Why we have too few women leaders | Sheryl Sandberg

譯者: Shelley Krishna Tsang 審譯者: Joyce Chou

對於今天任何一個出現在這個房間裡的人，

So for any of us in this room today, let's start out by admitting we're lucky.

讓我們從承認我們很幸運開始吧。

We don't live in the world our mothers lived in,

我們不是生活在

我們的母親生活的世界，我們的祖母生活的世界，

our grandmothers lived in,

where career choices for women were so limited.

那時婦女的職業選擇是如此有限。

And if you're in this room today,

如果你今天在這個房間裡，

most of us grew up in a world where we have basic civil rights,

我們大多數人成長在一個

有基本的公民權利的世界裡。

and amazingly, we still live in a world where some women don't have them.

而令人驚奇的是我們仍然生活在

一個有些女性沒有這些權利的世界裡。

But all that aside, we still have a problem,

除此以外，我們還有一個問題，

一個真正的問題。

and it's a real problem.

And the problem is this:

而這個問題是：

Women are not making it to the top of any profession

女人並沒有成為

任何專業的頂峰，

anywhere in the world.

在世界任何地方。

The numbers tell the story quite clearly.

數字可以很清晰的說明這個故事。

190 heads of state -- nine are women.

一百九十位國家元首 --

有九個是婦女。

Of all the people in parliament in the world,

在世界上所有的議會裡的人，

13 percent are women.

百分之十三是婦女。

在企業部門，

In the corporate sector, women at the top,

在頂端的婦女，

C-level jobs, board seats --

C級職位，董事會席位 --

tops out at 15, 16 percent.

頂多是百分之十五、十六。

The numbers have not moved since 2002

自2002年以來，這些數字都沒有變化，

還是朝著錯誤的方向邁進。

and are going in the wrong direction.

And even in the non-profit world,

即使在非營利的世界裡，

a world we sometimes think of as being led by more women,

一個我們有時會想

是由婦女領導的世界，

women at the top: 20 percent.

在頂端的婦女：百分之二十。

我們還面臨著另一個問題，

We also have another problem,

which is that women face harder choices

就是婦女在職業成就和個人實現方面

between professional success and personal fulfillment.

面對較艱難的選擇。

A recent study in the U.S. showed that, of married senior managers,

在美國最近的一項研究表明，

已婚的高級管理人員，

two-thirds of the married men had children

三分之二的是已婚而有孩子的男性，

and only one-third of the married women had children.

只有三分之一的是已婚而有孩子的婦女。

A couple of years ago, I was in New York,

幾年前，我在紐約，

and I was pitching a deal,

我在談一宗交易，

and I was in one of those fancy New York private equity offices

我在一個別緻的紐約私募基金辦公室，

你能想像。

you can picture.

而我在會議 -- 這是個大約三小時的會議 --

And I'm in the meeting -- it's about a three-hour meeting --

and two hours in, there needs to be that bio break,

在兩小時時，大家需要一種生理小息，

每個人都站起來，

and everyone stands up,

and the partner running the meeting starts looking really embarrassed.

而那個舉行會議的合作夥伴

開始看起來真的很尷尬。

And I realized he doesn't know where the women's room is in his office.

我意識到他不知道哪裡

他的辦公室哪裡有女洗手間。

So I start looking around for moving boxes,

所以我開始環顧四周找那些搬運的箱子，

心想他們才剛搬進來，但我也看不到。

figuring they just moved in, but I don't see any.

And so I said, "Did you just move into this office?"

所以我說，“你剛剛搬進這個辦公室嗎？”

而他說：“不，我們已經在這裡差不多一年。”

And he said, "No, we've been here about a year."

And I said, "Are you telling me that I am the only woman

我說，“你是不是告訴我

我是這一年裡在這個辦公室裡

to have pitched a deal in this office in a year?"

談交易的唯一一個女人？”

And he looked at me, and he said,

他看著我，他說：“是啊。

"Yeah. Or maybe you're the only one who had to go to the bathroom."

或許你是唯一一個要去洗手間的。”

(Laughter)

（眾笑）

So the question is, how are we going to fix this?

所以問題是，

我們如何去解決這個問題？

How do we change these numbers at the top?

我們如何改變這些在頂端的數字？

我們如何令它不同？

How do we make this different?

I want to start out by saying, I talk about this --

我想開始說，

我講這一點 --

about keeping women in the workforce --

關於讓婦女留在職場 --

because I really think that's the answer.

因為我真的認為這是問題的答案。

In the high-income part of our workforce,

在勞動人口中高收入的一群，

在那群最終在頂端的人裡 --

in the people who end up at the top --

Fortune 500 CEO jobs, or the equivalent in other industries --

財富500強的CEO職位，

或等值的其它行業 --

the problem, I am convinced, is that women are dropping out.

問題，我深信，

是婦女退出了。

Now people talk about this a lot,

現在人們經常談論這個，

and they talk about things like flextime and mentoring

他們談論像彈性時間和顧問指導的事

和公司應該有計劃培訓婦女。

and programs companies should have to train women.

I want to talk about none of that today,

我今天不想說任何一個 --

even though that's all really important.

儘管這一切都非常重要。

Today I want to focus on what we can do as individuals.

今天，我希望把重點放在我們個人能做些什麼。

What are the messages we need to tell ourselves?

什麼是我們需要告訴自己的信息？

What are the messages we tell the women that work with and for us?

有什麼信息是我們要告訴那些與我們工作和為我們工作的婦女？

What are the messages we tell our daughters?

有什麼信息是我們要告訴女兒的？

Now, at the outset, I want to be very clear

現在，首先，我要非常清楚，

這個演講沒有定論。

that this speech comes with no judgments.

I don't have the right answer.

我沒有正確答案，

I don't even have it for myself.

連我自己都沒有。

I left San Francisco, where I live, on Monday,

我離開舊金山，我住的地方，在星期一，

and I was getting on the plane for this conference.

我為了這個會議上飛機。

而我的女兒，三歲，當我在幼兒園放下她時，

And my daughter, who's three, when I dropped her off at preschool,

她整個抱著我的腿，

did that whole hugging-the-leg, crying, "Mommy, don't get on the plane" thing.

哭叫著：“媽媽，不要上飛機” 的東西。

This is hard. I feel guilty sometimes.

這是困難的。有時我感到內疚。

I know no women,

我知道沒有婦女，

whether they're at home or whether they're in the workforce,

無論她們在家，還是在職場，

有時候不覺得那樣。

who don't feel that sometimes.

So I'm not saying that staying in the workforce

所以我不是說留在職場

is the right thing for everyone.

對所有人來說都是正確的事。

My talk today is about what the messages are

我今天的講座是關於提供什麼信息給大家，

if you do want to stay in the workforce,

如果你真的想繼續留在職場

and I think there are three.

我認為有三種。

One, sit at the table.

一，坐在桌旁。

Two, make your partner a real partner.

二，使你的合作夥伴成為一個真正的合作夥伴。

And three, don't leave before you leave.

三，不要你離開之前離開。

第一：坐在桌旁。

Number one: sit at the table.

就在幾個星期前，在Facebook的辦公室裡，

Just a couple weeks ago at Facebook,

we hosted a very senior government official,

我們招待了一個很高級的政府官員，

and he came in to meet with senior execs

他來跟在矽谷周邊的

高管會面。

from around Silicon Valley.

And everyone kind of sat at the table.

每個人都坐在桌子旁。

He had these two women who were traveling with him

而他有兩個跟他一起出訪的女人

pretty senior in his department,

她們在他部門也算高級的。

and I kind of said to them,

而且我客氣地對她們說：“坐在桌旁。來吧，坐在桌旁。”

"Sit at the table. Come on, sit at the table,"

and they sat on the side of the room.

而他們坐在房間的一旁。

When I was in college, my senior year,

當我在大學畢業那年，

I took a course called European Intellectual History.

我報讀了一個名為歐洲思想史課程。

Don't you love that kind of thing from college?

你不喜歡大學的那種事情嗎。

I wish I could do that now.

我希望我現在能做到了。

And I took it with my roommate, Carrie,

我和我的室友，嘉莉，一起報讀，

who was then a brilliant literary student --

她當時是一個傑出的文學學生 --

and went on to be a brilliant literary scholar --

而發展成一個傑出的文學學者 --

而我的弟弟 --

and my brother -- smart guy,

聰明的傢伙，但是一個打水球的醫學預科生，

but a water-polo-playing pre-med,

who was a sophomore.

是個二年級學生。

The three of us take this class together.

我們三人一起上課。

And then Carrie reads all the books in the original Greek and Latin,

嘉莉讀了所有的書

包括希臘和拉丁文原文 --

上了所有的演講 --

goes to all the lectures.

I read all the books in English

我讀了所有的英文書籍

and go to most of the lectures.

去了大部分的演講。

My brother is kind of busy.

我弟弟比較忙；

He reads one book of 12 and goes to a couple of lectures,

他讀了十二本書的其中一本

上了幾課演講，

marches himself up to our room

他遊行到我們的房間

在考試前幾天讓自己被我們輔導。

a couple days before the exam to get himself tutored.

我們三人一起去考試，我們坐下。

The three of us go to the exam together, and we sit down.

And we sit there for three hours --

我們坐在那裡三個小時 --

我們的藍色小筆記本 -- 是的，我就是那麼老。

and our little blue notebooks -- yes, I'm that old.

We walk out, we look at each other, and we say, "How did you do?"

我們走出來，看了看對方，而我們說，“你做得怎樣？”

And Carrie says, "Boy, I feel like I didn't really draw out the main point

嘉莉說，“各位，我覺得我並沒有真正畫出

黑格爾的辯證法的重點。”

on the Hegelian dialectic."

And I say, "God, I really wish I had really connected

而我說：“上帝，我真的希望我有真正連接

John Locke's theory of property with the philosophers that follow."

洛克的財產理論與哲學家的後續。”

And my brother says,

我弟弟說：

"I got the top grade in the class."

“我得到了全班最好的成績。”

(Laughter)

"You got the top grade in the class?

“你得到了全班最好的成績？

You don't know anything."

你什麼都不知道。”

(Laughter)

The problem with these stories is that they show what the data shows:

這些故事的問題是，

他們顯示了數據顯示：

women systematically underestimate their own abilities.

女性系統性地低估了自己的能力。

If you test men and women,

如果你測試男人和女人，

and you ask them questions on totally objective criteria like GPAs,

你問他們一些有完全客觀的標準的問題，像GPA（大學學分），

men get it wrong slightly high,

男人把它錯估稍高，

and women get it wrong slightly low.

女人把它錯估稍低。

Women do not negotiate for themselves in the workforce.

婦女不為她們自己在職場作談判。

A study in the last two years

在過去兩年的一項關於

of people entering the workforce out of college

離開校門進入職場的人的研究，

showed that 57 percent of boys entering, or men, I guess,

發現百分之五十七的男孩進入 --

或者男人，我猜 --

are negotiating their first salary,

有為他們的第一份工資談判，

and only seven percent of women.

只有百分之七的婦女有談判。

And most importantly,

而最重要的是，

men attribute their success to themselves,

男人把成功歸因於自己，

and women attribute it to other external factors.

而婦女把它歸功於其他外部因素。

If you ask men why they did a good job,

如果你問男人，為什麼他們的工作做得不錯，

they'll say, "I'm awesome.

他們會說，“我棒極了。

Obviously. Why are you even asking?"

很明顯。為什麼你還需要問？”

If you ask women why they did a good job,

如果你問婦女為什麼她們的工作做得很好，

what they'll say is someone helped them,

她們會說是有人幫助她們，

they got lucky, they worked really hard.

她們很幸運，她們真的很辛苦工作。

Why does this matter?

為什麼這有影響呢？

Boy, it matters a lot.

各位，這是相當重要的，

Because no one gets to the corner office

因為沒有人會選擇坐在辦公室角落

by sitting on the side, not at the table,

坐在一邊的，而不是在桌邊的人。

and no one gets the promotion

而沒有人會得到晉升，

if they don't think they deserve their success,

如果她們不認為她們應該得到屬於自己的成功，

or they don't even understand their own success.

或者她們甚至不認識自己的成功。

我希望答案是很容易的。

I wish the answer were easy.

I wish I could go tell all the young women I work for,

我希望我能去告訴所有跟我一起工作的年輕女人，

所有那些極好的婦女，

these fabulous women,

"Believe in yourself and negotiate for yourself.

“相信自己，為你自己進行談判。

Own your own success."

你擁有自己的成功。”

I wish I could tell that to my daughter.

我希望我能告訴我的女兒。

But it's not that simple.

但它不是那麼簡單。

Because what the data shows, above all else, is one thing,

因為數據顯示，高於一切，是一件事 --

which is that success and likeability are positively correlated for men

那就是成功和討喜

對男性呈正相關，

and negatively correlated for women.

對女性呈負相關。

And everyone's nodding, because we all know this to be true.

而每個人都點頭，

因為我們都知道這是真的。

There's a really good study that shows this really well.

有一個很好的研究非常好的顯示了這個。

There's a famous Harvard Business School study

有一個著名的哈佛商學院的研究

on a woman named Heidi Roizen.

關於一個叫海蒂·羅森的女人。

And she's an operator in a company in Silicon Valley,

她是公司的一個經營者

在矽谷，

and she uses her contacts

而她用她的人脈

to become a very successful venture capitalist.

成為一個非常成功的風險資本家。

In 2002 -- not so long ago --

在2002 -- 不久前 --

a professor who was then at Columbia University

一位當時在哥倫比亞大學的教授

took that case and made it [Howard] Roizen.

拿這個案例，把她改成霍華‧德羅森。

And he gave the case out, both of them, to two groups of students.

他提出案例 -- 兩個案例 --

給兩組學生。

He changed exactly one word:

他只改變了一個字：

"Heidi" to "Howard."

海蒂 改成 霍華德。

But that one word made a really big difference.

但是，這一個字做了非常大的差異。

He then surveyed the students,

然後他訪問那些學生。

and the good news was the students, both men and women,

好消息，這些是學生，無論男女，

thought Heidi and Howard were equally competent,

都覺得海蒂和霍華德同樣勝任，

and that's good.

這很好。

The bad news was that everyone liked Howard.

而壞消息是，每個人都喜歡霍華德。

He's a great guy. You want to work for him.

他是一個很棒的傢伙，你想為他工作，

You want to spend the day fishing with him.

你想花一天時間與他捕魚。

但海蒂？不敢肯定。

But Heidi? Not so sure.

She's a little out for herself. She's a little political.

她有一點點少了自己。她有一點點政治化。

You're not sure you'd want to work for her.

你不知道自己要不要為她工作。

This is the complication.

這就是併發症。

We have to tell our daughters and our colleagues,

我們要告訴我們的女兒和同事，

we have to tell ourselves to believe we got the A,

我們要告訴自己，相信我們得到了A，

以達到晉升，

to reach for the promotion, to sit at the table,

坐在桌邊。

and we have to do it in a world

而且我們必須這樣做，

where, for them, there are sacrifices they will make for that,

在一個世界裡，對她們來說將要犧牲來彌補這一點，

even though for their brothers, there are not.

儘管對兄弟來說沒有。

The saddest thing about all of this is that it's really hard to remember this.

關於這一切最可悲的一點是，我們真的很難記住這一點。

And I'm about to tell a story which is truly embarrassing for me,

而我要告訴大家一個對我來說確實很尷尬的故事，

but I think important.

但我認為重要的。

I gave this talk at Facebook not so long ago

我在不久之前在Facebook做這個演講，

to about 100 employees,

約有一百名員工。

而幾個小時後，有一名在這裡工作的年輕女子

and a couple hours later, there was a young woman who works there

坐在我的小桌子外面，

sitting outside my little desk, and she wanted to talk to me.

她想和我說話。

I said, okay, and she sat down, and we talked.

我說，好吧，她坐了下來，和我們交談。

And she said, "I learned something today.

她說，“我今天學到了一些東西。

I learned that I need to keep my hand up."

我學到我需要保持舉手。”

我說：“你是什麼意思？”

"What do you mean?"

She said, "You're giving this talk,

她說：“嗯，你做這個講座，

and you said you would take two more questions.

而你說你會接納多兩個問題。

I had my hand up with many other people,

我和其他大量的人都舉了手，而你接納了兩個問題。

and you took two more questions.

當我把我的手放下來，我注意到所有的女人都把自己的手放下來，

I put my hand down, and I noticed all the women did the same,

然後你又接納了更多的問題，

and then you took more questions,

只從男人。“

only from the men."

我心想，

And I thought to myself,

"Wow, if it's me -- who cares about this, obviously --

哇，如果這就是我 -- 誰在乎這個，很明顯 --

giving this talk --

給這個講座 --

and during this talk, I can't even notice that the men's hands are still raised,

而在這個講座，我連是

男子的雙手仍然舉高了，

and the women's hands are still raised,

還是婦女的手仍然舉高了都沒有發覺，

how good are we

作為公司和團體的管理者

as managers of our companies and our organizations

我們有多好去

at seeing that the men are reaching for opportunities

觀察男人比

more than women?"

女性得到更多的機會？

We've got to get women to sit at the table.

我們得讓女人坐在桌邊。

(Cheers)

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

信息二：

Message number two:

Make your partner a real partner.

讓合作夥伴成為一個真正的合作夥伴。

I've become convinced that we've made more progress in the workforce

我相信，我們已經在職場取得一定進展

than we have in the home.

比我們在家裡。

The data shows this very clearly.

數據顯示得很清楚。

If a woman and a man work full-time and have a child,

如果一個女人和一個男人全職工作，

而有一個孩子，

the woman does twice the amount of housework the man does,

女人的家務勞動量比男人多兩倍，

and the woman does three times the amount of childcare the man does.

而女人做了比男人多三倍

的照顧兒童工作。

So she's got three jobs or two jobs, and he's got one.

因此，她有三份或兩份工作，

而他有一個。

Who do you think drops out when someone needs to be home more?

你認為當家裡需要人時，誰會退出？

導致這個的原因真的很複雜，

The causes of this are really complicated, and I don't have time to go into them.

我沒有時間深入討論。

And I don't think Sunday football-watching and general laziness is the cause.

而我不認為週日看足球

和普遍懶惰是原因。

I think the cause is more complicated.

我認為原因較為複雜。

我認為，在我們的社會裡，

I think, as a society,

we put more pressure on our boys to succeed

我們給男孩更大要求成功的壓力，

than we do on our girls.

和女孩相對比較。

I know men that stay home

我知道男人留在家裡，

and work in the home to support wives with careers,

在家工作來支持妻子的事業

是很難的。

and it's hard.

When I go to the Mommy-and-Me stuff and I see the father there,

當我去"媽媽和我"那一類的商店時，

我看到了父親在那裡，

I notice that the other mommies don't play with him.

我發現其他媽媽們

不跟他交流。

And that's a problem,

這是一個問題，

because we have to make it as important a job,

因為我們已經使這工作變得重要

because it's the hardest job in the world to work inside the home,

因為在家工作是世界上最難的工作

for people of both genders,

無論男女，

if we're going to even things out and let women stay in the workforce.

如果我們平分東西，並讓婦女留在職場。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

Studies show that households with equal earning

研究表明，家庭有相同的收入

and equal responsibility

和同等責任

also have half the divorce rate.

也有一半的離婚率。

And if that wasn't good enough motivation for everyone out there,

如果這還不夠鼓動每個人，

they also have more --

他們也有更多 --

how shall I say this on this stage?

我在這個舞台上該怎麼說呢？ --

They know each other more in the biblical sense as well.

他們按照聖經的意義了解彼此更多。

(Cheers)

（歡呼）

Message number three:

信息三：

Don't leave before you leave.

不要在你離開之前離開。

I think there's a really deep irony

我覺得有一個非常深刻的諷刺是，

to the fact that actions women are taking --

事實上婦女正在採取行動 --

and I see this all the time --

我看這一切的時候 --

with the objective of staying in the workforce

與留在勞動人口的原因，

actually lead to their eventually leaving.

實際上導致他們最終離開。

Here's what happens:

這是發生的事：

We're all busy. Everyone's busy. A woman's busy.

我們都忙，每個人都忙，一個女人很忙。

And she starts thinking about having a child,

而她開始想著要個孩子。

and from the moment she starts thinking about having a child,

而那一刻她開始想著要有個孩子時，

she starts thinking about making room for that child.

她開始想著留些空間給這個孩子。

“我應該如何把這個和我所有的生活融合呢？”

"How am I going to fit this into everything else I'm doing?"

And literally from that moment,

而從字面上那一刻起，

她不會舉起她的手了，

she doesn't raise her hand anymore,

she doesn't look for a promotion, she doesn't take on the new project,

她不再尋找升職，她不接受新的項目，

she doesn't say, "Me. I want to do that."

她沒有說，“我。我要做那個。”

She starts leaning back.

她開始後退。

The problem is that --

問題是 --

let's say she got pregnant that day, that day --

就說她懷孕的那一天，那一天 --

nine months of pregnancy, three months of maternity leave,

九個月的懷孕，產假三個月，

six months to catch your breath --

六個月讓你喘口氣 --

Fast-forward two years,

快進兩年，

more often -- and as I've seen it --

更多的時候 -- 因為我見過 --

women start thinking about this way earlier --

女性很早就開始思考這件事 --

when they get engaged, or married,

當她們訂了婚，當她們結婚，

when they start thinking about having a child,

當她們開始思考想要一個孩子，這可能需要很長時間。

which can take a long time.

一位婦女為了這件事來見我，

One woman came to see me about this.

我看著她 -- 她看上去有點年輕。

She looked a little young.

And I said, "So are you and your husband thinking about having a baby?"

而我說，“所以你和你的丈夫想生孩子？”

她說，“哦，不，我還沒結婚。”

And she said, "Oh no, I'm not married."

She didn't even have a boyfriend.

她甚至沒有一個男朋友。

(Laughter)

I said, "You're thinking about this just way too early."

我說：“你在想這只是

為時尚早。”

But the point is that what happens

重點是有什麼會發生，

once you start kind of quietly leaning back?

當你開始靜靜的後退？

Everyone who's been through this --

每一個經歷過這些的人 --

and I'm here to tell you, once you have a child at home,

而我在這裡告訴你，一旦你家裡有個孩子，

your job better be really good to go back,

你最好還是回去工作，

because it's hard to leave that kid at home.

因為很難把孩子留在家裡 --

你的工作需要有挑戰性。

Your job needs to be challenging.

它需要有回報的。

It needs to be rewarding.

You need to feel like you're making a difference.

你需要感覺自己在發揮作用。

And if two years ago you didn't take a promotion

而如果兩年前你沒有晉升

and some guy next to you did,

和你身邊的人有，

if three years ago you stopped looking for new opportunities,

如果三年前

你停止尋找新的機會，

you're going to be bored

你將會覺得無聊，

because you should have kept your foot on the gas pedal.

因為你應該把你的腳保持在油門踏板。

Don't leave before you leave.

不要在你離開之前離開。

Stay in.

留下來。

Keep your foot on the gas pedal,

把你腳保持在油門踏板上，

until the very day you need to leave to take a break for a child --

直到那一天你需要離開

為一個孩子休息一下 --

and then make your decisions.

然後做出自己的決定。

不要太早作出決定，

Don't make decisions too far in advance,

particularly ones you're not even conscious you're making.

特別是那些你甚至沒有意識到自己正在做的決定。

My generation really, sadly,

我這一代真的很可惜，

is not going to change the numbers at the top.

是不會改變在頂端的數字了。

They're just not moving.

他們只是沒有前進。

We are not going to get to where 50 percent of the population --

我們不會去到百分之五十的人口 --

in my generation, there will not be 50 percent of [women]

在我這一代，將不會有百分之五十的人

at the top of any industry.

在任何行業的頂端。

但我希望未來一代可以。

But I'm hopeful that future generations can.

I think a world where half of our countries and our companies

我認為一個世界

有一半的國家和一半的公司

是由婦女來營運，將會是一個更美好的世界。

were run by women, would be a better world.

It's not just because people would know where the women's bathrooms are,

而這不僅僅是因為人們會知道哪裡有婦女的洗手間，

雖然那是非常有用的。

even though that would be very helpful.

I think it would be a better world.

我認為這會是一個更美好的世界。

我有兩個孩子。

I have two children.

I have a five-year-old son and a two-year-old daughter.

我有一個五歲的兒子和一個三歲的女兒。

I want my son to have a choice

我想我的兒子可以選擇

to contribute fully in the workforce or at home,

在職場或在家裡作出貢獻。

and I want my daughter to have the choice to not just succeed,

而且我想我的女兒可以選擇

不只是成功，

but to be liked for her accomplishments.

而是因為她的成就而被人喜歡。

謝謝。

Thank you.

(Applause)

（鼓掌）