of the world,

你沒有這種嗓音也不要緊，

because you can train.

可以透過訓練改變，

Go and get a voice coach.

可以尋求聲樂導師的幫助。

And there are amazing things you can do

你也可以在很多方面下功夫，

with breathing, with posture, and with exercises

比如呼吸、姿勢以及勤奮的練習，

to improve the timbre of your voice.

這樣你就能改善自己的音色。

Then prosody. I love prosody.

第三是注意「抑揚頓挫」。

This is the sing-song, the meta-language

這就好比是歌唱，

that we use in order to impart meaning.

它能使語意層次分明，

It's root one for meaning in conversation.

這是談話中表達意義的根本。

People who speak all on one note are really quite hard to listen to

單一的語調

很不利於他人聆聽。

if they don't have any prosody at all.

缺乏抑揚頓挫就不會收到理想效果，

That's where the word "monotonic" comes from,

這會讓世界變得

or monotonous, monotone.

平淡而單調。

Also, we have repetitive prosody now coming in,

但也不要頻繁而重複地使用語調，

where every sentence ends as if it were a question

不要在每句話的結尾使用升調， 讓人誤以為是疑問句，

when it's actually not a question, it's a statement?

其實那只不過是陳述句而已。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And if you repeat that one,

重複地使用語調

it's actually restricting your ability to communicate through prosody,

會侷限原本該有的溝通效果，

那就可惜了，

which I think is a shame,

so let's try and break that habit.

所以我們要改掉這種習慣。

「語速」。我能表現得非常興奮，

Pace.

I can get very excited by saying something really quickly,

只要用極快的語速講話；

也可以放慢語速，就能有強調的效果。

or I can slow right down to emphasize,

and at the end of that, of course, is our old friend silence.

接下來，我要介紹經典的一招：

「沉默」。

There's nothing wrong with a bit of silence in a talk, is there?

在講話中適時地沉默片刻

並無不可，對吧？

We don't have to fill it with ums and ahs.

為什麼要使用無謂的「嗯」和「啊」呢？

It can be very powerful.

沉默才更有力量。

Of course, pitch often goes along with pace

並用「音高」與「語速」時，

to indicate arousal, but you can do it just with pitch.

往往能喚起聽者的注意， 只有音高也有效。

Where did you leave my keys?

你把我的鑰匙放在哪兒了？

(Higher pitch) Where did you leave my keys?

你把我的鑰匙放在哪兒了？

So, slightly different meaning in those two deliveries.

這兩句話的意思

是略有不同的。

And finally, volume.

最後是「音量」。

(Loud) I can get really excited by using volume.

這樣大的音量讓我顯得非常興奮，

Sorry about that, if I startled anybody.

非常抱歉嚇了你們一跳。

Or, I can have you really pay attention by getting very quiet.

我也可以把聲音放輕，

吸引你們的注意力。

Some people broadcast the whole time.

有些人總是聲大如雷，

Try not to do that.

請不要這樣，

That's called sodcasting,

這就像在公共場所用手機放音樂，

(Laughter)

Imposing your sound on people around you carelessly and inconsiderately.

漫不經心地強迫他人聽你的音樂，

這不太好。

Not nice.

當然，這些方法要起作用

Of course, where this all comes into play most of all

is when you've got something really important to do.

得要是你做重要的事才行。

比如像現在這樣站在舞台上

It might be standing on a stage like this and giving a talk to people.

對大家演講，

It might be proposing marriage,

也可能是求婚、請求加薪，

asking for a raise, a wedding speech.

或者在婚禮上致賀詞等等，

Whatever it is, if it's really important,

這些都屬於重要場合。

you owe it to yourself to look at this toolbox

大家有必要看看

這個能夠派上用場的寶庫和引擎。

and the engine that it's going to work on,

and no engine works well without being warmed up.

但機器工作前都需要預熱， 否則就不能發揮性能。

Warm up your voice.

聲音也需要熱身。

Actually, let me show you how to do that.

我來示範如何為嗓子做體操。

Would you all like to stand up for a moment?

大家能夠站起來嗎？不會耽誤很久。

I'm going to show you

我將示範口腔體操「六部曲」。

the six vocal warm-up exercises that I do before every talk I ever do.

每次演說前我都會這麼做。

Any time you're going to talk to anybody important, do these.

如果你要和別人談重要的事情， 就做以下練習：

First, arms up, deep breath in,

首先舉起雙手，深呼吸。

and sigh out, ahhhhh, like that.

然後吐氣，「呵……」就像這樣。

One more time.

再來一次。

Ahhhh, very good.

「呵……」，非常好。

Now we're going to warm up our lips,

現在要鍛煉嘴脣了。

and we're going to go Ba, Ba, Ba, Ba,

像這樣「啵、啵、啵、啵」，

Ba, Ba, Ba, Ba. Very good.

「啵、啵、啵、啵」，非常好。

And now, brrrrrrrrrr,

現在是「噗……」，

just like when you were a kid.

就像個小孩子一樣，

Brrrr. Now your lips should be coming alive.

「噗……」，你的嘴脣就會靈活了。

We're going to do the tongue next

現在是舌尖上的體操。

with exaggerated la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la.

用誇張的嘴型說「啦、啦、啦、啦」，

Beautiful. You're getting really good at this.

大家都做得非常好。

現在是捲舌的「日…日…日…」，

And then, roll an R. Rrrrrrr.

That's like champagne for the tongue.

這是舌尖上的華爾滋。

Finally, and if I can only do one,

最後一個練習，「六部曲」的壓軸戲，

the pros call this the siren.

專家們稱之為「誘人的歌聲」。

It's really good. It starts with "we" and goes to "aw."

這是非常精彩的體操。 從「嗚伊」開始進入「噢」，

The "we" is high, the "aw" is low.

「嗚伊」是高音，「噢」是低音。

我們開始「嗚伊…噢…嗚伊…噢…」，

So you go, weeeaawww, weeeaawww.

Fantastic. Give yourselves a round of applause.

非常棒。請給自己一些掌聲吧。

Take a seat, thank you.

請坐，謝謝各位。（掌聲）

(Applause)

Next time you speak, do those in advance.

下次在您講話前別忘了先做口腔體操。

Now let me just put this in context to close.

讓我回到主題來做個總結，

This is a serious point here.

我們提出了一個重要的主題。

This is where we are now, right?

我們現在是這樣吧？

We speak not very well

我們講的話，

to people who simply aren't listening

讓別人聽不進去。

in an environment that's all about noise and bad acoustics.

這不是由於噪音、 聲學環境不佳所造成的。

I have talked about that on this stage in different phases.

我在演講的過程中

曾多次提到：

What would the world be like

如果我們講的話影響力強大，

if we were speaking powerfully

讓別人樂於傾聽，

to people who were listening consciously

而且各種外在條件也適合我們講話，

in environments which were actually fit for purpose?

那麼世界將會如何？

Or to make that a bit larger,

如果擴大範圍來講，

what would the world be like

如果我們有意識地發出聲音、

if we were creating sound consciously

有意識地接受聲音，

and consuming sound consciously

並且很好地設置

and designing all our environments

各種外在條件方便聲音傳播，

那麼這個世界將會如何？

consciously for sound?

That would be a world that does sound beautiful,

這個世界將處處洋溢著美好的音符。

and one where understanding would be the norm,

在這個世界中，

相互理解就是標準和規範。

and that is an idea worth spreading.

這是個值得分享的點子。

Thank you.

感謝大家。

(Applause)

謝謝！（掌聲）