The happy secret to better work | Shawn Achor

4,292,072 views ใƒป 2012-02-01

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
When I was seven years old and my sister was just five years old,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื‘ืช ื—ืžืฉ,
00:18
we were playing on top of a bunk bed.
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ืฉื™ื—ืงื ื• ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ืชื™ื™ื.
00:21
I was two years older than my sister at the time --
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ื”ื™ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ --
ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• --
00:24
I mean, I'm two years older than her now --
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00:26
but at the time it meant she had to do everything that I wanted to do,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืขืฉื”,
00:29
and I wanted to play war.
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”.
00:31
So we were up on top of our bunk beds.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.
00:33
And on one side of the bunk bed,
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ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ืชื™ื™ื,
00:35
I had put out all of my G.I. Joe soldiers and weaponry.
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ืฉืžืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ื”ื ืฉืง.
ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ืชื™
00:38
And on the other side were all my sister's My Little Ponies
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืžืชืงืคืช ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
00:41
ready for a cavalry charge.
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00:42
There are differing accounts of what actually happened that afternoon,
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื—ืจ ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื,
ืื‘ืœ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื—ื•ืชื™ ืœื ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:45
but since my sister is not here with us today,
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ --
00:48
let me tell you the true story --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) --
00:50
(Laughter)
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00:51
which is my sister's a little on the clumsy side.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืืœื™ืช.
00:53
Somehow, without any help or push from her older brother at all,
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ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืขื–ืจื” ืื• ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืžืื—ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
00:56
Amy disappeared off of the top of the bunk bed
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ืคืชืื•ื ืื™ื™ืžื™ ื ืขืœืžื” ืžื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”
ื•ื ื—ืชื” ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”.
00:59
and landed with this crash on the floor.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื”ืฆืฆืชื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ืจื“ื”
01:01
I nervously peered over the side of the bed
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœืื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ืงื˜ื ื”
01:03
to see what had befallen my fallen sister
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01:05
and saw that she had landed painfully on her hands and knees
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื—ืชื” ื‘ื›ืื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ื™ื”
ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”.
01:08
on all fours on the ground.
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01:09
I was nervous because my parents had charged me
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ืจื“ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืขืœื™ื™ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉืื—ื•ืชื™ ื•ืื ื™
01:12
with making sure that my sister and I
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01:13
played as safely and as quietly as possible.
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ื ืฉื—ืง ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
01:16
And seeing as how I had accidentally broken Amy's arm
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืžื™
01:19
just one week before --
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ืจืง ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ...
01:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:25
(Laughter ends)
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... ื›ืฉื“ื—ืคืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”
01:26
heroically pushing her out of the way of an oncoming imaginary sniper bullet,
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ืžื˜ื•ื•ื— ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœืฃ ื”ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ื ื™,
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:31
(Laughter)
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
01:33
for which I have yet to be thanked, I was trying as hard as I could --
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ื›ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ --
ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืจืืชื” ืืช ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข --
01:37
she didn't even see it coming --
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01:38
I was trying hard to be on my best behavior.
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ื›ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™.
ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ืชื™,
01:41
And I saw my sister's face,
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01:42
this wail of pain and suffering and surprise
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ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ ื•ืกื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืคืชืขื”
01:44
threatening to erupt from her mouth and wake my parents
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ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืœื‘ืงื•ืข ืžืคื™ื” ื•ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืœื”ืขื™ืจ
ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืืœื™ื” ื ื›ื ืกื•.
01:47
from the long winter's nap for which they had settled.
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ืื– ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™
01:50
So I did the only thing
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01:51
my frantic seven year-old brain could think to do to avert this tragedy.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ื— ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:54
And if you have children, you've seen this hundreds of times.
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ื.
ืืžืจืชื™, "ืื™ื™ืžื™, ืื™ื™ืžื™, ื—ื›ื™. ืืœ ืชื‘ื›ื™. ืืœ ืชื‘ื›ื™.
01:57
I said, "Amy, wait. Don't cry. Did you see how you landed?
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ืจืื™ืช ืื™ืš ื ื—ืชืช?
02:00
No human lands on all fours like that.
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ืืฃ ืื“ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื›ื›ื”.
02:03
Amy, I think this means you're a unicorn."
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ืื™ื™ืžื™, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืช ื—ื“ ืงืจืŸ."
02:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:09
Now, that was cheating,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืžื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื—ื•ืชื™ ืจืฆืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืืฉืจ
02:10
because there was nothing she would want more
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02:12
than not to be Amy the hurt five year-old little sister,
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ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืช ื”ื—ืžืฉ ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ืช,
ืืœื ืื™ื™ืžื™ ื—ื“ ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช.
02:15
but Amy the special unicorn.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
02:17
Of course, this option was open to her brain
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02:19
at no point in the past.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ืœื• ื ื™ืฆื‘ื” ืื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืกื›ื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื”,
02:20
And you could see how my poor, manipulated sister faced conflict,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
02:23
as her little brain attempted to devote resources
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ืœื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื•ื”ื”ืคืชืขื”
02:25
to feeling the pain and suffering and surprise she just experienced,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื—ื•ื•ืชื”,
ืื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื” ื›ื—ื“ ืงืจืŸ.
02:29
or contemplating her new-found identity as a unicorn.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ืฆื—.
02:31
And the latter won.
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02:32
Instead of crying or ceasing our play,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœื ื•,
02:34
instead of waking my parents,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™,
02:36
with all the negative consequences for me,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืœื™,
02:38
a smile spread across her face
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ืš ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืขื ืคื ื™ื”
02:40
and she scrambled back up onto the bunk bed
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืœืชื” ืžื™ื“ ืœืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ ืงืจืŸ ืชื™ื ื•ืง...
02:42
with all the grace of a baby unicorn --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:44
(Laughter)
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... ืขื ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืจื”.
02:46
with one broken leg.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
02:48
What we stumbled across
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02:49
at this tender age of just five and seven --
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื•ืฉื‘ืข --
02:51
we had no idea at the time --
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” --
02:53
was was going be at the vanguard of a scientific revolution
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช
02:56
occurring two decades later in the way that we look at the human brain.
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ื•ืงืจื” ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
ืžื” ืฉื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ื• ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช,
03:00
We had stumbled across something called positive psychology,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืคื” ื”ื™ื•ื
03:03
which is the reason I'm here today
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03:04
and the reason that I wake up every morning.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”
03:07
When I started talking about this research
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื”, ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ,
03:09
outside of academia, with companies and schools,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขืฉื•
03:11
the first thing they said to never do is to start with a graph.
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ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื’ืจืฃ.
03:14
The first thing I want to do is start with a graph.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื’ืจืฃ.
03:16
This graph looks boring,
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ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืฉืขืžื,
03:18
but it is the reason I get excited and wake up every morning.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืจื’ืฉ ื•ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
ื•ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืœื•ื; ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืฃ.
03:21
And this graph doesn't even mean anything; it's fake data.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื–ื” --
03:24
What we found is --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:25
(Laughter)
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03:28
If I got this data studying you, I would be thrilled,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืžืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืชื›ื ืคื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจ,
03:31
because there's a trend there,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžื’ืžื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”,
03:33
and that means that I can get published,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืจืกื,
03:35
which is all that really matters.
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ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืืžืช.
03:37
There is one weird red dot above the curve,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืขืงื•ืžื”,
03:39
there's one weirdo in the room --
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ ืคื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ --
03:41
I know who you are, I saw you earlier --
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ืืชื”, ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชืš ืงื•ื“ื --
03:44
that's no problem.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื”.
03:46
That's no problem, as most of you know, because I can just delete that dot.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:50
I can delete that dot because that's clearly a measurement error.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื’ื™ืืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื”.
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื• ืฉื’ื™ืืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื”
03:53
And we know that's a measurement error because it's messing up my data.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงืœืงืœืช ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
03:56
(Laughter)
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03:57
So one of the first things we teach people
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ืื– ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื
ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
04:00
in economics, statistics, business and psychology courses
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04:02
is how, in a statistically valid way, do we eliminate the weirdos.
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ื–ื” ืื™ืš, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืคืชืจื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืคืชืจื™ื ืžื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช
04:06
How do we eliminate the outliers so we can find the line of best fit?
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืงื• ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืชืื™ื?
04:09
Which is fantastic if I'm trying to find out
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ืฉื–ื” ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ ืื ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื
04:11
how many Advil the average person should be taking -- two.
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ื›ืžื” ืื“ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื—ืช -- ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
04:14
But if I'm interested in your potential,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื ื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ, ืื ืื ื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื›ื,
ืื• ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ ืื• ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
04:17
or for happiness or productivity or energy or creativity,
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ืื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
04:20
we're creating the cult of the average with science.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื“ืข.
04:22
If I asked a question like,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืฉืืœื” ื›ืžื•
04:24
"How fast can a child learn how to read in a classroom?"
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"ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ืœื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”?"
04:26
scientists change the answer to
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœ "ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ืœื“ ืžืžื•ืฆืข
04:28
"How fast does the average child learn how to read in that classroom?"
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ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื™ื?"
ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื™ืฉืจ ืœืžืžื•ืฆืข.
04:31
and we tailor the class towards the average.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืขืงื•ืžื”,
04:34
If you fall below the average,
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ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื,
04:35
then psychologists get thrilled,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ื•ื›ื ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืคืจืขื”,
04:37
because that means you're depressed or have a disorder,
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ืื• ื‘ืชืงื•ื” ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
04:40
or hopefully both.
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04:41
We're hoping for both because our business model is,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขื™ืกืงื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื,
04:43
if you come into a therapy session with one problem,
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ืื ืืชื” ื‘ื ืœืคื’ื™ืฉืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืช,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ื–ื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš 10,
04:46
we want to make sure you leave knowing you have ten,
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ื›ืš ืฉืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
04:48
so you keep coming back.
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04:49
We'll go back into your childhood if necessary,
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ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš,
ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชืš ืœื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉื•ื‘.
04:52
but eventually we want to make you normal again.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
04:54
But normal is merely average.
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04:55
And positive psychology posits that if we study what is merely average,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ื•ืžื” ืฉืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื”
ื–ื” ืฉืื ื ืœืžื“ ืจืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžืžื•ืฆืข,
04:59
we will remain merely average.
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ื ื™ืฉืืจ ืจืง ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื.
05:01
Then instead of deleting those positive outliers,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื,
ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื•
05:04
what I intentionally do is come into a population like this one
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ, ืœืžื”?
05:07
and say, why?
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ืœืžื” ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืขืงื•ืžื”
05:08
Why are some of you high above the curve
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื›ืœื™ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืืชืœื˜ื™ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช,
05:10
in terms of intellectual, athletic, musical ability,
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืจืžื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
05:12
creativity, energy levels,
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05:13
resiliency in the face of challenge, sense of humor?
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ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžื•ืœ ืืชื’ืจ, ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื?
ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืชื›ื, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืชื›ื.
05:16
Whatever it is, instead of deleting you, what I want to do is study you.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืงื˜ ื™ื“ืข --
05:20
Because maybe we can glean information,
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ืœื ืจืง ืื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
05:21
not just how to move people up to the average,
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ืืœื ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
05:24
but move the entire average up in our companies and schools worldwide.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
05:27
The reason this graph is important to me
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™
05:29
is, on the news, the majority of the information is not positive.
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ื”ื™ื, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
05:32
in fact it's negative.
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05:33
Most of it's about murder, corruption, diseases, natural disasters.
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ืจื•ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืจืฆื—, ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข.
05:36
And very quickly, my brain starts to think
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ื•ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
05:39
that's the accurate ratio of negative to positive in the world.
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•
05:42
This creates "the medical school syndrome."
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื” --
05:44
During the first year of medical training,
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ื‘ื•, ืื ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื”,
05:46
as you read through a list of all the symptoms and diseases,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช,
ื›ืฉืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ืช,
05:50
suddenly you realize you have all of them.
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ืคืชืื•ื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ.
05:52
(Laughter)
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื’ื™ืก ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื•ื‘ื• - ืฉื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
05:53
I have a brother in-law named Bobo, which is a whole other story.
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ื‘ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืื™ื™ืžื™ ื—ื“ืช ื”ืงืจืŸ.
05:56
Bobo married Amy the unicorn.
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05:58
Bobo called me on the phone --
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ื‘ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ
06:00
(Laughter)
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ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืœ,
06:02
from Yale Medical School,
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06:04
and Bobo said, "Shawn, I have leprosy."
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ื•ื‘ื•ื‘ื• ืืžืจ, "ืฉื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฆืจืขืช."
06:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:08
Which, even at Yale, is extraordinarily rare.
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื™ืœ, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ืจ.
06:10
But I had no idea how to console poor Bobo
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืš ืœื ื—ื ืืช ื‘ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ
06:13
because he had just gotten over an entire week of menopause.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืคื•ื– (ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ).
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:16
(Laughter)
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06:17
We're finding it's not necessarily the reality that shapes us,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ื•,
06:20
but the lens through which your brain views the world that shapes your reality.
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ืืœื” ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ื•ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•, ืœื ืจืง ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
06:24
And if we can change the lens, not only can we change your happiness,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืขืกืงื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:27
we can change every single educational and business outcome at the same time.
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ื›ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“, ื ื™ื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืืชื’ืจ.
06:31
I applied to Harvard on a dare.
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ืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ, ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื.
06:32
I didn't expect to get in, and my family had no money for college.
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ื›ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืœื’ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืœื›ืช.
06:35
When I got a military scholarship two weeks later, they let me go.
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ืคืชืื•ื, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื”ืคืš ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
06:38
Something that wasn't even a possibility became a reality.
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ื›ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืฉื, ื”ื ื—ืชื™ ืฉื’ื ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืจืื• ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื–ื›ื•ืช,
06:41
I assumed everyone there would see it as a privilege as well,
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื.
06:44
that they'd be excited to be there.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืืชื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืžืœืื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื›ื,
06:46
Even in a classroom full of people smarter than you,
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ืชื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืจืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™.
06:48
I felt you'd be happy just to be in that classroom.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื
ื”ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื›ืš,
06:51
But what I found is, while some people experience that,
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ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื
06:54
when I graduated after my four years
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื --
06:55
and then spent the next eight years living in the dorms with the students --
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ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื™; ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื.
06:59
Harvard asked me to; I wasn't that guy.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:01
(Laughter)
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07:03
I was an officer to counsel students through the difficult four years.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืช.
07:06
And in my research and my teaching,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœื™
07:08
I found that these students, no matter how happy they were
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื•
ืขื ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืœ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
07:11
with their original success of getting into the school,
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07:13
two weeks later their brains were focused, not on the privilege of being there,
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ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื, ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื”,
ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืื• ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงื”.
07:17
nor on their philosophy or physics,
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ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ืžืก,
07:19
but on the competition, the workload,
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ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื, ื”ืžืชื—, ื”ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช.
07:21
the hassles, stresses, complaints.
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07:22
When I first went in there, I walked into the freshmen dining hall,
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ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืฉื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืื•ืœื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
ืฉื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ื•ื™ืงื• ื˜ืงืกืก, ืฉื ื’ื“ืœืชื™ --
07:26
which is where my friends from Waco, Texas, which is where I grew up --
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื—ืœืงื›ื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
07:29
I know some of you know this.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ืื•ืชื™, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
07:31
When they'd visit, they'd look around,
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืื•ืœื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื•
07:32
and say, "This dining hall looks like something out of Hogwart's."
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ืžื”ื•ื’ื•ื•ืจื˜ืก ืžื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ, ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
ื–ื” ื”ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ืก ืžื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ื•ื–ื” ื”ืืจื•ื•ืจื“.
07:36
It does, because that was Hogwart's and that's Harvard.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”,
07:38
And when they see this,
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07:39
they say, "Why do you waste your time studying happiness at Harvard?
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ืฉื•ืŸ, ืœืžื” ืืชื” ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“?
ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช, ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“
07:43
What does a Harvard student possibly have to be unhappy about?"
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœื•?"
ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืืœื”
07:46
Embedded within that question
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07:47
is the key to understanding the science of happiness.
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ื ืžืฆื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ืื•ืฉืจ.
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื ื™ื—ื”
07:50
Because what that question assumes
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื ื‘ื ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
07:52
is that our external world is predictive of our happiness levels,
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ื›ืฉื‘ืขืฆื, ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœืš,
07:55
when in reality, if I know everything about your external world,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืจืง 10 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉืœื›ื.
07:58
I can only predict 10% of your long-term happiness.
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90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœื›ื
08:00
90 percent of your long-term happiness is predicted not by the external world,
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ื ืงื‘ืข ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืžื ืชื— ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
08:04
but by the way your brain processes the world.
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ื•ืื ื ืฉื ื” ืืช ื–ื”,
08:06
And if we change it,
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08:07
if we change our formula for happiness and success,
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ืื ื ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืœืื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื”,
ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš
08:10
we can change the way that we can then affect reality.
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ื‘ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
08:13
What we found is that only 25% of job successes are predicted by IQ,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื–ื” ืฉืจืง 25 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
ืžื ื•ื‘ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”IQ
08:17
75 percent of job successes
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75 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
08:19
are predicted by your optimism levels, your social support
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ืžื ื•ื‘ืื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
08:22
and your ability to see stress as a challenge instead of as a threat.
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:25
I talked to a New England boarding school, probably the most prestigious one,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ืื™ื ื’ืœื ื“, ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ืช,
ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
08:29
and they said, "We already know that.
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจืง ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช.
08:31
So every year, instead of just teaching our students, we have a wellness week.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชืœื”ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
08:34
And we're so excited. Monday night we have the world's leading expert
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ืฉื‘ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
08:38
will speak about adolescent depression.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื–ื” ืขืจื‘ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ืจื“ื”.
08:39
Tuesday night it's school violence and bullying.
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ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื–ื” ืขืจื‘ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”.
08:42
Wednesday night is eating disorders.
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ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ืกืชื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื.
08:44
Thursday night is illicit drug use.
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืงืก ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืฉืจ."
08:45
And Friday night we're trying to decide between risky sex or happiness."
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:49
(Laughter)
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08:50
I said, "That's most people's Friday nights."
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ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื."
08:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:55
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:58
Which I'm glad you liked, but they did not like that at all.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืฉืื”ื‘ืชื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืงื• ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
09:01
Silence on the phone.
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09:02
And into the silence, I said, "I'd be happy to speak at your school,
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ื•ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื“ืžืžื”, ืืžืจืชื™, "ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืฉืชื“ืขื•, ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžื—ืœื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช.
09:05
but that's not a wellness week, that's a sickness week.
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจืืชื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช,
09:08
You've outlined all the negative things that can happen,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™."
09:10
but not talked about the positive."
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื—ืœื” ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
09:12
The absence of disease is not health.
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ื”ื ื” ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื:
09:14
Here's how we get to health:
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09:15
We need to reverse the formula for happiness and success.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืœืื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
09:18
In the last three years, I've traveled to 45 countries,
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœ 45 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
09:21
working with schools and companies in the midst of an economic downturn.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
09:24
And I found that most companies and schools
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื–ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ
09:26
follow a formula for success, which is this:
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ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืื•ืชื” ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื:
ืื ืื ื™ ืืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฆืœื—.
09:29
If I work harder, I'll be more successful.
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฆืœื—, ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:31
And if I'm more successful, then I'll be happier.
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09:33
That undergirds most of our parenting and managing styles,
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ื–ื” ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•,
ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:36
the way that we motivate our behavior.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืš ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
09:38
And the problem is it's scientifically broken and backwards for two reasons.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื”,
09:41
Every time your brain has a success,
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09:43
you just changed the goalpost of what success looked like.
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ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื•ืก ืœืื™ืš ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ืจืื™ืช.
ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:46
You got good grades, now you have to get better grades,
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ื”ืชืงื‘ืœืชื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื›ื ืกืชื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:49
you got into a good school and after you get into a better one,
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ื”ืชืงื‘ืœืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœื™ืขื“ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ื ืฉื ื” ืืช ื™ืขื“ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
09:52
you got a good job, now you have to get a better job,
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ื•ืื ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
09:54
you hit your sales target, we're going to change it.
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ
09:57
And if happiness is on the opposite side of success, your brain never gets there.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืคืง ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื›ื—ื‘ืจื”.
10:01
We've pushed happiness over the cognitive horizon, as a society.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื,
ื•ืื– ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
10:04
And that's because we think we have to be successful,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš.
10:06
then we'll be happier.
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10:07
But our brains work in the opposite order.
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”,
10:10
If you can raise somebody's level of positivity in the present,
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ืื– ื”ืžื•ื— ื—ื•ื•ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื•ืฉืจ,
10:13
then their brain experiences what we now call a happiness advantage,
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™
ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
10:16
which is your brain at positive performs significantly better
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ื ื™ื˜ืจืืœื™ ืื• ืœื—ื•ืฅ.
10:19
than at negative, neutral or stressed.
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืœื”, ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืœื”, ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืœื•ืช.
10:21
Your intelligence rises, your creativity rises, your energy levels rise.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื•
10:24
In fact, we've found that every single business outcome improves.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืขืกืงื™ืช ืžืฉืชืคืจืช.
ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘31 ืื—ื•ื–
10:27
Your brain at positive is 31% more productive
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ื ื™ื˜ืจืืœื™ ืื• ืœื—ื•ืฅ.
10:29
than your brain at negative, neutral or stressed.
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ืืชื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘37 ืื—ื•ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช.
10:32
You're 37% better at sales.
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10:33
Doctors are 19 percent faster, more accurate
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ 19 ืื—ื•ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื
10:35
at coming up with the correct diagnosis
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ื‘ื”ื’ืขื” ืœืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ
10:37
when positive instead of negative, neutral or stressed.
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ืขื ืžื•ื— ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ื ื™ื˜ืจืืœื™ ืื• ืœื—ื•ืฅ.
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื”.
10:40
Which means we can reverse the formula.
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื”ืคืš ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”,
10:42
If we can find a way of becoming positive in the present,
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ืื– ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
10:45
then our brains work even more successfully
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ื›ื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:47
as we're able to work harder, faster and more intelligently.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื”
10:50
We need to be able to reverse this formula
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10:52
so we can start to see what our brains are actually capable of.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื,
10:55
Because dopamine, which floods into your system when you're positive,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช.
10:58
has two functions.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืขื•ืฉื” ืืชื›ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:59
Not only does it make you happier,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื
11:01
it turns on all of the learning centers in your brain
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
11:04
allowing you to adapt to the world in a different way.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—
11:06
We've found there are ways that you can train your brain
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
11:09
to be able to become more positive.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš 21 ื™ืžื™ื ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื,
11:11
In just a two-minute span of time done for 21 days in a row,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
11:14
we can actually rewire your brain,
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ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
11:15
allowing your brain to actually work more optimistically and more successfully.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
11:19
We've done these things in research now
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืื™ืชื”,
11:21
in every company that I've worked with,
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ื’ืจืžื ื• ืœื”ื ืœืจืฉื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื
11:23
getting them to write down three new things that they're grateful for
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 21 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช.
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
11:27
for 21 days in a row, three new things each day.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช
11:29
And at the end of that,
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11:30
their brain starts to retain a pattern
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ืฉืœ ืœืกืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื, ืืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื.
11:32
of scanning the world not for the negative, but for the positive first.
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ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื ื‘24 ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
11:35
Journaling about one positive experience you've had over the past 24 hours
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ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื•ื— ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืžืœืžื“ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžืฉื ื”.
11:39
allows your brain to relive it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื
11:41
Exercise teaches your brain that your behavior matters.
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ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืงืฉื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•
11:43
We find that meditation allows your brain
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11:45
to get over the cultural ADHD that we've been creating
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ
ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•.
11:48
by trying to do multiple tasks at once
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11:50
and allows our brains to focus on the task at hand.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžืขืฉื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื ืžืขืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘.
11:52
And finally, random acts of kindness are conscious acts of kindness.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœื”ื,
ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื™ื™ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืื—ื“
11:56
We get people, when they open up their inbox,
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ืœืฉื‘ื— ืื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
11:58
to write one positive email
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
11:59
praising or thanking somebody in their support network.
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ื•ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืืžื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
12:02
And by doing these activities
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื–ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืœืื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื”,
12:03
and by training your brain just like we train our bodies,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš, ืœื ืจืง ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
12:06
what we've found is we can reverse the formula for happiness and success,
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ืืœื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
12:10
and in doing so, not only create ripples of positivity,
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
12:12
but a real revolution.
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:13
Thank you very much.
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12:14
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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