Hans Rosling: Debunking third-world myths with the best stats you've ever seen

About 10 years ago, I took on the task to teach global development

大約10年前，我開始

給瑞典大學生講授全球發展

to Swedish undergraduate students.

That was after having spent about 20 years,

之前的20年我一直在非洲研究飢餓問題

together with African institutions,

studying hunger in Africa.

所以大家以為我對世界有些了解

So I was sort of expected to know a little about the world.

在我們的Karolinska醫學院

And I started, in our medical university, Karolinska Institute,

an undergraduate course called Global Health.

我開設了一門本科生課程“全球健康”

But when you get that opportunity, you get a little nervous.

剛開課的時候我還有些緊張

I thought, these students coming to us actually have the highest grade

因為來聽課的都是瑞典大學的優等生

you can get in the Swedish college system,

他們或許早已了解我準備教的內容

so I thought, maybe they know everything I'm going to teach them about.

於是在第一堂課裡，我作了一個小測試

So I did a pretest when they came.

And one of the questions from which I learned a lot was this one:

其中有一道題讓我受益匪淺

"Which country has the highest child mortality of these five pairs?"

下列5對國家中，哪一個的兒童死亡率高於另一個？

我所選擇的配對國家都是

And I put them together so that in each pair of countries,

one has twice the child mortality of the other.

一個的兒童死亡率是另一個的兩倍

And this means that it's much bigger, the difference,

數據本身的不確定性可以忽略不計

than the uncertainty of the data.

I won't put you at a test here, but it's Turkey,

今天我不會拿這來考大家

which is highest there, Poland, Russia, Pakistan and South Africa.

土耳其，波蘭，俄羅斯，巴基斯坦和南非

And these were the results of the Swedish students.

這是瑞典學生的測驗結果

I did it so I got the confidence interval, which is pretty narrow.

讓我高興的是

And I got happy, of course -- a 1.8 right answer out of five possible.

5道題平均答對的只有1.8題

That means there was a place for a professor of international health

我這個教授還有這門課

and for my course.

因此都有了存在的必要

(Laughter)

But one late night, when I was compiling the report,

但後來有天深夜，當我寫總結報告的時候

I really realized my discovery.

我突然有了新的發現

I have shown that Swedish top students know, statistically,

瑞典大學的優等生們對世界的了解

significantly less about the world than the chimpanzees.

竟然還不如黑猩猩

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Because the chimpanzee would score half right

因為黑猩猩們至少能蒙對一半

if I gave them two bananas with Sri Lanka and Turkey.

在兩個選項旁邊各放一根香蕉，就有一半的機率答對。

They would be right half of the cases. But the students are not there.

這些優等生們卻做不到。這不是由於知識缺乏

The problem for me was not ignorance; it was preconceived ideas.

而是他們先入為主的錯誤理念

I did also an unethical study

我還把這個測試拿去給卡羅林斯卡學院的教授們做

of the professors of the Karolinska Institute,

（笑聲）

which hands out the Nobel Prize in Medicine,

他們每年負責頒發諾貝爾醫學獎

and they are on par with the chimpanzee there.

結果教授們和黑猩猩半斤八兩

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

This is where I realized that there was really a need to communicate,

我意識到很有必要交流一下這個問題

because the data of what's happening in the world

因為多數人並不知道

and the child health of every country

世界各國的兒童健康的改善

is very well aware.

So we did this software, which displays it like this.

我們作了一個軟件，每一個小球代表一個國家

Every bubble here is a country.

This country over here is China.

這個是中國，這個是印度

This is India.

The size of the bubble is the population,

小球的尺寸代表該國的人口，X軸是生育率

and on this axis here, I put fertility rate.

Because my students, what they said

我曾問過學生們

when they looked upon the world, and I asked them,

如果讓你們來審視這個世界

"What do you really think about the world?"

你們的真實想法是什麼

其實這些教科書上都是丁丁歷險記（帶有殖民主義思想的漫畫）的人物

Well, I first discovered that the textbook was Tintin, mainly.

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And they said, "The world is still 'we' and 'them.'

學生們回答 世界是由“我們和他們”組成的

And 'we' is the Western world and 'them' is the Third World."

“我們”指西方世界 “他們”指第三世界

我又問“什麼是西方世界？”

"And what do you mean with 'Western world?'" I said.

"Well, that's long life and small family.

“西方世界壽命長且家庭小；第三世界壽命短而家庭大。”

And 'Third World' is short life and large family."

那麼一起來看。X軸是生育率，每個婦女的育兒數

So this is what I could display here.

I put fertility rate here --

number of children per woman: one, two, three, four,

從每人1，2，3，4胎，到8胎

up to about eight children per woman.

We have very good data since 1962, 1960, about,

我們有1962年之後的各國家庭大小的可靠數據

on the size of families in all countries.

The error margin is narrow.

數據誤差相當小。 Y軸是平均壽命

Here, I put life expectancy at birth,

from 30 years in some countries, up to about 70 years.

從30歲到70歲不等

And in 1962, there was really a group of countries here

1962年的時候的確有一群國家在上面

that were industrialized countries,

這些是發達國家，他們家庭小，壽命長

and they had small families and long lives.

And these were the developing countries.

而這些則是發展中國家

They had large families and they had relatively short lives.

他們家庭大，壽命也相對短些

Now, what has happened since 1962? We want to see the change.

從1962年到今天 世界有什麼變化嗎？

Are the students right? It's still two types of countries?

學生們正確嗎？國家還是分為2類嗎?

Or have these developing countries got smaller families and they live here?

或者發展中國家的家庭變小 （這些小球）移動到了左邊?

Or have they got longer lives and live up there?

或者發展中國家人們的壽命變長 （這些小球）移動到了上面?

Let's see. We start the world, eh?

我們一起看看，這些數據都來自於聯合國

This is all UN statistics that have been available.

大家看到沒有？

Here we go. Can you see there?

It's China there, moving against better health there, improving there.

這個是中國，他們在往上移動，健康狀況不斷改善

All the green Latin American countries are moving towards smaller families.

這些綠色的拉丁美洲國家 正朝向小家庭的方向移動

這些黃色的小球是阿拉伯國家

Your yellow ones here are the Arabic countries,

壽命在變長但家庭規模不變

and they get longer life, but not larger families.

The Africans are the green here. They still remain here.

非洲國家是下面的綠球，他們一直在下面

This is India; Indonesia is moving on pretty fast.

這個是印度，印度尼西亞的移動速度非常快

In the '80s here, you have Bangladesh still among the African countries.

（笑聲）

80年代的時候，孟加拉國仍然和非洲國家在一起

But now, Bangladesh -- it's a miracle that happens in the '80s --

但是80年代的奇蹟發生在孟加拉國

the imams start to promote family planning,

媽媽們開始宣傳和普及計劃生育

and they move up into that corner.

他們向左上角移動。90年代恐怖的艾滋病流行

And in the '90s, we have the terrible HIV epidemic

that takes down the life expectancy of the African countries.

導致非洲國家的平均壽命縮短

And the rest of them all move up into the corner,

而其他國家都向左上角移動

where we have long lives and small family,

大家都有了長壽命和小家庭，而世界也煥然一新了

and we have a completely new world.

(Applause)

（掌聲）

(Applause ends)

Let me make a comparison directly

現在我們對比一下美國和越南

between the United States of America and Vietnam.

1964:

1964年的美國家庭小壽命長

America had small families and long life;

Vietnam had large families and short lives.

越南的家庭大而壽命短。這是後來的變化

And this is what happens.

The data during the war indicate that even with all the death,

越戰時期的數據顯示，儘管戰爭造成傷亡

there was an improvement of life expectancy.

越南人的平均壽命仍有提高

By the end of the year, family planning started in Vietnam,

70年代末期，越南的計劃生育減小了家庭規模

and they went for smaller families.

And the United States up there is getting longer life,

美國人的平均壽命也在延長

keeping family size.

而家庭規模不變

And in the '80s now, they give up Communist planning

到了90年代，越南由計劃經濟轉為市場經濟

and they go for market economy,

and it moves faster even than social life.

其經濟發展的速度超過了社會的發展

And today, we have in Vietnam

今天（2003）越南人的平均壽命和家庭規模

the same life expectancy and the same family size

已經和越戰結束時（1974）的美國一樣

here in Vietnam, 2003,

as in United States, 1974, by the end of the war.

如果沒有看到這些數據的話

I think we all, if we don't look at the data,

we underestimate the tremendous change in Asia,

我們會低估了亞洲的巨大變化

which was in social change before we saw the economic change.

這些超前於經濟發展的社會變革

So let's move over to another way here

下面我們換個視角

in which we could display the distribution in the world

X軸顯示了全世界的收入分佈

of income.

This is the world distribution of income of people.

每天收入1美元，10美元和100美元

One dollar, 10 dollars or 100 dollars per day.

富與窮之間的鴻溝幾乎消失了，簡直是個奇蹟

There's no gap between rich and poor any longer. This is a myth.

There's a little hump here.

這裡還有一個很小的峰，但總體上是均數分佈的

But there are people all the way.

And if we look where the income ends up,

我們看看收入的分配情況

this is 100 percent of the world's annual income.

這代表全世界人民每年的全部收入

And the richest 20 percent,

they take out of that about 74 percent.

最富有的20%那部分人得到了全部收入的74%

And the poorest 20 percent, they take about two percent.

最貧窮的20%那部分人只得到2%

And this shows that the concept of developing countries

is extremely doubtful.

可見發展中國家的理念極其的不確切

We think about aid,

like these people here giving aid to these people here.

我們總以為最富的人應該給最窮的人提供援助

But in the middle, we have most of the world population,

其實中間這部分才是世界人口的主體，而他們僅得到全部收入的24%

and they have now 24 percent of the income.

We heard it in other forms.

這是個老問題了，中間這些人是誰？

And who are these?

他們在哪些國家？先看非洲

Where are the different countries?

I can show you Africa.

This is Africa.

非洲佔世界人口的十分之一，多數是窮人

Ten percent of the world population,

most in poverty.

這個代表富裕的經合組織成員國，聯合國俱樂部的會員

This is OECD -- the rich countries, the country club of the UN.

And they are over here on this side. Quite an overlap between Africa and OECD.

他們在這邊，很小一部分與非洲重疊

And this is Latin America.

這是拉丁美洲，他們可以代表全世界

It has everything on this earth, from the poorest to the richest

從最貧窮到最富有的人都在那裡

in Latin America.

再往上是東歐，東亞還有南亞

And on top of that, we can put East Europe,

we can put East Asia, and we put South Asia.

過去是什麼樣子的呢？

And what did it look like if we go back in time,

to about 1970?

如果我們回到1970年，這裡有一個明顯的峰

Then, there was more of a hump.

這些絕對貧困的人大多數在亞洲

And most who lived in absolute poverty were Asians.

那時世界的問題就在於亞洲的貧窮

The problem in the world was the poverty in Asia.

And if I now let the world move forward,

you will see that while population increases,

後來隨著人口的增長

there are hundreds of millions in Asia getting out of poverty,

數以億計的亞洲人擺脫了貧困

and some others getting into poverty,

另外一些人卻陷入貧窮，這就是今天的世界

and this is the pattern we have today.

而這是世界銀行對未來最樂觀的預測

And the best projection from the World Bank

is that this will happen,

世界再也不是貧富懸殊的，大多數人擁有中等的收入

and we will not have a divided world.

We'll have most people in the middle.

Of course it's a logarithmic scale here,

當然這是指數冪分佈的圖

but our concept of economy is growth with percent.

因為經濟的增長是用百分比來衡量的

We look upon it as a possibility of percentile increase.

我們用百分比的變化來評估經濟增長

If I change this and take GDP per capita instead of family income,

下面把X軸改為人均國內生產總值

and I turn these individual data

個人的數據轉為各大洲的數據

into regional data of gross domestic product,

and I take the regions down here,

球的大小代表人口的多少

the size of the bubble is still the population.

And you have the OECD there, and you have sub-Saharan Africa there,

這個是經合組織國家，這是撒哈拉以南非洲

and we take off the Arab states there,

我們把阿拉伯國家

coming both from Africa and from Asia,

從非洲和亞洲單獨分出來

and we put them separately,

and we can expand this axis, and I can give it a new dimension here,

然後把X軸延伸一下，再加上一個新的維度

by adding the social values there, child survival.

一個有社會價值的參數：兒童生存率

Now I have money on that axis,

X軸代表經濟，Y軸顯示兒童存活的比率

and I have the possibility of children to survive there.

In some countries, 99.7% of children survive to five years of age;

一些國家的99.7%的小孩可以活到5歲以上

others, only 70.

另一些國家只有70%。很明顯可以看到

And here, it seems, there is a gap between OECD,

經合組織成員國和拉丁美洲，東歐，東亞

Latin America, East Europe, East Asia,

Arab states, South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

阿拉伯國家，南亞和非洲撒哈拉以南地區

The linearity is very strong between child survival and money.

兒童生存率和經濟之間聯繫非常緊密

But let me split sub-Saharan Africa.

下面把撒哈拉以南非洲地區分解成各個國家

Health is there and better health is up there.

I can go here, and I can split sub-Saharan Africa into its countries.

分佈靠上邊的國家擁有更高的健康水平

And when it bursts,

撒哈拉以南的非洲各國是如此分佈的，球的尺寸代表該國人口

the size of each country bubble is the size of the population.

Sierra Leone down there, Mauritius is up there.

塞拉里昂在下邊，毛里求斯在上邊

Mauritius was the first country to get away with trade barriers,

毛里求斯是第一個消除了貿易壁壘的國家

and they could sell their sugar, they could sell their textiles,

他們的蔗糖和紡織品的貿易協定與歐洲和北美一樣

on equal terms as the people in Europe and North America.

There's a huge difference [within] Africa.

但是非洲內部的差異非常巨大。加納在中部

And Ghana is here in the middle.

In Sierra Leone, humanitarian aid.

塞拉里昂需要人道主義援助

Here in Uganda, development aid.

烏干達則需要發展援助，在加納可以進行投資了

Here, time to invest; there, you can go for a holiday.

毛里求斯則可以去度假。非洲內部的差異之大確實很驚人

There's tremendous variation within Africa,

而我們卻總以為非洲國家都差不多

which we very often make that it's equal everything.

I can split South Asia here. India's the big bubble in the middle.

下面分解南亞各國，印度是中間的藍色大球

But there's a huge difference between Afghanistan and Sri Lanka.

而斯里蘭卡和阿富汗有著巨大差異

I can split Arab states. How are they?

把阿拉伯世界分解來看，儘管是相同的氣候，相同的文化

Same climate, same culture, same religion -- huge difference.

相同的宗教，卻有巨大的差異

Even between neighbors --

Yemen, civil war;

也門在打內戰，鄰國阿聯酋卻躺在錢堆裡

United Arab Emirates, money, which was quite equally and well-used.

Not as the myth is.

而且（阿聯酋的）兒童健康數據包含了所有的外籍勞工

And that includes all the children of the foreign workers

who are in the country.

大家總說數據不准確數據，其實比我們想像的好很多

Data is often better than you think. Many people say data is bad.

There is an uncertainty margin, but we can see the difference here:

數據是有誤差

但柬埔寨和新加坡的差距肯定遠大於數據的誤差

Cambodia, Singapore.

The differences are much bigger than the weakness of the data.

再看東歐

East Europe: Soviet economy for a long time,

在蘇聯經濟模式下發展了多年，但在過去10年

but they come out after 10 years very, very differently.

卻經歷了巨大的變化

And there is Latin America.

當今的拉丁美洲，古巴再也不是唯一的健康國家了

Today, we don't have to go to Cuba

to find a healthy country in Latin America.

Chile will have a lower child mortality than Cuba within some few years from now.

幾年後，智利的兒童死亡率將低於古巴

Here, we have high-income countries in the OECD.

這些是經合組織成員國

And we get the whole pattern here of the world,

這裡顯示的就是我們的世界

which is more or less like this.

大概就是這樣的情形。如果我們回到過去

And if we look at it, how the world looks,

看看世界是怎樣的。從1960年開始

in 1960, it starts to move.

This is Mao Zedong. He brought health to China.

1960年（中國有）毛澤東，他給中國帶來了健康

And then he died.

And then Deng Xiaoping came and brought money to China,

他去世後鄧小平給中國帶來了金錢，同時把中國帶回到世界的主流當中

and brought them into the mainstream again.

And we have seen how countries move in different directions like this,

其他國家的移動方向也不盡相同

so it's sort of difficult to get an example country

很難找出哪個國家

能代表全世界的發展模式

which shows the pattern of the world.

But I would like to bring you back to about here, at 1960.

我們回到1960年做個比較

先選中韓國（左邊的小黃球）；巴西（右邊的黃綠色大球）

I would like to compare South Korea, which is this one,

with Brazil, which is this one.

烏干達（Y軸上面的小紅球）

The label went away for me here.

And I would like to compare Uganda, which is there.

隨著時間的推移，我們看到

I can run it forward, like this.

韓國的發展速度非常非常快

And you can see how South Korea is making a very, very fast advancement,

whereas Brazil is much slower.

巴西就慢得多

And if we move back again, here, and we put trails on them, like this,

我們再回到過去，給每個球畫出運動的軌跡

you can see again

可以看到，發展速度的差距非常大

that the speed of development is very, very different,

雖然各國的經濟和健康發展的軌跡大同小異

and the countries are moving more or less at the same rate

但是健康水平起點較高的國家

as money and health,

but it seems you can move much faster

發展速度遠超過經濟水平起點高的

if you are healthy first than if you are wealthy first.

And to show that, you can put on the way of United Arab Emirates.

為了說明這一點，我們看看阿聯酋

They came from here, a mineral country.

他們從這裡出發，一個資源型國家

They cached all the oil; they got all the money;

他們靠石油大把賺錢，但健康絕不是超市裡的貨物

but health cannot be bought at the supermarket.

需要衛生方面的投資，需要提高兒童的教育水平

You have to invest in health. You have to get kids into schooling.

You have to train health staff. You have to educate the population.

需要培訓衛生工作者，還要教育民眾

And Sheikh Zayed did that in a fairly good way.

Sheikh Sayed 幹的非常漂亮

In spite of falling oil prices, he brought this country up here.

儘管油價下跌了，他仍改善了阿聯酋的健康

So we've got a much more mainstream appearance of the world,

這裡我們可以看到世界發展的主流

where all countries tend to use their money

各國對資金的分配和使用

better than they used it in the past.

都比過去合理的多

Now, this is, more or less, if you look at the average data of the countries --

這里大家看到各國的數據基本上都是平均數

they are like this.

That's dangerous, to use average data,

但是用平均數可能會很危險 因為國家內部也存在很大的差異

because there is such a lot of difference within countries.

我們看這裡

So if I go and look here,

we can see that Uganda today is where South Korea was in 1960.

今天的烏干達和1960年的韓國差不多

If I split Uganda, there's quite a difference within Uganda.

如果把烏干達分解開，可以看到內部的明顯差異

These are the quintiles of Uganda.

The richest 20 percent of Ugandans are there.

烏干達最富有的20%在右邊

The poorest are down there.

最貧窮的在左下邊。如果把南非分解開

If I split South Africa, it's like this.

And if I go down and look at Niger,

尼日在下邊，他們剛遭受一場恐怖的飢荒

where there was such a terrible famine [recently],

最貧窮的20%的尼日人在最左邊

it's like this.

The 20 percent poorest of Niger is out here,

and the 20 percent richest of South Africa is there,

而最富有的20%的南非人在最右邊

and yet we tend to discuss what solutions there should be in Africa.

今天我們仍然在討論什麼方案能解決非洲的問題

Everything in this world exists in Africa.

世界上所有的問題非洲都有

And you can't discuss universal access to HIV [treatment]

我們不可能討論出一套通用方案，既能解決這些地方的艾滋病問題

for that quintile up here

with the same strategy as down here.

同時也適用於這些地方

The improvement of the world must be highly contextualized,

世界的發展一定要因地制宜來分析

and it's not relevant to have it on a regional level.

僅從各大洲的水平上來分析是不夠的

We must be much more detailed.

當學生們接觸到這個軟件的時候他們都非常興奮

We find that students get very excited when they can use this.

And even more, policy makers and the corporate sectors

此外，政策制定者，各企業部門都會想知道世界的變化

would like to see how the world is changing.

但為什麼大家仍然不知道（世界的變化）

Now, why doesn't this take place?

Why are we not using the data we have?

為什麼我們無法使用已知的數據呢

We have data in the United Nations, in the national statistical agencies

我們的聯合國，國家統計部門

and in universities and other nongovernmental organizations.

學院還有非政府組織都擁有數據

Because the data is hidden down in the databases.

但數據被隱藏在底層的數據庫裡

And the public is there, and the internet is there,

而公眾在上面（太陽），互聯網（地平線）並未得到有效的使用

but we have still not used it effectively.

All that information we saw changing in the world

之前我們看到的關於世界變化的信息

does not include publicly funded statistics.

並不包括公眾資助的統計數據

There are some web pages like this, you know,

的確有一些網站依靠數據庫的營養而存在著

but they take some nourishment down from the databases,

but people put prices on them, stupid passwords and boring statistics.

但這是要收費的，還有愚蠢的密碼和討厭的統計表格

(Laughter)

（笑聲，掌聲）

And this won't work.

(Applause)

這個是行不通的。我們需要什麼？

So what is needed? We have the databases.

It's not a new database that you need.

數據庫是現成的，不需要新的數據庫

We have wonderful design tools and more and more are added up here.

我們有很好的視覺軟件，還將有更多的問世

So we started a nonprofit venture linking data to design,

於是我們成立了一個非營利機構

we called "Gapminder,"

我們稱之為“數據與圖樣的聯結” - Gapminder

from the London Underground, where they warn you, "Mind the gap."

靈感來自倫敦地鐵（他們提醒乘客“小心列車與站台間的縫隙”）

So we thought Gapminder was appropriate.

而且我們製作了一個軟件，把數據和圖樣聯結起來

And we started to write software which could link the data like this.

這個並不難，需要幾個人花幾年時間

And it wasn't that difficult.

It took some person years, and we have produced animations.

You can take a data set and put it there.

建立數據庫後大家就能看到動畫

We are liberating UN data, some few UN organization.

我們正嘗試解放聯合國的數據庫

Some countries accept that their databases can go out on the world.

少數聯合國機構和幾個國家已經開放了數據庫

But what we really need is, of course, a search function,

但我們最需要的是數據搜索引擎

a search function where we can copy the data up to a searchable format

依靠搜索引擎，我們先把原始數據複製成可搜索的格式

and get it out in the world.

再把數據發佈到全世界。外界對這個設想的反應如何呢？

And what do we hear when we go around?

我嘗試跟幾個大型統計機構交涉

I've done anthropology on the main statistical units.

Everyone says, "It's impossible. This can't be done.

所有人都說，這是不可能的，“這行不通，我們的信息很獨特，

Our information is so peculiar in detail,

so that cannot be searched as others can be searched.

不可能像其它數據那樣檢索的出來

We cannot give the data free to the students,

我們也不能免費把數據開放，給全世界的學生們和企業部門使用。 ”

free to the entrepreneurs of the world."

但這正是我們期望看到的，不是嗎？

But this is what we would like to see, isn't it?

下邊是公眾資助採集的數據

The publicly funded data is down here.

And we would like flowers to grow out on the net.

我們希望互聯網上長出美麗的花朵

One of the crucial points is to make them searchable,

關鍵的一步，是讓這些數據可被搜索到

and then people can use the different design tools to animate it there.

並藉助軟件實現動畫的演示

我有個很好的消息要告訴大家

And I have pretty good news for you.

I have good news that the [current],

new head of UN statistics doesn't say it's impossible.

新上任的聯合國統計部門的領導並沒有說這是不可能的

He only says, "We can't do it."

他只說“我們不能這麼做。”

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And that's a quite clever guy, huh?

他很聰明吧

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So we can see a lot happening in data in the coming years.

未來幾年中我們將會看到數據庫的變化

We will be able to look at income distributions in completely new ways.

我們會用全新的視角來看收入的分配

This is the income distribution of China, 1970.

這是1970年中國的收入分配

This is the income distribution of the United States, 1970.

這是1970年美國的收入分配

Almost no overlap.

幾乎沒有重疊，後來呢？

Almost no overlap.

And what has happened?

What has happened is this:

中國在增長，再也不像以前那樣平等了

that China is growing, it's not so equal any longer,

and it's appearing here, overlooking the United States,

它出現在右邊，俯視著美國

almost like a ghost, isn't it?

是不是像個鬼一樣

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

It's pretty scary.

很嚇人吧，我認為這些信息很重要

(Laughter)

But I think it's very important to have all this information.

We need really to see it.

大家很有必要看到這些

And instead of looking at this,

I would like to end up by showing the internet users per 1,000.

另外我最後要給大家展示，每千人中的網民數量

In this software, we access about 500 variables

這個軟件能讓我們很容易的看到全球各國的近500個參數

from all the countries quite easily.

通過點擊坐標軸

It takes some time to change for this,

but on the axes, you can quite easily get any variable you would like to have.

你能輕易改變參數的設定

我們的初衷是，數據免費下載且易於查找

And the thing would be to get up the databases free,

to get them searchable, and with a second click,

然後再點一下鼠標，數據就成為圖表的形式

to get them into the graphic formats, where you can instantly understand them.

那樣大家就可以立刻看明白這些數據了

Now, statisticians don't like it, because they say

統計學家們不喜歡這樣子

that this will not show the reality;

他們認為這不能準確地反映事實，傳統的統計和分析方法是不能取代的

we have to have statistical, analytical methods.

但數據動畫可以幫助提出假說

But this is hypothesis-generating.

I end now with the world.

最後我們看一下當今的互聯網世界

There, the internet is coming.

The number of internet users are going up like this.

網民數量不斷向上攀升，（X軸是）人均國民生產總值

This is the GDP per capita.

互聯網是一項新技術，但令人驚訝的是

And it's a new technology coming in, but then amazingly,

how well it fits to the economy of the countries.

它的普及和國家的經濟水平極其一致

That's why the $100 computer will be so important.

這也解釋了100美元電腦的重要性，但這是很好的趨勢

But it's a nice tendency.

It's as if the world is flattening off, isn't it?

世界各國的差距將會縮小，不是嗎

These countries are lifting more than the economy,

這些國家的互聯網普及速度超過了經濟的發展速度

and it will be very interesting to follow this over the year,

我也希望大家都可以自由使用公眾資助採集的數據

as I would like you to be able to do with all the publicly funded data.

非常感謝！

Thank you very much.

(Applause)

www.gapminder.org