Underwater astonishments | David Gallo

1,999,517 views ใƒป 2008-01-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Avigail Burstein
00:12
We're going to go on a dive to the deep sea,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืฆื ืœืฆืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื.
00:15
and anyone that's had that lovely opportunity
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืœืื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข
00:19
knows that for about two and half hours on the way down,
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ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžื˜ื”,
00:21
it's a perfectly positively pitch-black world.
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ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืœื ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืฉื—ื•ืจ.
00:24
And we used to see the most mysterious animals out the window
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืืฉื ื‘
00:27
that you couldn't describe:
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ื•ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืืจ ืื•ืชื. ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื:
00:28
these blinking lights -- a world of bioluminescence, like fireflies.
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ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื” [ืชืื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช], ื›ืžื• ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
ื“ืจ' ืื“ื™ืช ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ-- ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ--
00:32
Dr. Edith Widder -- she's now at the Ocean Research and Conservation Association --
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืคืชื— ืžืฆืœืžื”
00:36
was able to come up with a camera
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืชื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื,
00:38
that could capture some of these incredible animals,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš.
00:41
and that's what you're seeing here on the screen.
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00:43
That's all bioluminescence. Like I said: just like fireflies.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื”. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื›ืžื• ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
ื”ื ื” ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ-ื”ื•ื“ื• ืžืขื•ืคืฃ, ืฉื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืฅ [ืฆื—ื•ืง].
00:46
There's a flying turkey under a tree.
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00:48
(Laughter)
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข. ืื ื™ ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื™. ืืš ืื ื™ ื ื”ื ื” ืžื–ื”.
00:49
I'm a geologist by training.
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00:52
But I love that.
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00:55
And you see, some of the bioluminescence they use to avoid being eaten,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื”
ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื˜ืจืฃ,
00:58
some they use to attract prey,
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ื•ื—ืœืงื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื˜ืจืฃ.
01:00
but all of it, from an artistic point of view,
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ืืš ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
01:02
is just positively amazing.
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01:04
And a lot of what goes on inside --
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื--
01:06
There's a fish with glowing eyes, pulsating eyes.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื’ ืขื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื–ื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืขืžื•ืช.
01:08
Some of the colors are designed to hypnotize,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืคื ื˜.
01:11
these lovely patterns.
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ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื”. ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ:
01:13
And then this last one,
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01:15
one of my favorites, this pinwheel design.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.
01:18
Just absolutely amazing, every single dive.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื•ืฆืœื™ืœื”.
01:21
That's the unknown world, and today we've only explored
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ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื•ืขื“ ื›ื” ื—ืงืจื ื• ืจืง 3%
01:24
about 3 percent of what's out there in the ocean.
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ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:26
Already we've found the world's highest mountains,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
ืืช ื”ืขืžืงื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:29
the world's deepest valleys,
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01:31
underwater lakes, underwater waterfalls --
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ืื’ืžื™ื ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืžืคืœื™ื ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™ื™ื--
01:33
a lot of that we shared with you from the stage.
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืœื” ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืœื›ื ืžืขืœ ื‘ืžื” ื–ื•.
01:35
And in a place where we thought no life at all,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:38
we find more life, we think, and diversity and density
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช,
01:40
than the tropical rainforest,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™. ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•
01:42
which tells us that we don't know much about this planet at all.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”.
ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ 97%, ืฉื”ื ืื• ืจื™ืงื™ื ืื• ืžืœืื™ ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช.
01:45
There's still 97 percent,
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01:46
and either that 97 percent is empty or just full of surprises.
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01:49
But I want to jump up to shallow water now
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ืืš ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ื ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื,
01:51
and look at some creatures that are positively amazing.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื.
01:54
Cephalopods -- head-foots.
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื- ืจืืฉ-ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื. ื›ื™ืœื“ ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืงืœืžืจื™. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:57
As a kid I knew them as calamari, mostly.
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01:59
(Laughter)
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ื–ื”ื• ืชืžื ื•ืŸ.
02:00
This is an octopus.
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02:01
This is the work of Dr. Roger Hanlon at the Marine Biological Lab,
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ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ืจ' ืจื•ื’'ืจ ื”ื ืœื•ืŸ ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืช.
ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื,
02:05
and it's just fascinating how cephalopods can,
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02:07
with their incredible eyes, sense their surroundings,
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ื—ืฉื™ื ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื•ืช,
02:09
look at light, look at patterns.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืจ, ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:11
Here's an octopus moving across the reef,
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ื”ื ื” ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช.
02:14
finds a spot to settle down, curls up and then disappears into the background.
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ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžืงื, ืžืชื›ืจื‘ืœ ื•ื ืขืœื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจืงืข.
02:18
Tough thing to do.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข.
02:21
In the next bit, we're going to see a couple squid.
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ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื”ื‘ื ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื.
02:23
Now males, when they fight,
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ. ืืœื” ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื,
02:25
if they're really aggressive, they turn white.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืœื—ืžื™ื.
02:27
And these two males are fighting.
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02:28
They do it by bouncing their butts together,
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื›ื•ื–ื™ื,
ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื” ื–ื›ืจ ืžืฉืžืืœ,
02:31
which is an interesting concept.
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02:32
Now, here's a male on the left and a female on the right,
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ื•ื ืงื‘ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ.
02:35
and the male has managed to split his coloration
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ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืฆืœ ืืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืชื•,
02:38
so the female only always sees the kinder, gentler squid in him.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืจื•ืื” ืจืง ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืžื“ ื•ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•.
ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจ-- [ืฆื—ื•ืง] ืžื™ื“ ื ืจืื” ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘.
02:41
(Laughter)
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02:45
Let's take a look at it again. Watch the coloration:
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจืื” ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช:
02:48
white on the right, brown on the left.
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ืœื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื—ื•ื ืžืฉืžืืœ.
02:51
He takes a step back,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืกื•ื’ ืžืขื˜, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื
02:53
he's keeping off the other males by splitting his body,
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ืข"ื™ ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™...
02:56
and comes up on the other side --
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02:58
Bingo!
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ื”ื ื”! ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืฉื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื”
02:59
Now, I'm told that's not not just a squid phenomenon with males,
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ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข.
03:02
but I don't know.
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
03:03
(Laughter)
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03:05
Cuttlefish. I love cuttlefish.
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ-ืจื•ืงื—ื™ื. ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื. ื–ื” ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ ืขื ืง.
03:07
This is a Giant Australian Cuttlefish.
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03:08
And there he is, his droopy little eyes up here.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื. ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ืืœื• ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืฉืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
ืืš ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
03:13
But they can do pretty amazing things, too.
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ื›ืขืช ื ืจืื” ืื—ื“ ืฉื ืกื•ื’ ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ืงื™ืข ืฆืจ...
03:15
Here we're going to see one backing into a crevice,
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03:18
and watch his tentacles --
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื“ ืฉืœื•.
03:20
he just pulls them in, makes them look just like algae.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ืก ืื•ืชืŸ. ื–ื” ืžืงื ื” ืœื• ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ืืฆื”.
03:23
Disappears right into the background.
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ื ืขืœื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืงืข.
03:26
Positively amazing.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ื”ื ื” ืฉื ื™ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื.
03:27
Here's two males fighting.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื”--
03:29
Once again, they're smart enough, these cephalopods;
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03:31
they know not to hurt each other.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
03:33
But look at the patterns that they can do with their skin.
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ืืš ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ืจื, ื›ืŸ?
03:36
That's an amazing thing.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
ื”ื ื” ืชืžื ื•ืŸ. ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืขื™ื,
03:39
Here's an octopus.
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03:40
Sometimes they don't want to be seen when they move,
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ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืชื.
03:43
because predators can see them.
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ื”ื ื”, ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกืœืข,
03:44
This guy can make himself look like a rock,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•,
03:47
and, looking at his environment,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ืช,
03:49
can actually slide across the bottom,
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ื•ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช.
03:51
using the waves and the shadows so he can't be seen.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืชืžื–ื’; ืชื ื•ืขืชื• ืžืชืžื–ื’ืช ื‘ืจืงืข.
03:54
His motion blends right into the background --
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03:58
the moving rock trick.
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ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ืกืœืข ื”ื ืข. ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื.
04:00
So, we're learning lots new from the shallow water.
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04:03
Still exploring the deep, but learning lots from the shallow water.
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ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขืžืงื™ื,
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื.
04:06
There's a good reason why:
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”: ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื
04:07
the shallow water's full of predators -- here's a barracuda --
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ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื. ื”ื ื” ื‘ืจืงื•ื“ื”.
04:10
and if you're an octopus or a cephalopod,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ืื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ
04:12
you need to really understand how to use your surroundings to hide.
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ืชื“ืขื• ืœื ืฆืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ.
ื‘ืกืฆื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืชืจืื• ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื ืื”.
04:16
In the next scene, you're going to see a nice coral bottom.
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืชืžื ื•ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”
04:18
And you see that an octopus would stand out
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ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืื ืœื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœื•
04:21
very easily there if you couldn't use your camouflage,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืžืจืงื.
04:23
use your skin to change color and texture.
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื–ื• ืืฆื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
04:25
Here's some algae in the foreground --
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04:28
and an octopus.
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ื•ืชืžื ื•ืŸ. ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ืคืœื? ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจื•ื’'ืจ ื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื•,
04:30
Ain't that amazing?
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04:34
Now, Roger spooked him, so he took off in a cloud of ink,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชืœืง ื‘ืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•. ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื—ืช,
04:38
and when he lands, the octopus says, "Oh, I've been seen.
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ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื•ื™, ืจืื• ืื•ืชื™.
04:41
The best thing to do is to get as big as I can get."
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ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืื™ืขืฉื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ".
04:43
That big brown makes his eyespot very big.
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ื”ื›ืชื ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืžืื“ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช-ืขื™ื ื™ื•.
04:46
So, he's bluffing. Let's do it backwards.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืœืฃ. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจื™ืฅ ื–ืืช ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
04:48
I thought he was joking when he first showed it to me.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืœื•ืฆืฅ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ืœื™ ืืช ื–ื”.
04:50
I thought it was all graphics. So here it is in reverse.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ื’ืจืคื™ืงืช ืžื—ืฉื‘. ื”ื ื”, ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืžืจืงื ื”ืขื•ืจ.
04:53
Watch the skin color; watch the skin texture.
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04:55
Just an amazing animal, it can change color and texture
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ืžืžืฉ ื—ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”. ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืžืจืงื
04:58
to match the surroundings.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืจืงืข. ืจืื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื–ื’ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืืฆื”.
04:59
Watch him blend right into this algae.
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05:02
One, two, three.
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ืื—ืช. ืฉืชื™ื™ื. ืฉืœื•ืฉ.
05:04
(Applause)
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืขืœื. ื•ื’ื ืื ื™. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
05:08
And now he's gone, and so am I. Thank you very much.
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05:12
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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