Underwater astonishments | David Gallo

1,996,604 views ・ 2008-01-14

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

譯者: Bill Hsiung 審譯者: Calvin Chun-yu Chan
00:12
We're going to go on a dive to the deep sea,
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我們將要潛入深海中。
00:15
and anyone that's had that lovely opportunity
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而任何曾有如此美妙經驗的人都知道
00:19
knows that for about two and half hours on the way down,
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在我們潛入海底的兩個半小時旅程中,
00:21
it's a perfectly positively pitch-black world.
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外面是一片漆黑的世界。
00:24
And we used to see the most mysterious animals out the window
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然後我們將會在窗外看到最神秘的
00:27
that you couldn't describe:
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你無法用言語描述的生物。這些閃爍的光線:
00:28
these blinking lights -- a world of bioluminescence, like fireflies.
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一個生物螢光的世界,如同螢火蟲一般。
Edith Witter 博士 — 她目前在海洋研究保育機構工作 —
00:32
Dr. Edith Widder -- she's now at the Ocean Research and Conservation Association --
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她研制了一部攝影機
00:36
was able to come up with a camera
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才能捕捉這些不可思議的生物的其中一些鏡頭,
00:38
that could capture some of these incredible animals,
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就是你們目前正在螢幕上面觀賞的這段影片。
00:41
and that's what you're seeing here on the screen.
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00:43
That's all bioluminescence. Like I said: just like fireflies.
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這些都是生物螢光。因此,像我說過的:就如同螢火蟲一般。
這些是在樹下飛翔的火雞。(笑聲)
00:46
There's a flying turkey under a tree.
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00:48
(Laughter)
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我知道。我唸得是地理。但是我愛死這些生物了。
00:49
I'm a geologist by training.
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00:52
But I love that.
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00:55
And you see, some of the bioluminescence they use to avoid being eaten,
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你可以看到某些這種生物螢光
被用來防止被獵食,
00:58
some they use to attract prey,
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相對的,某些則用來吸引獵物。
01:00
but all of it, from an artistic point of view,
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但是他們全部,以藝術的眼光來說,沒有比「神奇」更好的形容詞了。
01:02
is just positively amazing.
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01:04
And a lot of what goes on inside --
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這些生物體內也發生一連串的反應 —
01:06
There's a fish with glowing eyes, pulsating eyes.
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這是眼睛會發光閃爍的魚,
01:08
Some of the colors are designed to hypnotize,
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某些顏色被用來催眠。
01:11
these lovely patterns.
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這些可愛的圖紋。還有這最後一個:
01:13
And then this last one,
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01:15
one of my favorites, this pinwheel design.
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我最喜愛的風火輪設計。
01:18
Just absolutely amazing, every single dive.
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每一次的下潛經驗都是一次驚奇。
01:21
That's the unknown world, and today we've only explored
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這是未知的世界。直到今天我們只探索了
01:24
about 3 percent of what's out there in the ocean.
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整個大海的 3% 而已。
01:26
Already we've found the world's highest mountains,
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但我們已經發現了世界最高的山脈,
最深的峽谷,
01:29
the world's deepest valleys,
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01:31
underwater lakes, underwater waterfalls --
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水下的湖,水下的瀑布 —
01:33
a lot of that we shared with you from the stage.
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今天於台上我們將與您分享。
01:35
And in a place where we thought no life at all,
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在我們曾經以為沒有生命的地方,
01:38
we find more life, we think, and diversity and density
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我們發現了生命的驚人密度及多樣性,
01:40
than the tropical rainforest,
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甚至超越了熱帶雨林。這告訴我們
01:42
which tells us that we don't know much about this planet at all.
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我們根本還不了解這個星球。
還有 97% ,不論你認為是 97% 的空虛還是 97% 的驚奇。
01:45
There's still 97 percent,
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01:46
and either that 97 percent is empty or just full of surprises.
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01:49
But I want to jump up to shallow water now
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但是我現在想要帶你們到淺水域來,
01:51
and look at some creatures that are positively amazing.
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來看看這些驚奇的生物。
01:54
Cephalopods -- head-foots.
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頭足綱(類)動物。我年幼時主要是從 calamari 這道菜開始認識牠們。
01:57
As a kid I knew them as calamari, mostly.
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01:59
(Laughter)
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這是章魚。
02:00
This is an octopus.
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02:01
This is the work of Dr. Roger Hanlon at the Marine Biological Lab,
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這是 Roger Hanlon 博士於海洋生物實驗室的研究成果。
知道頭足綱動物們如何藉由牠們不可思議的眼睛
02:05
and it's just fascinating how cephalopods can,
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02:07
with their incredible eyes, sense their surroundings,
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來察覺牠們周遭的環境是令人著迷的事情,
02:09
look at light, look at patterns.
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牠們能察覺光線跟圖案。
02:11
Here's an octopus moving across the reef,
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這是一隻章魚橫越珊瑚礁。
02:14
finds a spot to settle down, curls up and then disappears into the background.
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找到一個棲身之處,捲曲並消失在背景中。
02:18
Tough thing to do.
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非常困難的一件事。
02:21
In the next bit, we're going to see a couple squid.
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接下來,我們將要看到一對烏賊。
02:23
Now males, when they fight,
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這是一隻烏賊。現在是兩隻在打架的雄烏賊,
02:25
if they're really aggressive, they turn white.
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如果他們懷有強烈的敵意,他們會變成白色的。
這兩隻雄性烏賊正在打架。
02:27
And these two males are fighting.
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02:28
They do it by bouncing their butts together,
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他們打架時會互撞屁股,
這是一個有趣的概念。現在左邊有一隻雄烏賊
02:31
which is an interesting concept.
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02:32
Now, here's a male on the left and a female on the right,
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右邊有一隻雌烏賊。
02:35
and the male has managed to split his coloration
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現在,這隻雄烏賊將他的體色一分為二,
02:38
so the female only always sees the kinder, gentler squid in him.
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所以雌烏賊永遠只會見到雄烏賊紳士有禮的一面。
但是雄烏賊就 —(笑聲)我們再看一次。
02:41
(Laughter)
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02:45
Let's take a look at it again. Watch the coloration:
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讓我們再看一次。注意他的體色:
02:48
white on the right, brown on the left.
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右邊是白的,左邊是棕的。
02:51
He takes a step back,
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他往後退了一步,這樣他可以藉由將身體切為兩半
02:53
he's keeping off the other males by splitting his body,
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並顯現另外一半來隔離其他雄性烏賊 ...
02:56
and comes up on the other side --
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02:58
Bingo!
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就是這樣!我被告知
02:59
Now, I'm told that's not not just a squid phenomenon with males,
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這種雄性行為並不只是烏賊獨有的,但我不知道。
03:02
but I don't know.
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(掌聲)
03:03
(Laughter)
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03:05
Cuttlefish. I love cuttlefish.
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魷魚。我喜愛魷魚。這是一隻巨型澳洲魷魚。
03:07
This is a Giant Australian Cuttlefish.
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03:08
And there he is, his droopy little eyes up here.
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他在那邊。他下垂的小眼睛在上面那裡。
他們可以做非常讓人驚奇的事情。
03:13
But they can do pretty amazing things, too.
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這邊我們看到一隻倒退著進入一道縫隙,然後 —
03:15
Here we're going to see one backing into a crevice,
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03:18
and watch his tentacles --
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仔細看他的觸角。
03:20
he just pulls them in, makes them look just like algae.
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他就這麼將它們拉進去。讓他看起來如同海藻一般。
03:23
Disappears right into the background.
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瞬間融入背景中消失蹤影。
03:26
Positively amazing.
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就是這麼令人驚奇。這邊有兩隻雄性在打架。
03:27
Here's two males fighting.
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再一次的,這些頭足動物們,牠們夠聰明 —
03:29
Once again, they're smart enough, these cephalopods;
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03:31
they know not to hurt each other.
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牠們知道不能彼此傷害對方。
03:33
But look at the patterns that they can do with their skin.
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但是看看牠們皮膚所能顯現出來的圖案,就像這樣!
03:36
That's an amazing thing.
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除了神奇還是神奇。
這邊是一隻章魚。有時候當牠們移動的時候不喜歡被看見,
03:39
Here's an octopus.
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03:40
Sometimes they don't want to be seen when they move,
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因為獵食者也許會看到牠們。
03:43
because predators can see them.
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這邊,這傢伙讓自己看起來跟岩石一模一樣,
03:44
This guy can make himself look like a rock,
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同時,觀察周遭環境,
03:47
and, looking at his environment,
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在海底緩慢的滑行,
03:49
can actually slide across the bottom,
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利用波浪造成的陰影移動,這樣比較不容易被看到。
03:51
using the waves and the shadows so he can't be seen.
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他融合得如此之好;動作與背景融合。
03:54
His motion blends right into the background --
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03:58
the moving rock trick.
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這是模仿岩石移動的技巧。因此我們從淺海域學到了不少新知。
04:00
So, we're learning lots new from the shallow water.
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04:03
Still exploring the deep, but learning lots from the shallow water.
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在持續探索深海的同時,
學習關於淺海域的新知。
04:06
There's a good reason why:
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牠們之所以發展出這些能力是有原因的:
04:07
the shallow water's full of predators -- here's a barracuda --
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淺海域到處充滿著獵食者。這是一隻梭魚。
04:10
and if you're an octopus or a cephalopod,
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如果你是章魚或是頭足動物
04:12
you need to really understand how to use your surroundings to hide.
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你必需是利用周遭環境隱藏的大師。
在下一幕中你將會看見一個珊瑚礁的底部。
04:16
In the next scene, you're going to see a nice coral bottom.
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你會發現章魚在這種環境會顯得非常突出
04:18
And you see that an octopus would stand out
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如果你不能善用你的偽裝,你將會非常容易被發現,
04:21
very easily there if you couldn't use your camouflage,
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使用你的皮膚來改變顏色和材質。
04:23
use your skin to change color and texture.
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這一幕的前景有一些海藻。
04:25
Here's some algae in the foreground --
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04:28
and an octopus.
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還有一隻章魚。這不神奇嗎?現在,Roger 嚇到牠了,
04:30
Ain't that amazing?
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04:34
Now, Roger spooked him, so he took off in a cloud of ink,
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所以牠一溜煙的跑走了。當牠
04:38
and when he lands, the octopus says, "Oh, I've been seen.
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停下來以後,這隻章魚會說:「老天,我被看見了。
04:41
The best thing to do is to get as big as I can get."
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所以我必須盡力讓自己看起來愈大愈好。」
04:43
That big brown makes his eyespot very big.
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這隻大棕色的傢伙讓牠的眼睛看起來非常的大。
04:46
So, he's bluffing. Let's do it backwards.
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他在虛張聲勢。現在讓我們倒帶來看。
04:48
I thought he was joking when he first showed it to me.
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當他指出那隻章魚給我看的時候,我以為他在開玩笑。
04:50
I thought it was all graphics. So here it is in reverse.
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我以為那都是特效。所以我們現在倒帶。
仔細看牠皮膚的顏色跟材質。
04:53
Watch the skin color; watch the skin texture.
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04:55
Just an amazing animal, it can change color and texture
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神乎其技的動物,可以同時改變顏色與材質
04:58
to match the surroundings.
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使牠看起來與周遭環境一模一樣。看著牠與海藻融合在一起。
04:59
Watch him blend right into this algae.
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05:02
One, two, three.
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一、二、三。
05:04
(Applause)
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現在牠不見了,我也要離開了。非常感謝大家。
05:08
And now he's gone, and so am I. Thank you very much.
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05:12
(Applause)
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