The power of introverts | Susan Cain | TED

16,646,882 views ใƒป 2012-03-02

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
When I was nine years old,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืช 9,
00:17
I went off to summer camp for the first time.
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ื™ืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื˜ื ื”.
00:19
And my mother packed me a suitcase full of books,
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ื•ืื™ืžื™ ืืจื–ื” ืœื™ ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื”
ืžืœืื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื,
00:23
which to me seemed like a perfectly natural thing to do.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:25
Because in my family, reading was the primary group activity.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™
ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช.
00:30
And this might sound antisocial to you,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืœื›ื ืœื-ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™,
00:32
but for us it was really just a different way of being social.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื.
00:35
You have the animal warmth of your family sitting right next to you,
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ืืช ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชืš
ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฆื™ื“ืš,
00:39
but you are also free to go roaming around the adventureland
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ืื‘ืœ ืืช ื’ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื” ืœืฉื•ื˜ื˜
ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชืš.
00:42
inside your own mind.
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00:43
And I had this idea
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ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™
00:45
that camp was going to be just like this, but better.
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ืฉื’ื ื‘ืงื™ื™ื˜ื ื” ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš, ื•ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
00:47
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
00:50
I had a vision of 10 girls sitting in a cabin
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ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ืจืื™ืชื™ 10 ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืงืชื”
00:53
cozily reading books in their matching nightgowns.
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ืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืชื ื•ืช-ืœื™ืœื” ืชื•ืืžื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืื” ืกืคืจื™ื.
00:55
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
00:57
Camp was more like a keg party without any alcohol.
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ื”ืงื™ื™ื˜ื ื” ื“ืžืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืฉืชื™ื” ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
01:00
And on the very first day,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
01:03
our counselor gathered us all together
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ื”ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืืกืคื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•
01:05
and she taught us a cheer that she said we would be doing
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ื•ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื™ืจ-ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื•ืช
01:07
every day for the rest of the summer to instill camp spirit.
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ืœืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื™ืฅ
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื• ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื™ื™ื˜ื ื”.
01:11
And it went like this:
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืœืš ื›ื›ื”:
01:13
"R-O-W-D-I-E,
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"ืค-ื™-ืจ-ื—-ื›-ื™-ื,
01:15
that's the way we spell rowdie.
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ื›ื›ื” ืื ื• ืžืื™ื™ืชื™ื "ืคื™ืจื—ื›ื™ื".
01:17
Rowdie, rowdie, let's get rowdie."
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"ืคืจื—ื›ื™ื, ืคืจื—ื›ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื—ื›ื™ื."
01:20
(Laughter)
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01:22
Yeah.
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ื›ืŸ.
01:24
So I couldn't figure out for the life of me
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ืฉื›ื” ืื—ื™ื”! ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™
01:26
why we were supposed to be so rowdy,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืคืจื—ื—ื™ื,
01:28
or why we had to spell this word incorrectly.
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ืื• ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืื™ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช.
01:31
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:37
But I recited a cheer. I recited a cheer along with everybody else.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ืงืœืžืชื™ ืืช ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ื•ืœื.
01:40
I did my best.
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™.
01:42
And I just waited for the time that I could go off and read my books.
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ื•ืจืง ื—ื™ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœืจื’ืข
ืฉื‘ื• ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชืœืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืกืคืจื™.
01:47
But the first time that I took my book out of my suitcase,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฆืืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืžื”ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™,
ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื ื™ื’ืฉื” ืืœื™
01:50
the coolest girl in the bunk came up to me
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ื•ืฉืืœื”, "ืœืžื” ืืช ื›ื–ื• ืฉืงื˜ื”?" --
01:52
and she asked me, "Why are you being so mellow?" --
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืงื˜ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ
01:55
mellow, of course, being the exact opposite
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ืฉืœ ืค-ืจ-ื—-ื›-ื™-ืช.
01:57
of R-O-W-D-I-E.
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ื•ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช,
01:59
And then the second time I tried it,
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ื”ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ื ื™ื’ืฉื” ืืœื™ ื‘ื”ื‘ืขื” ืžื•ื“ืื’ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”
02:01
the counselor came up to me with a concerned expression on her face
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื ื”
02:04
and she repeated the point about camp spirit
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ื•ืืžืจื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืžืื•ื“
02:06
and said we should all work very hard to be outgoing.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
02:09
And so I put my books away,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืืช ืกืคืจื™
02:12
back in their suitcase,
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ืœืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื”,
02:15
and I put them under my bed,
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื˜ืชื™,
02:19
and there they stayed for the rest of the summer.
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ื•ืฉื ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ื”ืงื™ืฅ.
02:21
And I felt kind of guilty about this.
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ื—ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืืฉืžื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”.
02:23
I felt as if the books needed me somehow,
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื™,
02:25
and they were calling out to me and I was forsaking them.
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ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื ื—ืช ืื•ืชื.
02:28
But I did forsake them and I didn't open that suitcase again
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ื–ื ื—ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื ืคืชื—ืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื”
ืขื“ ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื™
02:31
until I was back home with my family at the end of the summer.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืงื™ืฅ.
02:34
Now, I tell you this story about summer camp.
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ืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ื˜ื ื”,
02:37
I could have told you 50 others just like it --
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืขื•ื“ 50 ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง--
02:40
all the times that I got the message
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ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ
02:42
that somehow my quiet and introverted style of being
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ืฉื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื™ ื”ืฉืงื˜ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืคื ืžืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—
02:46
was not necessarily the right way to go,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’,
02:48
that I should be trying to pass as more of an extrovert.
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ื•ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื—ืฆื ืช.
02:51
And I always sensed deep down that this was wrong
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ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™ ื—ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
02:54
and that introverts were pretty excellent just as they were.
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ื•ืฉื”ืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื.
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื“ื—ืงืชื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื–ื•,
02:57
But for years I denied this intuition,
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02:59
and so I became a Wall Street lawyer, of all things,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœืขื•ืจื›ืช-ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืœ-ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜,
03:02
instead of the writer that I had always longed to be --
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจืช ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช--
03:05
partly because I needed to prove to myself that I could be bold and assertive too.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœืขืฆืžื™
ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืฆื” ื•ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
03:09
And I was always going off to crowded bars
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื
03:11
when I really would have preferred to just have a nice dinner with friends.
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ื›ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืขื“ืคืชื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืจื•ื—ื” ื ืขื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื.
03:14
And I made these self-negating choices so reflexively,
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช,
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™,
03:19
that I wasn't even aware that I was making them.
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชืŸ.
03:22
Now this is what many introverts do,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
03:24
and it's our loss for sure,
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืื ื• ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ืžื–ื”,
03:26
but it is also our colleagues' loss
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•
03:28
and our communities' loss.
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ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:30
And at the risk of sounding grandiose, it is the world's loss.
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื’ืจื ื“ื™ื•ื–ื™, ื’ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืคืกื™ื“ ืžื–ื”.
03:33
Because when it comes to creativity and to leadership,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช,
03:36
we need introverts doing what they do best.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•.
03:39
A third to a half of the population are introverts --
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ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืขื“ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื ืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื--
03:41
a third to a half.
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ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืขื“ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช.
03:43
So that's one out of every two or three people you know.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
03:46
So even if you're an extrovert yourself,
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ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ืื ืืช ืื• ืืชื” ืžื•ื—ืฆื ื™ื,
03:49
I'm talking about your coworkers
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื›ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
03:51
and your spouses and your children
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ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื
03:53
and the person sitting next to you right now --
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ื•ื‘ืื“ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืจื’ืข ืœืฆื™ื“ื›ื --
03:56
all of them subject to this bias
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืื•ืชื” ื“ืขื” ืงื“ื•ืžื”
03:58
that is pretty deep and real in our society.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขื” ื“ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
04:00
We all internalize it from a very early age
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืคื ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžื’ื™ืœ ืžืื“ ืฆืขื™ืจ
04:03
without even having a language for what we're doing.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืคื” ืฉืชืชืืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
04:06
Now, to see the bias clearly,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”
04:08
you need to understand what introversion is.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžื•ืคื ืžื•ืช.
04:11
It's different from being shy.
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืŸ.
04:13
Shyness is about fear of social judgment.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
04:15
Introversion is more about,
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ื”ืžื•ืคื ืžื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:17
how do you respond to stimulation,
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ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื,
04:19
including social stimulation.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
04:21
So extroverts really crave large amounts of stimulation,
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ื”ืžื•ื—ืฆื ื™ื ืžืฉืชื•ืงืงื™ื ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
04:24
whereas introverts feel at their most alive
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
04:26
and their most switched-on and their most capable
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืขื™ืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
04:28
when they're in quieter, more low-key environments.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ืคืงื•ืช.
ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ-- ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื--
04:31
Not all the time -- these things aren't absolute --
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:33
but a lot of the time.
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04:34
So the key then to maximizing our talents
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื
ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืจื‘ ืืช ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•
04:39
is for us all to put ourselves
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
04:41
in the zone of stimulation that is right for us.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื•.
04:44
But now here's where the bias comes in.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”.
04:46
Our most important institutions,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
04:48
our schools and our workplaces,
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ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
04:50
they are designed mostly for extroverts
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ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ืฆื ื™ื
04:52
and for extroverts' need for lots of stimulation.
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—ืฆื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
04:55
And also we have this belief system right now
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื”
04:59
that I call the new groupthink,
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"ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืช-ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”",
05:01
which holds that all creativity and all productivity
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ืœืคื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ
05:04
comes from a very oddly gregarious place.
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ื‘ืื™ื ืžืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืขื“ืจ.
05:09
So if you picture the typical classroom nowadays:
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•:
05:11
When I was going to school, we sat in rows.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ,
ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช.
05:15
We sat in rows of desks like this,
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ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช, ื›ื›ื”,
05:17
and we did most of our work pretty autonomously.
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ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืฆืžืื™.
05:19
But nowadays, your typical classroom has pods of desks --
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช
ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช --
05:23
four or five or six or seven kids all facing each other.
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ืืจื‘ืขื”, ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ืฉืฉื” ืื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื
05:26
And kids are working in countless group assignments.
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืŸ-ืกืคื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช.
05:28
Even in subjects like math and creative writing,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช,
05:31
which you think would depend on solo flights of thought,
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช,
05:34
kids are now expected to act as committee members.
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ืžืฆืคื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื”.
05:38
And for the kids who prefer to go off by themselves or just to work alone,
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื‘ื“
ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืฆืžืื™ืช,
05:42
those kids are seen as outliers often
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื
05:44
or, worse, as problem cases.
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ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข: ืœืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื.
ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืกืงืจื™ื, ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
05:49
And the vast majority of teachers
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05:50
reports believing that the ideal student is an extrovert
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ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื—ืฆืŸ
05:53
as opposed to an introvert,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžื•ืคื ื,
05:55
even though introverts actually get better grades
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ืืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:57
and are more knowledgeable,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:59
according to research.
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื.
06:01
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
06:03
Okay, same thing is true in our workplaces.
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
06:06
Now, most of us work in open plan offices,
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืœืœื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื
06:09
without walls,
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ืœืœื ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
06:11
where we are subject to the constant noise and gaze of our coworkers.
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื
ืœืจืขืฉื ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื•ืœืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
06:15
And when it comes to leadership,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช,
06:17
introverts are routinely passed over for leadership positions,
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ืžื“ืœื’ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื ืœืื™ื•ืฉ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ืช,
ืืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื,
06:20
even though introverts tend to be very careful,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื --
06:22
much less likely to take outsize risks --
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื.
06:24
which is something we might all favor nowadays.
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06:27
And interesting research by Adam Grant at the Wharton School
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื” ืื“ื ื’ืจื ื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื•ื•ืจื˜ื•ืŸ,
06:30
has found that introverted leaders
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ื ืžืฆื ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื
06:32
often deliver better outcomes than extroverts do,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ืฆื ื™ื
06:34
because when they are managing proactive employees,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื•ื–ืžื”,
06:37
they're much more likely to let those employees run with their ideas,
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืชื™ืจื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
06:40
whereas an extrovert can, quite unwittingly,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื•ื—ืฆืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ, ืฉืœื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”,
06:42
get so excited about things
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ืœื”ืชืœื”ื‘ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš
06:44
that they're putting their own stamp on things,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
06:46
and other people's ideas might not as easily then bubble up to the surface.
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ื•ืื– ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืฃ
ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืงืœื•ืช ืืœ ืคื ื™-ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
06:51
Now in fact, some of our transformative leaders in history have been introverts.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื.
ืืชืŸ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
06:55
I'll give you some examples.
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06:56
Eleanor Roosevelt, Rosa Parks, Gandhi --
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ืืœื™ื ื•ืจ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜, ืจื•ื–ื” ืคืืจืงืก, ื’ื ื“ื™--
06:59
all these people described themselves as quiet and soft-spoken and even shy.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืขื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื
ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื˜ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจืš ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื.
07:04
And they all took the spotlight,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื–ืจืงื•ืจื™ื,
07:06
even though every bone in their bodies was telling them not to.
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ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื ื™ืžื™ ื ืคืฉื
ื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ื‘ื›ืš.
07:11
And this turns out to have a special power all its own,
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ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืžืฉืœื•,
ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ื”ื’ื”,
07:14
because people could feel that these leaders were at the helm
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื
07:17
not because they enjoyed directing others
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ื ืื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
07:19
and not out of the pleasure of being looked at;
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ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื‘ืจื™ืจื”,
07:21
they were there because they had no choice,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ.
07:23
because they were driven to do what they thought was right.
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07:26
Now I think at this point it's important for me to say
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ
07:29
that I actually love extroverts.
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืื ื™ ืžื—ื‘ื‘ืช ืžื•ื—ืฆื ื™ื.
07:32
I always like to say some of my best friends are extroverts,
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ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืžื•ื—ืฆื ื™ื,
07:35
including my beloved husband.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘.
07:39
And we all fall at different points, of course,
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžืžื•ืงื
07:41
along the introvert/extrovert spectrum.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืคื ืžื•ืช ืœืžื•ื—ืฆื ื•ืช.
07:44
Even Carl Jung, the psychologist who first popularized these terms,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืจืœ ื™ื•ื ื’, ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขืžืžื™ืช ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืœื•,
07:47
said that there's no such thing as a pure introvert
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ืืžืจ ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืžื•ืคื ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜
ืื• ืžื•ื—ืฆืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
07:50
or a pure extrovert.
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07:51
He said that such a man would be in a lunatic asylum,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืื“ื ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื,
ืื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืื“ื ื›ื–ื”.
07:54
if he existed at all.
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07:56
And some people fall smack in the middle of the introvert/extrovert spectrum,
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืืžืฆืข
ื”ืงืฉืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืคื ืžื•ืช ืœืžื•ื—ืฆื ื•ืช,
08:00
and we call these people ambiverts.
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ื•ืœื”ื ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืจื˜ื™ื.
08:02
And I often think that they have the best of all worlds.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช.
08:06
But many of us do recognize ourselves as one type or the other.
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ืืš ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื.
08:09
And what I'm saying is that culturally, we need a much better balance.
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ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื• ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
08:12
We need more of a yin and yang between these two types.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื™ืŸ-ื™ืื ื’
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
08:16
This is especially important
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
08:18
when it comes to creativity and to productivity,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ,
08:20
because when psychologists look at the lives of the most creative people,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื
ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื,
08:24
what they find
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ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื
08:26
are people who are very good at exchanging ideas
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ืฉืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื“ืขื•ืช
08:28
and advancing ideas,
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ื•ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
08:30
but who also have a serious streak of introversion in them.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื˜ื™ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืœืžื•ืคื ืžื•ืช.
08:33
And this is because solitude
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื›ืจื™ืข
08:35
is a crucial ingredient often to creativity.
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ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
08:37
So Darwin,
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ืœืžืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
08:39
he took long walks alone in the woods
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ืฉื™ืฆื ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื’ืคื•.
08:41
and emphatically turned down dinner-party invitations.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื—ื” ื ื—ืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืœืืจื•ื—ื•ืช.
08:44
Theodor Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss,
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ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื–ืœ, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“"ืจ ืกื•ืก,
08:47
he dreamed up many of his amazing creations
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ื—ืœื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช
08:49
in a lonely bell tower office that he had
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ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื•
08:51
in the back of his house in La Jolla, California.
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืœื”-ื”ื•ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
08:54
And he was actually afraid to meet the young children who read his books
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ
ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืงืจืื• ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื•
08:58
for fear that they were expecting him this kind of jolly Santa Claus-like figure
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ื›ื™ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืคื•
ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืกื ื˜ื”-ืงืœืื•ืก ืฉืžื—
09:02
and would be disappointed with his more reserved persona.
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ื•ื™ืชืื›ื–ื‘ื• ืžืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืื•ืคืงืช.
09:06
Steve Wozniak invented the first Apple computer
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ื•ื–ื ื™ืืง ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”"ืืคืœ" ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
09:08
sitting alone in his cubicle in Hewlett-Packard
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ื‘ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืชื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื•
ื‘"ื”ื™ื•ืœื˜-ืคืงืืจื“", ืฉื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ ืื–.
09:11
where he was working at the time.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื” ืžื•ืžื—ื”
09:13
And he says that he never would have become such an expert in the first place
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ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคื ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช
09:16
had he not been too introverted to leave the house
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื•.
09:19
when he was growing up.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
09:21
Now, of course,
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09:23
this does not mean that we should all stop collaborating --
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”--
09:26
and case in point, is Steve Wozniak famously coming together with Steve Jobs
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ื•ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ื•ื–ื ื™ืืง ืœืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื’'ื•ื‘ืก
09:29
to start Apple Computer --
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ "ืืคืœ"--
09:32
but it does mean that solitude matters
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
09:35
and that for some people it is the air that they breathe.
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ื•ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื
ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ื™ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ืžื”.
09:39
And in fact, we have known for centuries about the transcendent power of solitude.
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช.
09:45
It's only recently that we've strangely begun to forget it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืžืฉื•ื-ืžื” ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ื–ืืช.
09:48
If you look at most of the world's major religions,
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
09:51
you will find seekers --
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืžืกืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ--
09:53
Moses, Jesus, Buddha, Muhammad --
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ืžืฉื”, ื™ืฉื•, ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื”, ืžื•ื—ืžื“--
09:56
seekers who are going off by themselves alone to the wilderness,
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ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœื‘ื“ื,
ื‘ื’ืคื ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืžื”
10:00
where they then have profound epiphanies and revelations
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ื•ืฉื ื—ื•ื• ื”ืชื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช
10:02
that they then bring back to the rest of the community.
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ื•ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
10:05
So, no wilderness, no revelations.
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ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžืžื”, ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื.
10:09
This is no surprise, though,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข
10:11
if you look at the insights of contemporary psychology.
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ืื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
10:14
It turns out that we can't even be in a group of people
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื
10:17
without instinctively mirroring, mimicking their opinions.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืงืฃ ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื.
10:20
Even about seemingly personal and visceral things
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื“ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื”,
10:22
like who you're attracted to,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืœืžื™ ืื ื• ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื,
10:24
you will start aping the beliefs of the people around you
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ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
10:27
without even realizing that that's what you're doing.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
10:29
And groups famously follow the opinions
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื•ื”ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช
10:32
of the most dominant or charismatic person in the room,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื›ื™ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ืื• ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
10:34
even though there's zero correlation
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ืืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืชืื ืืคืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
10:36
between being the best talker and having the best ideas --
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ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื”ื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ --
10:39
I mean zero.
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ืžืžืฉ ืืคืก.
10:41
So --
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ืื ื›ืŸ...
10:43
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
10:45
You might be following the person with the best ideas,
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
10:48
but you might not.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื’ื ืฉืœื.
10:50
And do you really want to leave it up to chance?
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ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื–ืืช ืœืžืงืจื™ื•ืช?
10:53
Much better for everybody to go off by themselves,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื™ืฆื ืœืžืกืข ืขืฆืžืื™,
10:55
generate their own ideas
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ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•-ื”ื•ื
10:57
freed from the distortions of group dynamics,
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ืœืœื ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช,
10:59
and then come together as a team
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืชื›ื ืก ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืฆื•ื•ืช
11:01
to talk them through in a well-managed environment
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ
11:04
and take it from there.
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ื•ืžืฉื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”.
11:06
Now if all this is true,
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ื•ืื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
11:08
then why are we getting it so wrong?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”?
11:11
Why are we setting up our schools this way, and our workplaces?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืš ืืช ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•?
ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืฉืžื™ื
11:14
And why are we making these introverts feel so guilty
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ืจืง ื›ื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“?
11:16
about wanting to just go off by themselves some of the time?
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11:19
One answer lies deep in our cultural history.
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ืื—ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™.
11:22
Western societies,
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช,
11:24
and in particular the U.S.,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
11:26
have always favored the man of action over the "man" of contemplation.
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ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืขืฉื”
ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘
ื•ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: "ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘".
11:34
But in America's early days,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
11:37
we lived in what historians call a culture of character,
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™",
11:40
where we still, at that point, valued people
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ืฉื‘ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื
11:42
for their inner selves and their moral rectitude.
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
11:45
And if you look at the self-help books from this era,
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ืื–,
11:47
they all had titles with things like
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•,
11:49
"Character, the Grandest Thing in the World."
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"ืื•ืคื™: ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื."
11:52
And they featured role models like Abraham Lincoln,
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ื”ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ
11:55
who was praised for being modest and unassuming.
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ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื ืก ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืฆื ื•ืข ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืžืจื ื™.
11:57
Ralph Waldo Emerson called him
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ืจืœืฃ ื•ื•ืœื“ื• ืืžืจืกื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื•:
11:59
"A man who does not offend by superiority."
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"ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ื˜ื ื”ื™ื•ื”ืจื”."
12:02
But then we hit the 20th century,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžืื” ื”-20
12:05
and we entered a new culture
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ื•ื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”
12:07
that historians call the culture of personality.
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ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช".
12:09
What happened is we had evolved an agricultural economy
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืžื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช
ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
12:12
to a world of big business.
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12:13
And so suddenly people are moving from small towns to the cities.
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ื•ื›ืš ืœืคืชืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื
ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืืœ ื”ื›ืจืš.
12:17
And instead of working alongside people they've known all their lives,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
12:20
now they are having to prove themselves in a crowd of strangers.
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ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืขืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื
ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื–ืจื™ื.
12:24
So, quite understandably,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
12:26
qualities like magnetism and charisma suddenly come to seem really important.
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ืฉืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืงืกื ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื”
ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคืชืข ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื“.
12:30
And sure enough, the self-help books change to meet these new needs
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืกืคืจื™ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
12:33
and they start to have names
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืžื•:
12:35
like "How to Win Friends and Influence People."
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"ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื."
12:37
And they feature as their role models really great salesmen.
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ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœื”ื
ื”ื ืื ืฉื™-ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื’ื•ืœื™ื.
12:42
So that's the world we're living in today.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
12:44
That's our cultural inheritance.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
12:48
Now none of this is to say that social skills are unimportant,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืœื•ืžืจ
ืฉื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
12:53
and I'm also not calling for the abolishing of teamwork at all.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื’ื ืœื ืงื•ืจืืช
ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช.
12:58
The same religions who send their sages off to lonely mountain tops
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ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืืช ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื”ืŸ ืœืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช
13:01
also teach us love and trust.
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ื’ื ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืžื•ืŸ.
13:04
And the problems that we are facing today
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชืŸ ืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
13:06
in fields like science and in economics
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
13:08
are so vast and so complex
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ื”ืŸ ื›ื” ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
13:10
that we are going to need armies of people coming together
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื›ื ืก ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช.
13:13
to solve them working together.
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13:14
But I am saying that the more freedom that we give introverts to be themselves,
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ืืš ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืขืฆืžื
ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื
13:18
the more likely that they are
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13:19
to come up with their own unique solutions to these problems.
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ื™ืขืœื• ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
13:24
So now I'd like to share with you what's in my suitcase today.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื’ืœื” ืœื›ื
ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื‘ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื”.
13:33
Guess what?
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ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื–ื”?
13:35
Books.
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ืกืคืจื™ื.
13:37
I have a suitcase full of books.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื.
13:39
Here's Margaret Atwood, "Cat's Eye."
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ื”ื ื” "ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ" ืžืืช ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืื˜ื•ื•ื“,
13:41
Here's a novel by Milan Kundera.
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ื”ื ื” ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžืืช ืžื™ืœืŸ ืงื•ื ื“ืจื”.
13:44
And here's "The Guide for the Perplexed" by Maimonides.
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ื•ื”ื ื” "ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื"
ืžืืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื.
13:49
But these are not exactly my books.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื™.
13:52
I brought these books with me
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ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื™ืชื™
13:54
because they were written by my grandfather's favorite authors.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™.
13:58
My grandfather was a rabbi
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ืกื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘
14:00
and he was a widower
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืืœืžืŸ
14:02
who lived alone in a small apartment in Brooklyn
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ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืœื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ
14:05
that was my favorite place in the world when I was growing up,
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืฉื’ื“ืœืชื™,
14:08
partly because it was filled with his very gentle, very courtly presence
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ืช ื•ื ืขื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™
14:11
and partly because it was filled with books.
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ื•ื’ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื.
14:14
I mean literally every table, every chair in this apartment
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื™ืกื ื‘ื“ื™ืจืชื•,
14:17
had yielded its original function
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ื•ื™ืชืจื• ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื
14:19
to now serve as a surface for swaying stacks of books.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžืฆืข ืœืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื.
14:22
Just like the rest of my family,
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืฉืืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™,
14:24
my grandfather's favorite thing to do in the whole world was to read.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื™ืื”.
14:27
But he also loved his congregation,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื”ื‘ ืืช ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืฉืœื•,
14:30
and you could feel this love in the sermons that he gave
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืื”ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉื
14:33
every week for the 62 years that he was a rabbi.
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ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื‘ืžืฉืš 62 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘.
14:37
He would takes the fruits of each week's reading
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืžื›ืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข
14:40
and he would weave
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ื•ืื•ืจื’ ืžืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”.
14:41
these intricate tapestries of ancient and humanist thought.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ
14:44
And people would come from all over to hear him speak.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืจืฉื•ืชื™ื•.
14:47
But here's the thing about my grandfather.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืกื‘ื™:
ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืขื˜ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื˜ื™ืงืกื™,
14:51
Underneath this ceremonial role,
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14:52
he was really modest and really introverted --
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฆื ื•ืข ื•ืžื•ืคื ื--
14:55
so much so that when he delivered these sermons,
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื ืืช ื“ืจืฉื•ืชื™ื•,
14:58
he had trouble making eye contact
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ-ืขื™ืŸ
15:00
with the very same congregation that he had been speaking to for 62 years.
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ืขื ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืฉืœื•
ืฉืžื•ืœื• ื ืฉื ืืช ื“ืจืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš 62 ืฉื ื”.
15:04
And even away from the podium,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช,
15:06
when you called him to say hello,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ื’ืฉืชื ืืœื™ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืœื•ื,
15:08
he would often end the conversation prematurely
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืžื–ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื—ืคื–ื”,
15:10
for fear that he was taking up too much of your time.
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ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื•ื–ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื–ืžื ื›ื.
15:14
But when he died at the age of 94,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 94,
15:17
the police had to close down the streets of his neighborhood
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื•
15:20
to accommodate the crowd of people who came out to mourn him.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืงื”ืœ ื”ื ืืกืคื™ื
ืฉื‘ื ืœื”ืชืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื•.
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชื“ืœืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™
15:27
And so these days I try to learn from my grandfather's example
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืฉืœื™.
15:30
in my own way.
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15:31
So I just published a book about introversion,
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ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืคื™ืจืกืžืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ืคื ืžื•ืช,
15:34
and it took me about seven years to write.
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ื•ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื™ 7 ืฉื ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื•.
15:36
And for me, that seven years was like total bliss,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• 7 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ,
15:39
because I was reading, I was writing,
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ื›ื™ ืงืจืืชื™, ื›ืชื‘ืชื™,
15:42
I was thinking, I was researching.
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ื”ืจื”ืจืชื™, ื—ืงืจืชื™.
15:44
It was my version
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ืจืกืชื™
15:46
of my grandfather's hours of the day alone in his library.
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ืœืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืกื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•.
15:49
But now all of a sudden my job is very different,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขืช, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืคืชืื•ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™:
15:52
and my job is to be out here talking about it,
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ืœืฆืืช ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš,
15:55
talking about introversion.
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ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืคื ืžื•ืช.
15:58
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
16:02
And that's a lot harder for me,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™,
16:04
because as honored as I am to be here with all of you right now,
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ื›ื™ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ืฉื”
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืขื ื›ื•ืœื›ื,
16:08
this is not my natural milieu.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
16:11
So I prepared for moments like these as best I could.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ืชื™ ืœืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื”
ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™.
16:15
I spent the last year practicing public speaking
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ
16:17
every chance I could get.
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ื ืื•ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™.
16:19
And I call this my "year of speaking dangerously."
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื–ื” "ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฆืœ ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื ืื•ื" ืฉืœื™.
16:22
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
16:24
And that actually helped a lot.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื–ืจ ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
16:26
But I'll tell you, what helps even more
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:28
is my sense, my belief, my hope that when it comes to our attitudes
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ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื”, ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื™
ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
16:33
to introversion and to quiet and to solitude,
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ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื•ืคื ืžื•ืช, ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช,
16:35
we truly are poised on the brink on dramatic change.
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ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื
16:37
I mean, we are.
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ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™. ื‘ืืžืช.
16:39
And so I am going to leave you now
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ื›ืขืช ืื•ืชื™ืจ ืืชื›ื
16:41
with three calls for action for those who share this vision.
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ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ื”.
16:45
Number one:
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ืื—ื“:
16:47
Stop the madness for constant group work.
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ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืขื ื”ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืžืชืžื“ืช.
16:49
Just stop it.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืขื ื–ื”.
16:51
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
16:54
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
16:56
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
16:58
And I want to be clear about what I'm saying,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™,
17:00
because I deeply believe our offices
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ืžืง ืœื‘ื™
17:02
should be encouraging casual, chatty cafe-style types of interactions --
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ืฉืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“
ืžื’ืขื™ื ื”ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื
17:06
you know, the kind where people come together
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ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื˜ืคื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ืงืคื”
17:08
and serendipitously have an exchange of ideas.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืืกืคื™ื ื•ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื™ื.
17:10
That is great.
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ.
17:12
It's great for introverts and it's great for extroverts.
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื ื•ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ืฆื ื™ื.
17:14
But we need much more privacy and much more freedom
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ
ื•ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
17:17
and much more autonomy at work.
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17:18
School, same thing.
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ.
17:20
We need to be teaching kids to work together, for sure,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื ืš ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช,
17:23
but we also need to be teaching them how to work on their own.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™.
ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืฆื ื™ื.
17:26
This is especially important for extroverted children too.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™, ื›ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืช,
17:29
They need to work on their own
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17:30
because that is where deep thought comes from in part.
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ืžื›ืš ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื”.
ืฉื ื™ื™ื: ืœืฆืืช ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืžื”.
17:33
Okay, number two: Go to the wilderness.
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17:35
Be like Buddha, have your own revelations.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื”, ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืš.
17:38
I'm not saying
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ืื™ื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช
17:40
that we all have to now go off and build our own cabins in the woods
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ืฉืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืฆืืช ื›ืขืช ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื‘ืงืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจ
17:43
and never talk to each other again,
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ื•ืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”,
17:46
but I am saying that we could all stand to unplug
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ืืœื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืœื”ืชื ืชืง
17:48
and get inside our own heads a little more often.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื›ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื ื•
ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:54
Number three:
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ:
17:57
Take a good look at what's inside your own suitcase
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื›ื
17:59
and why you put it there.
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ื•ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉืžืชื ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื.
18:01
So extroverts,
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ืœืžื•ื—ืฆื ื™ื:
18:03
maybe your suitcases are also full of books.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ืชื›ื ืžืœืื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื.
18:05
Or maybe they're full of champagne glasses or skydiving equipment.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืฉืžืคื ื™ื”
ืื• ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืœืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช.
18:10
Whatever it is, I hope you take these things out every chance you get
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ืช
18:14
and grace us with your energy and your joy.
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ื•ืชื–ื›ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
18:17
But introverts, you being you,
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ื•ืœืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืืชื,
18:20
you probably have the impulse to guard very carefully
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ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
18:22
what's inside your own suitcase.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื,
18:24
And that's okay.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
18:26
But occasionally, just occasionally,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื, ืจืง ืœืคืขืžื™ื,
18:28
I hope you will open up your suitcases for other people to see,
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชืคืชื—ื• ืืช ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
18:31
because the world needs you and it needs the things you carry.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื›ื ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขืžื›ื.
18:36
So I wish you the best of all possible journeys
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืื—ืœืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
18:38
and the courage to speak softly.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช.
18:41
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
18:43
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
18:47
Thank you. Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”. ืชื•ื“ื”.
18:50
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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