Why we have too few women leaders | Sheryl Sandberg

翻译人员: Angelia King 校对人员: Qian Yue

So for any of us in this room today, let's start out by admitting we're lucky.

今天在座的各位， 我们先承认我们是幸运的。

We don't live in the world our mothers lived in,

我们没有生活在 我们母亲和我们祖母

our grandmothers lived in,

生活过的那个世界，

where career choices for women were so limited.

在那时女性的职业选择是非常有限的。

And if you're in this room today,

今天在座的各位，

most of us grew up in a world where we have basic civil rights,

大多数人成长于一个 女性有基本公民权的世界。

and amazingly, we still live in a world where some women don't have them.

令人惊讶地是，我们还生活在一个 有些女性还没有这些权利的世界。

But all that aside, we still have a problem,

但除上所述，我们还有一个问题，

and it's a real problem.

它是一个实际问题。

And the problem is this:

这问题是：

Women are not making it to the top of any profession

在世界各地，女性没达到任何职业

anywhere in the world.

的高管职位。

The numbers tell the story quite clearly.

这些数据很清楚地 告诉我们这个事实。

190 heads of state -- nine are women.

190个国家元首里， 九位是女性领导。

Of all the people in parliament in the world,

在世界上议会的总人数中，

13 percent are women.

13%是女性议员。

In the corporate sector, women at the top,

在公司部门，女性占据高位，

C-level jobs, board seats --

C级职位，董事会席位

tops out at 15, 16 percent.

高管职位比例占15%，16%。

The numbers have not moved since 2002

自从2002年起这数据没变化过

and are going in the wrong direction.

有下降趋势。

And even in the non-profit world,

即使在非营利的行业，

a world we sometimes think of as being led by more women,

我们有时认为这一行业 是被更多女性所领导的，

women at the top: 20 percent.

女性领导人占20%。

We also have another problem,

我们还面临着另一个问题，

which is that women face harder choices

就是女性在职业成功

between professional success and personal fulfillment.

和个人价值实现中所面临的艰难选择。

A recent study in the U.S. showed that, of married senior managers,

美国最近一个研究表明， 已婚高管人员，

two-thirds of the married men had children

三分之二的已婚男性高管人员有孩子，

and only one-third of the married women had children.

而只有三分之一的已婚女性高管人员有孩子。

A couple of years ago, I was in New York,

几年前，我在纽约，

and I was pitching a deal,

拉项目的投资，

and I was in one of those fancy New York private equity offices

在那种别致的纽约 私募投资办事处中的一个，

you can picture.

你能想象到的。

And I'm in the meeting -- it's about a three-hour meeting --

这个会议大概有3个小时

and two hours in, there needs to be that bio break,

过了2小时，有个间歇休息，

and everyone stands up,

所有人都站起来，

and the partner running the meeting starts looking really embarrassed.

这个会议组织者 开始显得很尴尬。

And I realized he doesn't know where the women's room is in his office.

我意识到他不知道 在他办公室哪里是女洗手间。

So I start looking around for moving boxes,

所以我开始寻找搬家的打包纸箱，

figuring they just moved in, but I don't see any.

以为他们刚搬进来， 但是我没有看到任何纸箱。

And so I said, "Did you just move into this office?"

然后我说，“你是刚搬到这办公室吗？”

And he said, "No, we've been here about a year."

他说，“不是，我们在这儿已经有一年了。”

And I said, "Are you telling me that I am the only woman

我说，“你能否告诉我，这一年来，

to have pitched a deal in this office in a year?"

我是唯一一个来这间办公室的女性吗？”

And he looked at me, and he said,

他看着我，说到，

"Yeah. Or maybe you're the only one who had to go to the bathroom."

“是的。或者说你可能是唯一 一个要上洗手间的。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

So the question is, how are we going to fix this?

所以问题是， 我们该怎样解决这样的尴尬？

How do we change these numbers at the top?

我们怎样改变这些高管职位的比例？

How do we make this different?

我们怎样使这个变得不同？

I want to start out by saying, I talk about this --

我首先想说，我谈这个——

about keeping women in the workforce --

让女性留在工作岗位上——

because I really think that's the answer.

因为我的确认为我们得找到答案。

In the high-income part of our workforce,

在我们劳动力的高收入的部分，

in the people who end up at the top --

在高管的人员中——

Fortune 500 CEO jobs, or the equivalent in other industries --

财富500强首席执行官中， 或在其它类似的高管行业中——

the problem, I am convinced, is that women are dropping out.

我确信，问题是女性被排除在外。

Now people talk about this a lot,

当下人们对此谈了很多，

and they talk about things like flextime and mentoring

他们谈到像弹性时间和指导

and programs companies should have to train women.

和公司应该培训妇女的计划的事。

I want to talk about none of that today,

今天我不想谈这些

even though that's all really important.

尽管所有这些事都非常重要。

Today I want to focus on what we can do as individuals.

今天我想关注作为个人 我们所能做到的事。

What are the messages we need to tell ourselves?

我们要告诉给自己的事是什么？

What are the messages we tell the women that work with and for us?

我们告诉给女同事 和打工的女性的事是什么？

What are the messages we tell our daughters?

我们要告诉给我们女儿的事是什么？

Now, at the outset, I want to be very clear

现在首先，我想澄清

that this speech comes with no judgments.

这个演讲不带有任何评判。

I don't have the right answer.

我也没有正确的答案；

I don't even have it for myself.

甚至就我而言，我也没有完全的答案。

I left San Francisco, where I live, on Monday,

在周一，我离开我生活的旧金山，

and I was getting on the plane for this conference.

我坐上飞机赶赴这会议。

And my daughter, who's three, when I dropped her off at preschool,

当我送我三岁的女儿到幼儿园时，

did that whole hugging-the-leg, crying, "Mommy, don't get on the plane" thing.

她紧紧抱进我的腿， 哭喊着，“妈咪，不要上飞机”之类的话。

This is hard. I feel guilty sometimes.

这很难受。有时我感到内疚。

I know no women,

我知道

whether they're at home or whether they're in the workforce,

无论是家庭主妇，还是职业女性，

who don't feel that sometimes.

她们都会感同身受。

So I'm not saying that staying in the workforce

所以我不会说对所有人来说，呆在职场

is the right thing for everyone.

是件正确的事。

My talk today is about what the messages are

今天我的演讲是要讲

if you do want to stay in the workforce,

如果你真正想呆在职场。

and I think there are three.

我想有3条建议。

One, sit at the table.

一，坐在桌旁。

Two, make your partner a real partner.

二，让你的伴侣成为一个真正的合作伙伴。

And three, don't leave before you leave.

三，不到离开前的最后一刻，不要放弃。

Number one: sit at the table.

第一，坐在桌旁。

Just a couple weeks ago at Facebook,

仅仅几周前在脸书，

we hosted a very senior government official,

我们主持一个非常高级行政官员会议，

and he came in to meet with senior execs

他（马克·扎克伯格）与 来自硅谷周围的高级行政官员

from around Silicon Valley.

一一见面。

And everyone kind of sat at the table.

每个人都坐在桌边。

He had these two women who were traveling with him

然后携同他的2个女性

pretty senior in his department,

在他部门中她们也占非常高的职位。

and I kind of said to them,

我对她们说，

"Sit at the table. Come on, sit at the table,"

“坐在桌边。来吧，坐在桌边。”

and they sat on the side of the room.

她们坐在了屋子的一边。

When I was in college, my senior year,

我在大四时，

I took a course called European Intellectual History.

我选修一节欧洲思想史的课程。

Don't you love that kind of thing from college?

你们喜爱大学的这类课程嘛。

I wish I could do that now.

我希望我现在能做到。

And I took it with my roommate, Carrie,

我和我室友卡丽一起学习，

who was then a brilliant literary student --

她那时是一个才华横溢的文学学生——

and went on to be a brilliant literary scholar --

成为了一个杰出的文学家——

and my brother -- smart guy,

我的弟弟——一个聪明的小伙子，

but a water-polo-playing pre-med,

但他爱打水球，他上医学预科，

who was a sophomore.

当时大二。

The three of us take this class together.

我们三人一起选修这课。

And then Carrie reads all the books in the original Greek and Latin,

然后卡丽读了 所有希腊文和拉丁文的原版书籍——

goes to all the lectures.

去了所有的课——

I read all the books in English

我读了所有英语的书

and go to most of the lectures.

上了大多数的课。

My brother is kind of busy.

我弟弟有点忙；

He reads one book of 12 and goes to a couple of lectures,

他读了12本书中的一本， 去上了几节课，

marches himself up to our room

在考试前几天他来到我们房间

a couple days before the exam to get himself tutored.

自己辅导了一下。

The three of us go to the exam together, and we sit down.

我们三个一起去考试了，我们坐下来。

And we sit there for three hours --

我们考了有3个小时

and our little blue notebooks -- yes, I'm that old.

我们的小蓝笔记本，是的。

We walk out, we look at each other, and we say, "How did you do?"

我们走出来，对视对方， 我们说，“你考得怎样？”

And Carrie says, "Boy, I feel like I didn't really draw out the main point

卡丽说，“伙计，我感到我真没有答对

on the Hegelian dialectic."

有关黑格尔辩证法的主要命题。”

And I say, "God, I really wish I had really connected

我说，“上帝啊，我真希望我考试时能想到

John Locke's theory of property with the philosophers that follow."

学习过的洛克的产权理论等哲学家。”

And my brother says,

我弟弟却说，

"I got the top grade in the class."

“我会是班里考得最好的。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

"You got the top grade in the class?

“你会是班里考得最好的？

You don't know anything."

你啥都不知道。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

The problem with these stories is that they show what the data shows:

这种故事的问题， 也出现在数据所表明的事实：

women systematically underestimate their own abilities.

女性被系统化地低估了她们自身的能力。

If you test men and women,

如果你测试男性和女性，

and you ask them questions on totally objective criteria like GPAs,

你问他们问题， 按完全客观的标准平均成绩来算，

men get it wrong slightly high,

男性的错误率会稍高一点，

and women get it wrong slightly low.

而女性的错误率会稍低一点。

Women do not negotiate for themselves in the workforce.

女性在职场不会为自身利益去谈判。

A study in the last two years

在过去两年，

of people entering the workforce out of college

关于人们从学校进入职场的一个调查

showed that 57 percent of boys entering, or men, I guess,

表明57%的男生 或男性进入职场

are negotiating their first salary,

会协商他们的第一份薪水，

and only seven percent of women.

只有7%的女性会去协商。

And most importantly,

更重要的是，

men attribute their success to themselves,

男性把他们的成功归功于他们自身，

and women attribute it to other external factors.

而女性则归功于其他外部因素。

If you ask men why they did a good job,

如果你问男性为什么他们能把工作做好，

they'll say, "I'm awesome.

他们会说，“我棒极了。

Obviously. Why are you even asking?"

这是显而易见的。这还用问吗？”

If you ask women why they did a good job,

如果你问女性是什么使她们在工作中出色，

what they'll say is someone helped them,

她们会说有人帮助她们，

they got lucky, they worked really hard.

她们很幸运，她们工作异常努力。

Why does this matter?

这个问题很重要吗？

Boy, it matters a lot.

大家，这关系很大。

Because no one gets to the corner office

因为没人会得到 带景观的高层专属办公室，

by sitting on the side, not at the table,

要是只坐在旁边，而不是桌边。

and no one gets the promotion

没人会得到提升，

if they don't think they deserve their success,

如果他们认为他们不应享有这成功，

or they don't even understand their own success.

或者他们甚至不明白他们自己的成功。

I wish the answer were easy.

我但愿这答案是容易的。

I wish I could go tell all the young women I work for,

我希望我尽可能告诉 我所共事过的所有年轻女性，

these fabulous women,

所有这些非常棒的女性，

"Believe in yourself and negotiate for yourself.

“相信你们自己，为自身利益要讨价还价。

Own your own success."

把握住你的成功。”

I wish I could tell that to my daughter.

我希望我也能告诉我的女儿。

But it's not that simple.

但这不是很简单。

Because what the data shows, above all else, is one thing,

因为首先是数据表明的是一件事，

which is that success and likeability are positively correlated for men

它表明成功和人缘亲切性 对于男性来说是积极影响的，

and negatively correlated for women.

而对于女性来说是负面影响的。

And everyone's nodding, because we all know this to be true.

每个人都点头， 因为我们大家都知道这是真的。

There's a really good study that shows this really well.

一个非常棒的研究也很好地表明了这一观点。

There's a famous Harvard Business School study

哈佛商学院的一个著名研究

on a woman named Heidi Roizen.

是有关于一位叫海蒂·罗森的女性。

And she's an operator in a company in Silicon Valley,

她是硅谷一家公司的负责人，

and she uses her contacts

她使用她的关系

to become a very successful venture capitalist.

成为一名非常成功的风险资本家。

In 2002 -- not so long ago --

在2002年，不久前

a professor who was then at Columbia University

当时在哥伦比亚大学的一位教授

took that case and made it [Howard] Roizen.

做这个例子和把它改成霍华德·罗森。

And he gave the case out, both of them, to two groups of students.

他把这个案例，他们两人 向两组学生展示。

He changed exactly one word:

他只改变了一个词：

"Heidi" to "Howard."

“海蒂”到“霍华德”。

But that one word made a really big difference.

但这个词就造成了非常大的差异。

He then surveyed the students,

然后他调查学生。

and the good news was the students, both men and women,

好消息是学生们，男生和女生

thought Heidi and Howard were equally competent,

认为海蒂和霍华德都是能力相当的，

and that's good.

这很好。

The bad news was that everyone liked Howard.

但坏消息是每个人都喜欢霍华德。

He's a great guy. You want to work for him.

他是个了不起的人，大家都想和他共事，

You want to spend the day fishing with him.

大家都想和他去钓鱼。

But Heidi? Not so sure.

但海蒂呢？不好说。

She's a little out for herself. She's a little political.

她有点只为自己着想， 对政治有点热衷。

You're not sure you'd want to work for her.

大家不太想和她共事。

This is the complication.

这是复杂的。

We have to tell our daughters and our colleagues,

我们得告诉我们的女儿和我们的同事，

we have to tell ourselves to believe we got the A,

我们得告诉我们自己相信我们能获得A，

to reach for the promotion, to sit at the table,

得到提升，坐在桌边。

and we have to do it in a world

我们在这世上得做到这点

where, for them, there are sacrifices they will make for that,

在世上，女性要争取这些就得做出牺牲，

even though for their brothers, there are not.

尽管她们的兄弟不用为此而付出牺牲。

The saddest thing about all of this is that it's really hard to remember this.

所有关于这的最可悲的事是很难记住这个。

And I'm about to tell a story which is truly embarrassing for me,

我将讲个对我来说是个真正尴尬的故事，

but I think important.

但我认为它很重要。

I gave this talk at Facebook not so long ago

在脸书，不久前我给

to about 100 employees,

大约100名员工做这个演讲。

and a couple hours later, there was a young woman who works there

几小时后，在脸书工作的一个年轻女性

sitting outside my little desk, and she wanted to talk to me.

坐到我小桌子旁边， 她想和我谈谈。

I said, okay, and she sat down, and we talked.

我说，好，她坐了下来，我们谈了起来。

And she said, "I learned something today.

她说，“我今天学了一些东西。

I learned that I need to keep my hand up."

我知道我需要举起我的手。”

"What do you mean?"

我说，“你指什么啊？”

She said, "You're giving this talk,

她说，“你在讲这个话时，

and you said you would take two more questions.

你说你将会回答2个以上问题。

I had my hand up with many other people,

我和其他一些人举起手，

and you took two more questions.

你回答了2个以上问题。

I put my hand down, and I noticed all the women did the same,

我把手放下来， 我注意到所有女性都把手放下来，

and then you took more questions,

然后你又回答了很多问题，

only from the men."

仅有男性参与。”

And I thought to myself,

我自己想了一下，

"Wow, if it's me -- who cares about this, obviously --

“天哪，我自己，对这件事如此关注的我自己，

giving this talk --

做这次演讲，

and during this talk, I can't even notice that the men's hands are still raised,

在这演讲中，我甚至没注意到 男人们的手是不是还一直举着，

and the women's hands are still raised,

女人们的手是不是还一直举着，

how good are we

当我们作为公司

as managers of our companies and our organizations

和组织的经理人的时候，

at seeing that the men are reaching for opportunities

是否真正注意到男性比女性

more than women?"

争取了相对更多的机会？”

We've got to get women to sit at the table.

我们得让女性坐到桌子边上。

(Cheers)

（欢呼）

(Applause)

（掌声）

Message number two:

第二条：

Make your partner a real partner.

让你的伴侣成为一个真正的合作伙伴。

I've become convinced that we've made more progress in the workforce

我已经确信我们在职场

than we have in the home.

比起我们在家庭中起了更大的作用。

The data shows this very clearly.

数据也很清楚地表明这点。

If a woman and a man work full-time and have a child,

如果一个女性和一个男性同时全职 并有一个小孩，

the woman does twice the amount of housework the man does,

女性比起男性要做两倍多家务活儿，

and the woman does three times the amount of childcare the man does.

女性比起男性做了三倍多照顾婴儿的事。

So she's got three jobs or two jobs, and he's got one.

所以她有了两三份工作， 而他只有一份。

Who do you think drops out when someone needs to be home more?

当家里需要人手的时候， 谁更可能会从职场退出，回在家里？

The causes of this are really complicated, and I don't have time to go into them.

这个的理由实在太复杂， 我没有时间来讲它们。

And I don't think Sunday football-watching and general laziness is the cause.

但我也不认为周日看美式足球 和日常的懒惰是理由。

I think the cause is more complicated.

我认为理由是更加复杂化的。

I think, as a society,

我认为，作为一个社会，

we put more pressure on our boys to succeed

我们总是更希望男孩子们成功，

than we do on our girls.

对女孩子则压力小些。

I know men that stay home

我知道有居家男人

and work in the home to support wives with careers,

呆在家里做内务支持职场妻子

and it's hard.

这很难。

When I go to the Mommy-and-Me stuff and I see the father there,

当我去“妈咪和我”的培训课时， 我看到那里的父亲，

I notice that the other mommies don't play with him.

我留意到其他妈咪 不愿和他相处。

And that's a problem,

这是个问题，

because we have to make it as important a job,

因为我们得把内务变成一个重要的工作

because it's the hardest job in the world to work inside the home,

因为这是世界上最难的工作——居家工作

for people of both genders,

无论男人女人，

if we're going to even things out and let women stay in the workforce.

我们只有平分了这些事， 女性才可能留在职场。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Studies show that households with equal earning

研究表明夫妻收入相等、

and equal responsibility

且夫妻分担责任相当的家庭

also have half the divorce rate.

离婚率要比其他夫妻低一半。

And if that wasn't good enough motivation for everyone out there,

如果这数据还不算鼓舞人的话，

they also have more --

还有更多的——

how shall I say this on this stage?

在这个讲台我该怎么讲呢？

They know each other more in the biblical sense as well.

夫妻双方在同房之趣的 沟通理解上也更加深刻。

(Cheers)

（欢呼）

Message number three:

建议三：

Don't leave before you leave.

不到离开前的最后一刻，不要放弃。

I think there's a really deep irony

我认为这是一个非常深刻的讽刺

to the fact that actions women are taking --

对于女性所采取行动而言——

and I see this all the time --

我一直目睹类似情况的发生——

with the objective of staying in the workforce

女性希望留在职场这个目标，

actually lead to their eventually leaving.

往往导致她们最终不得不离开职场。

Here's what happens:

曾发生这样的事：

We're all busy. Everyone's busy. A woman's busy.

我们都忙；每个人都很忙； 作为一个女人也很忙。

And she starts thinking about having a child,

她开始考虑生小孩。

and from the moment she starts thinking about having a child,

从她开始考虑生小孩的时候起，

she starts thinking about making room for that child.

她要考虑需要做出哪些让步。

"How am I going to fit this into everything else I'm doing?"

“我该如何调整孩子这件事 和手头上的其他事呢？”

And literally from that moment,

真的从那一刻开始，

she doesn't raise her hand anymore,

她不再举起她的手，

she doesn't look for a promotion, she doesn't take on the new project,

她不寻求提升，她不找新的计划，

she doesn't say, "Me. I want to do that."

她不会说，“我，我想做那个。”

She starts leaning back.

她开始退缩。

The problem is that --

问题是——

let's say she got pregnant that day, that day --

让我们说说她怀孕的那段日子——

nine months of pregnancy, three months of maternity leave,

9个月的怀胎，3个月的产假，

six months to catch your breath --

6个月来调养休息——

Fast-forward two years,

快速调整要2年，

more often -- and as I've seen it --

更多的，正如我看到的

women start thinking about this way earlier --

女性开始过早考虑这事

when they get engaged, or married,

当她们有约会或者结婚时，

when they start thinking about having a child,

当她们开始考虑要小孩，

which can take a long time.

这会花相当长的一段时间。

One woman came to see me about this.

一位女性关于此事来找我，

She looked a little young.

我看着她，她显得有点年轻。

And I said, "So are you and your husband thinking about having a baby?"

我说，“那么你和你丈夫考虑要小孩了？”

And she said, "Oh no, I'm not married."

她说，“哦不，我还没结婚。”

She didn't even have a boyfriend.

她甚至没有男友。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I said, "You're thinking about this just way too early."

我说，“你考虑这个太早了吧。”

But the point is that what happens

但关键是一旦你开始退缩下来，

once you start kind of quietly leaning back?

接下来会发生什么呢？

Everyone who's been through this --

每个人都会经历这个

and I'm here to tell you, once you have a child at home,

在这儿我告诉你，一旦在家你有了孩子，

your job better be really good to go back,

你真的需要一份非常棒的工作，

because it's hard to leave that kid at home.

因为离开孩子去工作实在太难了，

Your job needs to be challenging.

你的工作得有挑战性，

It needs to be rewarding.

有意义、有满足感。

You need to feel like you're making a difference.

你得感觉到世界因你而变。

And if two years ago you didn't take a promotion

如果2年前你没有得到提升

and some guy next to you did,

在你旁边的一个男孩得到提升，

if three years ago you stopped looking for new opportunities,

如果三年前， 你放弃寻找新的机会，

you're going to be bored

你会觉得很无聊，

because you should have kept your foot on the gas pedal.

因为你本该一路踩住油门，勇往直前。

Don't leave before you leave.

不到最后一刻不要放弃。

Stay in.

保住工作。

Keep your foot on the gas pedal,

紧踩油门，

until the very day you need to leave to take a break for a child --

除非到了那一天你需要离开， 为了孩子休假——

and then make your decisions.

然后做出你自己的决定。

Don't make decisions too far in advance,

不要提前做太长远决定，

particularly ones you're not even conscious you're making.

特别是你甚至不晓得自己该做怎样的决定。

My generation really, sadly,

我这一代的女性非常可惜，

is not going to change the numbers at the top.

没能改变高管职位的数据变化。

They're just not moving.

女人们就是呆在原地。

We are not going to get to where 50 percent of the population --

我们没能达到50%的高管职位，

in my generation, there will not be 50 percent of [women]

在任何行业的高管职位中，

at the top of any industry.

我们这一代女性都未达到50%。

But I'm hopeful that future generations can.

但我希望未来一代人可以做到。

I think a world where half of our countries and our companies

我认为我们世界上 半数国家和半数公司

were run by women, would be a better world.

会由女性所领导， 那将会是一个更美好的世界。

It's not just because people would know where the women's bathrooms are,

这不仅仅是因为人们 会知道女性洗手间在哪儿，

even though that would be very helpful.

尽管这也有非常大的帮助。

I think it would be a better world.

我认为这会是一个更美好的世界。

I have two children.

我有2个孩子。

I have a five-year-old son and a two-year-old daughter.

我5岁的儿子和2岁的女儿。

I want my son to have a choice

我希望我的儿子可以自由选择

to contribute fully in the workforce or at home,

在职场尽责或者在家里尽责，

and I want my daughter to have the choice to not just succeed,

我希望我的女儿也可以自由选择， 不仅仅是取得成就，

but to be liked for her accomplishments.

而且也能因为她的成就而被大家喜爱。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）