A kinder, gentler philosophy of success | Alain de Botton

2,031,921 views ใƒป 2009-07-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: nastya oksman ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
For me they normally happen, these career crises,
0
12771
2373
ืืฆืœื™ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืงื•ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืืœื•,
00:15
often, actually, on a Sunday evening,
1
15168
2547
ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื‘,
00:17
just as the sun is starting to set,
2
17739
1873
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืฉืงื•ืข,
00:19
and the gap between my hopes for myself and the reality of my life
3
19636
4658
ื•ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™,
ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™, ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกืชืขืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื” ืžื›ืื™ื‘
00:24
starts to diverge so painfully
4
24318
1818
00:26
that I normally end up weeping into a pillow.
5
26160
2976
ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื›ื™ ืžืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื›ืจื™ืช.
00:29
I'm mentioning all this --
6
29160
1505
ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
00:30
I'm mentioning all this because I think this is not merely a personal problem;
7
30689
3683
ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ืืช ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
00:34
you may think I'm wrong in this,
8
34396
1536
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ืš.
00:35
but I think we live in an age when our lives are regularly punctuated
9
35956
3583
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข
ืžืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”,
00:39
by career crises, by moments when what we thought we knew --
10
39563
3142
ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
00:42
about our lives, about our careers --
11
42729
1810
ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
00:44
comes into contact with a threatening sort of reality.
12
44563
3429
ื‘ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืื™ื™ืžืช.
00:48
It's perhaps easier now than ever before to make a good living.
13
48016
3753
ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืงืœ ืžืื™ ืคืขื ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ื˜ื•ื‘.
00:51
It's perhaps harder than ever before
14
51793
2343
ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ ืคืขื
00:54
to stay calm, to be free of career anxiety.
15
54160
2976
ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื—ืจื“ืช ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”.
00:57
I want to look now, if I may, at some of the reasons
16
57160
3389
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ื•ืจืฉื” ืœื™,
ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš
01:00
why we might be feeling anxiety about our careers.
17
60573
3563
ืฉืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื—ืจื“ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:04
Why we might be victims of these career crises,
18
64160
2239
ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืœืœื•,
01:06
as we're weeping softly into our pillows.
19
66423
3946
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:10
One of the reasons why we might be suffering
20
70393
2743
ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื ื• ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื
01:13
is that we are surrounded by snobs.
21
73160
2558
ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืกื ื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:15
In a way, I've got some bad news,
22
75742
2394
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช,
01:18
particularly to anybody who's come to Oxford from abroad.
23
78160
2762
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ืœืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ืžื—ื•"ืœ.
01:20
There's a real problem with snobbery,
24
80946
1778
ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืขื ืกื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
01:22
because sometimes people from outside the U.K.
25
82748
2166
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื
01:24
imagine that snobbery is a distinctively U.K. phenomenon,
26
84938
2707
ืฉืกื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช
01:27
fixated on country houses and titles.
27
87669
2467
ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื•ืชืืจื™ื.
01:30
The bad news is that's not true.
28
90160
1664
ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:31
Snobbery is a global phenomenon; we are a global organization,
29
91848
2976
ืกื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
01:34
this is a global phenomenon.
30
94848
1357
ืื ื—ื ื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™. ื–ืืช ืชื•ืคืขื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
01:36
What is a snob?
31
96229
1635
ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื. ืžื” ื–ื” ืกื ื•ื‘?
01:37
A snob is anybody who takes a small part of you,
32
97888
3309
ืกื ื•ื‘ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืžืš
01:41
and uses that to come to a complete vision of who you are.
33
101221
3365
ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืื™ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืืชื”.
01:44
That is snobbery.
34
104610
1526
ื–ืืช ืกื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
01:46
The dominant kind of snobbery that exists nowadays is job snobbery.
35
106160
4325
ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช
ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื–ืืช ืกื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
01:50
You encounter it within minutes at a party, when you get asked
36
110509
3247
ืืชื” ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืชื•ืš ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื”,
ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื•ื”ืกืžืœื™ืช
01:53
that famous iconic question of the early 21st century,
37
113780
3167
ืฉืœ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21: "ืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”?"
01:56
"What do you do?"
38
116971
1173
01:58
According to how you answer that question,
39
118168
2001
ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื™ืš ืฉืชืขื ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช,
02:00
people are either incredibly delighted to see you,
40
120193
2334
ืื• ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืจืื•ืชืš ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืชื™ืืžืŸ,
02:02
or look at their watch and make their excuses.
41
122551
2182
ืื• ืฉื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืกืœื™ื—ื”.
02:04
(Laughter)
42
124757
1016
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:05
Now, the opposite of a snob is your mother.
43
125797
2339
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืกื ื•ื‘ ื–ืืช ืืžื ืฉืœืš.
02:08
(Laughter)
44
128160
1976
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:10
Not necessarily your mother, or indeed mine,
45
130160
2977
ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืืžื ืฉืœืš ืื• ืฉืœื™.
02:13
but, as it were, the ideal mother,
46
133161
1635
ืืœื, ื”ืืžื ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ.
02:14
somebody who doesn't care about your achievements.
47
134820
2348
ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื” ืžื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœืš.
02:17
Unfortunately, most people are not our mothers.
48
137192
2198
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:19
Most people make a strict correlation between how much time,
49
139414
2818
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืชืื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
02:22
and if you like, love --
50
142256
1393
ื•ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ืื”ื‘ื”, ืœื ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช,
02:23
not romantic love, though that may be something --
51
143673
2463
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•,
02:26
but love in general, respect -- they are willing to accord us,
52
146160
3295
ืืœื ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื›ื‘ื•ื“,
ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื•, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง
02:29
that will be strictly defined by our position in the social hierarchy.
53
149479
3657
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
02:33
And that's a lot of the reason why we care so much about our careers
54
153160
3239
ื•ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:36
and indeed start caring so much about material goods.
55
156423
3713
ื•ืื›ืŸ ืฉืื›ืคืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื—ืคืฆื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื.
02:40
You know, we're often told that we live in very materialistic times,
56
160160
3239
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™ื™ื,
02:43
that we're all greedy people.
57
163423
1713
ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืžื“ื ื™ื™ื.
02:45
I don't think we are particularly materialistic.
58
165160
2286
ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
02:47
I think we live in a society which has simply pegged certain emotional rewards
59
167470
4428
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืฆืžื™ื“ื” ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
02:51
to the acquisition of material goods.
60
171922
2212
ืœื”ืฉื’ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื.
02:54
It's not the material goods we want; it's the rewards we want.
61
174158
2930
ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื. ื–ื” ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
02:57
It's a new way of looking at luxury goods.
62
177112
2008
ื•ื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช.
02:59
The next time you see somebody driving a Ferrari, don't think,
63
179144
2961
ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชืจืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืคืจืืจื™
ืืœ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•, " ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ืžื“ืŸ".
03:02
"This is somebody who's greedy."
64
182129
1824
03:03
Think, "This is somebody who is incredibly vulnerable and in need of love."
65
183977
3718
ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•: "ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืคื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืชื™ืืžืŸ ื•ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืื”ื‘ื”".
ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช -- (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:07
(Laughter)
66
187719
3417
03:11
Feel sympathy, rather than contempt.
67
191160
2403
ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืื”ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื™ืœื–ื•ืœ.
03:13
There are other reasons --
68
193587
1508
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช --
03:15
(Laughter)
69
195119
1017
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:16
There are other reasons why it's perhaps harder now to feel calm than ever before.
70
196160
3922
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืขืช
ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื ืžืื™ ืคืขื.
03:20
One of these, and it's paradoxical,
71
200106
1676
ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ, ื•ื–ื” ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื™ ื ื—ืžื“,
03:21
because it's linked to something that's rather nice,
72
201806
2510
ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:24
is the hope we all have for our careers.
73
204340
2046
03:26
Never before have expectations been so high
74
206410
2098
ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
03:28
about what human beings can achieve with their lifespan.
75
208532
2723
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื” ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:31
We're told, from many sources, that anyone can achieve anything.
76
211279
3029
ื ืืžืจ ืœื ื•, ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:34
We've done away with the caste system,
77
214332
1883
ื ืคื˜ืจื ื• ืžืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืงืืกื˜ื•ืช.
03:36
we are now in a system where anyone can rise to any position they please.
78
216239
3691
ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
ืœื›ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื”.
03:39
And it's a beautiful idea.
79
219954
2182
ื•ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืคื”ืคื”.
03:42
Along with that is a kind of spirit of equality;
80
222160
2453
ืœื–ื” ืžืชืœื•ื•ื” ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ. ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื.
03:44
we're all basically equal.
81
224637
1357
03:46
There are no strictly defined hierarchies.
82
226018
4118
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื•ืช
ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ.
03:50
There is one really big problem with this,
83
230160
2462
ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืช ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื ื–ื”.
03:52
and that problem is envy.
84
232646
1508
ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืงื ืื”.
03:54
Envy, it's a real taboo to mention envy,
85
234679
2263
ืงื ืื”, ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ืื‘ื• ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืงื ืื”,
03:56
but if there's one dominant emotion in modern society, that is envy.
86
236966
3480
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืจื’ืฉ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงื ืื”.
04:00
And it's linked to the spirit of equality.
87
240470
2667
ื•ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ. ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
04:03
Let me explain.
88
243161
1151
04:04
I think it would be very unusual for anyone here, or anyone watching,
89
244336
3261
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืืŸ, ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื,
04:07
to be envious of the Queen of England.
90
247621
1872
ืœืงื ื ื‘ืžืœื›ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
04:09
Even though she is much richer than any of you are,
91
249517
3237
ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื.
04:12
and she's got a very large house,
92
252778
2262
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื‘ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
04:15
the reason why we don't envy her is because she's too weird.
93
255064
3658
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืงื ืื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ื”ื” ืžื™ื“ื™.
04:18
(Laughter)
94
258746
1008
04:19
She's simply too strange.
95
259778
1357
ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืžื™ื“ื™.
04:21
We can't relate to her, she speaks in a funny way,
96
261159
2381
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืื™ืชื”. ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”.
04:23
she comes from an odd place.
97
263564
1373
ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”.
04:24
So we can't relate to her,
98
264961
1373
ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืื™ืชื”. ื•ื›ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืชื” ืœื ืžืงื ื ื‘ื•.
04:26
and when you can't relate to somebody, you don't envy them.
99
266358
2898
04:29
The closer two people are -- in age, in background,
100
269280
2856
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื’ื™ืœื, ื‘ืจืงืข,
04:32
in the process of identification -- the more there's a danger of envy,
101
272160
3318
ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช, ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงื ืื”.
04:35
which is incidentally why none of you should ever go to a school reunion,
102
275502
3475
ื•ื–ื•, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื” ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืคื’ื™ืฉืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:39
because there is no stronger reference point than people one was at school with.
103
279001
4099
ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืื™ืชื.
04:43
The problem of modern society is it turns the whole world into a school.
104
283124
3538
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
04:46
Everybody's wearing jeans, everybody's the same.
105
286686
2270
ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ. ื›ื•ืœื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื’'ื™ื ืก, ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
04:48
And yet, they're not.
106
288980
1155
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ื ืœื.
04:50
So there's a spirit of equality combined with deep inequality,
107
290159
2977
ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง.
04:53
which can make for a very stressful situation.
108
293160
2691
ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ -- ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืœื—ื™ืฅ.
04:55
It's probably as unlikely that you would nowadays
109
295875
2325
ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื
04:58
become as rich and famous as Bill Gates,
110
298224
1912
ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก,
05:00
as it was unlikely in the 17th century
111
300160
1976
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17
05:02
that you would accede to the ranks of the French aristocracy.
112
302160
3242
ืฉืชืชืคืก ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช.
05:05
But the point is, it doesn't feel that way.
113
305426
2048
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื›ื”.
05:07
It's made to feel, by magazines and other media outlets,
114
307498
3066
ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื”,
05:10
that if you've got energy, a few bright ideas about technology, a garage --
115
310588
3856
ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
ืžื•ืกืš, ื’ื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ืง.
05:14
you, too, could start a major thing.
116
314468
2431
05:16
(Laughter)
117
316923
1355
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:18
The consequences of this problem make themselves felt in bookshops.
118
318302
3239
ื•ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื.
05:21
When you go to a large bookshop and look at the self-help sections,
119
321565
3191
ื›ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช,
05:24
as I sometimes do --
120
324780
1180
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืคืขืžื™ื,
05:25
if you analyze self-help books produced in the world today,
121
325984
3086
ืื ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืกืคืจื™ ืขื–ืจื”-ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืžื•ืคืงื™ื
ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื.
05:29
there are basically two kinds.
122
329094
1447
05:30
The first kind tells you, "You can do it! You can make it! Anything's possible!"
123
330565
3786
ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš, "ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”! ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—! ื”ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™!"
ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“
05:34
The other kind tells you how to cope with what we politely call "low self-esteem,"
124
334375
4596
ืขื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืก "ื”ืขืจื›ื”-ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”",
05:38
or impolitely call, "feeling very bad about yourself."
125
338995
2627
ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื™ืžื•ืก " ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืจืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžืš".
05:41
There's a real correlation
126
341646
1490
ื™ืฉื ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื,
05:43
between a society that tells people that they can do anything,
127
343160
3976
ืงื•ืจืœืฆื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
05:47
and the existence of low self-esteem.
128
347160
1976
ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื”-ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
05:49
So that's another way in which something quite positive can have a nasty kickback.
129
349160
3976
ื›ืš ืฉื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืœืžื“ื™
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ื‘ื–ื™ืช.
05:53
There is another reason why we might be feeling more anxious --
130
353160
3325
ื™ืฉื ื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:56
about our careers, about our status in the world today, than ever before.
131
356509
3627
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืขืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ ืคืขื.
06:00
And it's, again, linked to something nice.
132
360160
2048
ื•ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘, ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื ื—ืžื“.
06:02
And that nice thing is called meritocracy.
133
362232
2698
ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื—ืžื“ ื”ื–ื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžึถืจึดื™ื˜ื•ึนืงึฐืจึทื˜ึฐื™ึธื”.
06:04
Everybody, all politicians on Left and Right,
134
364954
2302
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื, ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืฉืžืืœ,
06:07
agree that meritocracy is a great thing,
135
367280
2217
ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžืจื™ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื“ื™ืจ,
06:09
and we should all be trying to make our societies really, really meritocratic.
136
369521
4146
ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืžืจื™ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
06:13
In other words -- what is a meritocratic society?
137
373691
3319
ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืจื™ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช?
06:17
A meritocratic society is one in which, if you've got talent and energy and skill,
138
377034
4126
ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืจื™ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื”
ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช,
06:21
you will get to the top, nothing should hold you back.
139
381184
2572
ืืชื” ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืคืกื’ื”. ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื›ืš.
06:23
It's a beautiful idea.
140
383780
1162
ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืคื”ืคื”. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื
06:24
The problem is, if you really believe in a society
141
384966
3324
ืฉืื ืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
06:28
where those who merit to get to the top, get to the top,
142
388314
2668
ืฉื‘ื” ืืœื” ืฉืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืกื’ื”, ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื’ื”,
06:31
you'll also, by implication, and in a far more nasty way,
143
391006
3005
ืืชื” ื’ื, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืžืข ืžื›ืš, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื‘ื–ื™,
06:34
believe in a society where those who deserve to get to the bottom
144
394035
3697
ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืœื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช
06:37
also get to the bottom and stay there.
145
397756
2223
ื’ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช ื•ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืฉื.
06:40
In other words, your position in life comes to seem not accidental,
146
400003
3348
ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžืขืžื“ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื ืžืงืจื™,
06:43
but merited and deserved.
147
403375
1761
ืืœื ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืš.
06:45
And that makes failure seem much more crushing.
148
405160
2976
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืœื ืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื—ืฅ.
06:48
You know, in the Middle Ages, in England,
149
408160
2378
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
06:50
when you met a very poor person,
150
410562
1872
ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื’ืฉืช ืื“ื ืขื ื™ ืžืื•ื“,
06:52
that person would be described as an "unfortunate" --
151
412458
2864
ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›"ื—ืกืจ ืžื–ืœ".
06:55
literally, somebody who had not been blessed by fortune, an unfortunate.
152
415346
3790
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื‘ื•ืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื”, ื—ืกืจ ืžื–ืœ.
06:59
Nowadays, particularly in the United States,
153
419160
2096
ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
07:01
if you meet someone at the bottom of society,
154
421280
2143
ืื ืชืคื’ืฉื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
07:03
they may unkindly be described as a "loser."
155
423447
2689
ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ, ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›"ืœื•ื–ืจ".
07:06
There's a real difference between an unfortunate and a loser,
156
426160
2976
ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืกืจ ืžื–ืœ ืœืœื•ื–ืจ.
07:09
and that shows 400 years of evolution in society
157
429160
2976
ื•ื–ื” ืžืจืื” 400 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
07:12
and our belief in who is responsible for our lives.
158
432160
3097
ื•ืืžื•ื ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
07:15
It's no longer the gods, it's us. We're in the driving seat.
159
435281
2855
ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืืœื™ื, ืืœื” ืขืฆืžื™ื ื•. ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื”ื’.
07:18
That's exhilarating if you're doing well,
160
438160
1976
ื–ื” ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ ืื ืืชื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—,
07:20
and very crushing if you're not.
161
440160
1852
ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจืกืง ืื ืืชื” ืœื.
07:22
It leads, in the worst cases --
162
442036
1542
ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’
07:23
in the analysis of a sociologist like Emil Durkheim --
163
443602
2967
ื›ืžื• ืืžื™ืœ ื“ื•ืจืงื”ื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื—ื•ื– ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช.
07:26
it leads to increased rates of suicide.
164
446593
2307
07:28
There are more suicides in developed, individualistic countries
165
448924
3212
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช
07:32
than in any other part of the world.
166
452160
1741
ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
07:33
And some of the reason for that
167
453925
1574
ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
07:35
is that people take what happens to them extremely personally --
168
455523
3069
ืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ืฉื™.
07:38
they own their success, but they also own their failure.
169
458616
3519
ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
07:42
Is there any relief from some of these pressures
170
462159
2287
ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ืงืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืžื—ืœืง ืžื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
07:44
that I've been outlining?
171
464470
1337
ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™ ืขืชื”?
07:45
I think there is.
172
465831
1159
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื.
07:47
I just want to turn to a few of them.
173
467014
1766
07:48
Let's take meritocracy.
174
468804
1332
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงื— ืืช ืžืจื™ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
07:50
This idea that everybody deserves to get where they get to,
175
470160
2976
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข.
07:53
I think it's a crazy idea, completely crazy.
176
473160
2808
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
07:55
I will support any politician of Left and Right,
177
475992
2252
ืื ื™ ืืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืžืฉืžืืœ ื•ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ,
07:58
with any halfway-decent meritocratic idea;
178
478268
2294
ืขื ื›ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืจื™ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื’ื•ืŸ.
08:00
I am a meritocrat in that sense.
179
480586
1550
ืื ื™ ืžืจื™ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ ื•ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”.
08:02
But I think it's insane to believe
180
482160
1672
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื™ ืคืขื
08:03
that we will ever make a society that is genuinely meritocratic;
181
483856
3457
ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื ืžืจื™ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช. ื–ื” ื—ืœื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
08:07
it's an impossible dream.
182
487337
1234
08:08
The idea that we will make a society where literally everybody is graded,
183
488595
3461
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื”
ืฉื‘ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ื•ืœื ืžื“ื•ืจื’ื™ื,
08:12
the good at the top, bad at the bottom,
184
492080
1896
ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื’ื”, ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช,
08:14
exactly done as it should be, is impossible.
185
494000
2136
ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
08:16
There are simply too many random factors:
186
496160
1976
ื™ืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื.
08:18
accidents, accidents of birth,
187
498160
1976
ืชืื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื”,
08:20
accidents of things dropping on people's heads, illnesses, etc.
188
500160
3000
ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'.
08:23
We will never get to grade them,
189
503184
1952
ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื“ืจื’ ืื•ืชื.
08:25
never get to grade people as they should.
190
505160
1976
ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื“ืจื’ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš.
08:27
I'm drawn to a lovely quote by St. Augustine in "The City of God,"
191
507160
3143
ืื ื™ ื ืžืฉืš ืœืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืงืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘"ืขื™ืจ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื",
08:30
where he says, "It's a sin to judge any man by his post."
192
510327
4413
ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ: " ื–ื” ื—ื˜ื ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืื“ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื” ืฉืœื•".
08:34
In modern English that would mean
193
514764
1642
ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ,
08:36
it's a sin to come to any view of who you should talk to,
194
516430
2724
ื–ื” ื—ื˜ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื ืžื™ ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ
ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื•.
08:39
dependent on their business card.
195
519178
1583
08:40
It's not the post that should count.
196
520785
1751
ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืฉืจื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
08:42
According to St. Augustine, only God can really put everybody in their place;
197
522560
3780
ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ,
ื–ื” ืจืง ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื.
08:46
he's going to do that on the Day of Judgment,
198
526364
2135
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ
08:48
with angels and trumpets, and the skies will open.
199
528523
2382
ืขื ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืคืชื—ื•.
08:50
Insane idea, if you're a secularist person, like me.
200
530929
2507
ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ืื ืืชื” ืื“ื ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™, ื›ืžื•ื ื™.
08:53
But something very valuable in that idea, nevertheless.
201
533460
2620
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ.
ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืชื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ืื™ื ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื.
08:56
In other words, hold your horses when you're coming to judge people.
202
536104
3332
08:59
You don't necessarily know what someone's true value is.
203
539460
2676
ืืชื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
09:02
That is an unknown part of them,
204
542160
1976
ื–ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื”ื.
09:04
and we shouldn't behave as though it is known.
205
544160
3195
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข.
09:07
There is another source of solace and comfort for all this.
206
547379
2801
ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื ื—ืžื” ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”.
09:10
When we think about failing in life, when we think about failure,
207
550204
3125
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ,
09:13
one of the reasons why we fear failing
208
553353
1842
ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง
09:15
is not just a loss of income, a loss of status.
209
555219
2275
ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืขืžื“.
09:17
What we fear is the judgment and ridicule of others.
210
557518
2743
ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื–ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื•ืœืขื’ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื. ื•ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื.
09:20
And it exists.
211
560285
1153
09:21
The number one organ of ridicule, nowadays, is the newspaper.
212
561462
3556
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืœืขื’
ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ.
09:25
If you open the newspaper any day of the week,
213
565042
2189
ื•ืื ืชืคืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
09:27
it's full of people who've messed up their lives.
214
567255
2316
ื”ื•ื ืžืœื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืจืกื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
09:29
They've slept with the wrong person, taken the wrong substance,
215
569595
2993
ื”ื ืฉื›ื‘ื• ืขื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:32
passed the wrong piece of legislation --
216
572612
2022
ื”ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
09:34
whatever it is, and then are fit for ridicule.
217
574658
2168
ื•ืื– ื”ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืœืขื’.
09:36
In other words, they have failed. And they are described as "losers."
218
576850
3285
ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื ื ื›ืฉืœื•. ื•ื”ื ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื›"ืœื•ื–ืจื™ื".
09:40
Now, is there any alternative to this?
219
580159
1828
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœื–ื”?
09:42
I think the Western tradition shows us one glorious alternative, which is tragedy.
220
582011
4596
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืžืคื•ืืจืช.
ื•ื–ื• ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”.
09:46
Tragic art, as it developed in the theaters of ancient Greece,
221
586631
3222
ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ืงื”,
09:49
in the fifth century B.C., was essentially an art form
222
589877
2770
ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช
09:52
devoted to tracing how people fail,
223
592671
2465
ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื.
09:55
and also according them a level of sympathy,
224
595160
4383
ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืฆืขืจ.
09:59
which ordinary life would not necessarily accord them.
225
599567
3276
ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ื.
10:02
A few years ago, I was thinking about this,
226
602867
2040
ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
10:04
and I went to "The Sunday Sport,"
227
604931
1595
ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช "ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ",
10:06
a tabloid newspaper I don't recommend you start reading
228
606550
2610
ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื,
10:09
if you're not familiar with it already.
229
609184
1897
ืื ืืชื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ืจ.
10:11
(Laughter)
230
611105
1008
ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื
10:12
And I went to talk to them
231
612137
1242
10:13
about certain of the great tragedies of Western art.
232
613403
2741
ืขืœ ืื™ ืืœื• ืžื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
10:16
I wanted to see how they would seize the bare bones of certain stories,
233
616168
3585
ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื™ืชืคืกื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื“
ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื›ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™ืช
10:19
if they came in as a news item at the news desk on a Saturday afternoon.
234
619777
3960
ื‘ื“ืกืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื.
10:23
I mentioned Othello; they'd not heard of it but were fascinated.
235
623761
3124
ืื– ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชืœื•. ื”ื ืœื ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœื™ื• ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืงืกืžื™ื ืžืžื ื•.
10:26
(Laughter)
236
626909
1008
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:27
I asked them to write a headline for the story.
237
627941
2302
ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื”ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืœื•.
10:30
They came up with "Love-Crazed Immigrant Kills Senator's Daughter."
238
630267
3439
ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ "ืžื”ื’ืจ ื—ื•ืœื”-ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื‘ืช ื”ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ"
10:33
Splashed across the headline.
239
633730
1406
ืžืจื•ื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช.
10:35
I gave them the plotline of Madame Bovary.
240
635160
2000
ื ืชืชื™ ืœื”ื ืืช ืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืื ื‘ื•ื‘ืืจื™.
10:37
Again, a book they were enchanted to discover.
241
637184
2191
ืฉื•ื‘, ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืงืกืžื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
10:39
And they wrote "Shopaholic Adulteress Swallows Arsenic After Credit Fraud."
242
639399
4737
ื•ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื• "ื ื•ืืคืช ืขื ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืคื™ื ื’ ื‘ื•ืœืขืช ืจืขืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืช ืืฉืจืื™"
10:44
(Laughter)
243
644160
1016
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:45
And then my favorite --
244
645200
1183
ื•ืื– ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื™.
10:46
they really do have a kind of genius of their own, these guys --
245
646407
3079
ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืฉืœื”ื, ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืœื”.
10:49
my favorite is Sophocles' Oedipus the King:
246
649510
2094
ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื™ ื”ื•ื "ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืžืœืš" ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคื•ืงืœืก.
10:51
"Sex With Mum Was Blinding."
247
651628
2508
"ืกืงืก ืขื ืืžื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื•ืจ"
10:54
(Laughter)
248
654160
2976
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:57
(Applause)
249
657160
1976
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:59
In a way, if you like, at one end of the spectrum of sympathy,
250
659160
2976
ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ื‘ืงืฆื” ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ืื”ื“ื”,
11:02
you've got the tabloid newspaper.
251
662160
1793
ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื•ืŸ.
11:03
At the other end of the spectrum, you've got tragedy and tragic art.
252
663977
3191
ื•ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ืช.
11:07
And I suppose I'm arguing that we should learn a little bit
253
667192
2774
ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืงืฆืช
11:09
about what's happening in tragic art.
254
669990
1786
ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ืช.
11:11
It would be insane to call Hamlet a loser.
255
671800
2698
ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื”ืžืœื˜ ืœื•ื–ืจ.
11:14
He is not a loser, though he has lost.
256
674522
2311
ื”ื•ื ืœื ืœื•ื–ืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ.
11:16
And I think that is the message of tragedy to us,
257
676857
2637
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•,
11:19
and why it's so very, very important, I think.
258
679518
2618
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืœื“ืขืชื™.
11:22
The other thing about modern society and why it causes this anxiety,
259
682160
3976
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื—ืจื“ื” ื”ื–ื•,
11:26
is that we have nothing at its center that is non-human.
260
686160
2976
ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื-ืื ื•ืฉื™.
11:29
We are the first society to be living in a world
261
689160
2588
ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื—ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
11:31
where we don't worship anything other than ourselves.
262
691772
2492
ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืœื ืกื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืขืฆืžื™ื ื•.
11:34
We think very highly of ourselves, and so we should;
263
694288
2445
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ืขื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื•. ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
11:36
we've put people on the Moon, done all sorts of extraordinary things.
264
696757
3293
ืฉืžื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—. ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื ื•.
11:40
And so we tend to worship ourselves. Our heroes are human heroes.
265
700074
3293
ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
11:43
That's a very new situation.
266
703391
1563
ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ.
11:44
Most other societies have had, right at their center,
267
704978
2507
ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ืŸ,
11:47
the worship of something transcendent: a god, a spirit, a natural force,
268
707509
3421
ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ืฉื’ื‘. ืืœ,
ืจื•ื—, ื›ื•ื— ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
11:50
the universe, whatever it is -- something else that is being worshiped.
269
710954
3350
ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ืื—ืจ ืฉืกื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื•.
11:54
We've slightly lost the habit of doing that,
270
714328
2072
ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืงืฆืช ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
11:56
which is, I think, why we're particularly drawn to nature.
271
716424
2768
ืฉื–ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื˜ื‘ืข.
ืœื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ืš.
11:59
Not for the sake of our health, though it's often presented that way,
272
719216
3256
ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžืชืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
12:02
but because it's an escape from the human anthill.
273
722496
2640
12:05
It's an escape from our own competition,
274
725160
1976
ื–ื• ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
12:07
and our own dramas.
275
727160
1976
ื•ื”ื“ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
12:09
And that's why we enjoy looking at glaciers and oceans,
276
729160
2620
ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
12:11
and contemplating the Earth from outside its perimeters, etc.
277
731804
3951
ื•ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื™ืงืคื• ื•ื›ื•'.
12:15
We like to feel in contact with something that is non-human,
278
735779
3579
ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืื ื•ืฉื™.
12:19
and that is so deeply important to us.
279
739382
3754
ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื•.
12:23
What I think I've been talking about really is success and failure.
280
743160
3191
ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ.
12:26
And one of the interesting things about success
281
746375
2429
ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
12:28
is that we think we know what it means.
282
748828
1984
ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ.
12:30
If I said that there's somebody behind the screen who's very successful,
283
750836
3397
ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืกืš
ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืžืฆืœื™ื—, ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืืฉ.
12:34
certain ideas would immediately come to mind.
284
754257
2377
12:36
You'd think that person might have made a lot of money,
285
756658
2650
ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ,
ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
12:39
achieved renown in some field.
286
759332
1908
12:41
My own theory of success --
287
761264
1329
ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื™, ื•ืื ื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
12:42
I'm somebody who's very interested in success,
288
762617
2159
ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—.
12:44
I really want to be successful,
289
764800
1481
12:46
always thinking, how can I be more successful?
290
766305
2182
ืื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, "ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆืœื™ื—?"
12:48
But as I get older, I'm also very nuanced about what that word "success" might mean.
291
768511
3981
ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ, ืื ื™ ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื•ืื ืกื™ื
ืฉืœ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื”ืฆืœื—ื”" ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
12:52
Here's an insight that I've had about success:
292
772865
2214
ื”ื ื” ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื”ื›ืœ.
12:55
You can't be successful at everything.
293
775103
1881
12:57
We hear a lot of talk about work-life balance.
294
777008
2263
ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื—ื™ื™ื.
12:59
Nonsense.
295
779295
1151
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืœ. ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ.
13:00
You can't have it all. You can't.
296
780470
1666
13:02
So any vision of success has to admit what it's losing out on,
297
782160
4475
ืื– ื›ืœ ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืคืกื™ื“ื”,
13:06
where the element of loss is.
298
786659
1677
ืื™ืคื” ื ืžืฆื ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื”ืคืกื“.
13:08
And I think any wise life will accept,
299
788360
2524
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื•
13:10
as I say, that there is going to be an element where we're not succeeding.
300
790908
3776
ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื ื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื.
13:14
And the thing about a successful life is that a lot of the time,
301
794708
3008
ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื,
ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
13:17
our ideas of what it would mean to live successfully are not our own.
302
797740
3890
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื—, ื”ื ืœื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:21
They're sucked in from other people;
303
801654
1715
ื”ื ืฉืื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
13:23
chiefly, if you're a man, your father, and if you're a woman, your mother.
304
803393
3604
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ืื ืืชื” ื’ื‘ืจ, ืื‘ื™ืš.
ื•ืื ืืช ืื™ืฉื”, ืื™ืžืš.
13:27
Psychoanalysis has been drumming home this message for about 80 years.
305
807021
3365
ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›- 80 ืฉื ื”.
13:30
No one's quite listening hard enough, but I very much believe it's true.
306
810410
3507
ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื–ืง. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
13:33
And we also suck in messages from everything from the television,
307
813941
3118
ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื
ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืขื“ ืคืจืกื•ื,
13:37
to advertising, to marketing, etc.
308
817083
1786
ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื•ื›ื•'.
13:38
These are hugely powerful forces
309
818893
2243
ืืœื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ืฆืžื”
13:41
that define what we want and how we view ourselves.
310
821160
3976
ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื ื•.
13:45
When we're told that banking is a very respectable profession,
311
825160
2976
ื›ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“
13:48
a lot of us want to go into banking.
312
828160
1976
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื ืงืื•ืช.
13:50
When banking is no longer so respectable, we lose interest in banking.
313
830160
3334
ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช, ืื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช.
13:53
We are highly open to suggestion.
314
833518
3058
ืื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืขื•ืช.
13:56
So what I want to argue for is not that we should give up
315
836600
2897
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ
13:59
on our ideas of success,
316
839521
1615
ืขืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
14:01
but we should make sure that they are our own.
317
841160
2191
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
14:03
We should focus in on our ideas,
318
843375
1761
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
14:05
and make sure that we own them;
319
845160
2731
ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
14:07
that we are truly the authors of our own ambitions.
320
847915
2421
ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
14:10
Because it's bad enough not getting what you want,
321
850360
2801
ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืœื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”.
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
14:13
but it's even worse to have an idea of what it is you want,
322
853185
3087
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”, ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืข,
14:16
and find out, at the end of the journey,
323
856296
2040
14:18
that it isn't, in fact, what you wanted all along.
324
858360
3164
ืฉื–ื” ืœื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืช ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
14:21
So, I'm going to end it there.
325
861548
1588
ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืคื”.
14:23
But what I really want to stress is: by all means, success, yes.
326
863160
4976
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื–ื”
ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื›ืŸ.
14:28
But let's accept the strangeness of some of our ideas.
327
868160
2572
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
14:30
Let's probe away at our notions of success.
328
870756
2745
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
14:33
Let's make sure our ideas of success are truly our own.
329
873525
3611
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืœื ื•.
14:37
Thank you very much.
330
877160
1976
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
14:39
(Applause)
331
879160
6284
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:54
Chris Anderson: That was fascinating.
332
894858
1817
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืชืง. ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช
14:56
But how do you reconcile this idea
333
896699
5437
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื• --
15:02
of it being bad to think of someone as a "loser,"
334
902160
2770
ืฉื–ื” ืจืข ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืœื•ื–ืจ,
15:04
with the idea that a lot of people like, of seizing control of your life,
335
904954
4838
ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื, ืฉืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ืš.
15:09
and that a society that encourages that,
336
909816
2905
ื•ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื–ื”
15:12
perhaps has to have some winners and losers?
337
912745
2391
ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื•ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื.
15:15
Alain De Botton: Yes, I think it's merely the randomness
338
915160
2651
ื›ืŸ. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืจืง ื”ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช
15:17
of the winning and losing process that I want to stress,
339
917835
2666
ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ.
15:20
because the emphasis nowadays is so much on the justice of everything,
340
920525
3611
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš
ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ.
15:24
and politicians always talk about justice.
341
924160
2001
ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื“ืง.
15:26
Now I'm a firm believer in justice, I just think that it's impossible.
342
926185
3408
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ืง ื‘ืฆื“ืง. ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
15:29
So we should do everything we can to pursue it,
343
929617
3603
ืื– ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•,
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื•.
15:33
but we should always remember that whoever is facing us,
344
933244
3436
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“
ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืžื•ืœื ื•, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
15:36
whatever has happened in their lives,
345
936704
2143
15:38
there will be a strong element of the haphazard.
346
938871
2265
ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืœืžื ื˜ ื—ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช.
15:41
That's what I'm trying to leave room for;
347
941160
2216
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.
15:43
otherwise, it can get quite claustrophobic.
348
943400
2066
ื›ื™ ืื—ืจืช ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืงืœืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ ืœืžื“ื™.
15:45
CA: I mean, do you believe that you can combine
349
945490
2225
ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื‘
15:47
your kind of kinder, gentler philosophy of work
350
947739
2285
ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื“ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืชื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœืš
ืขื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื”?
15:50
with a successful economy?
351
950048
3088
15:53
Or do you think that you can't,
352
953160
1782
ืื• ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ?
15:54
but it doesn't matter that much that we're putting too much emphasis on that?
353
954966
3674
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื–ื”?
ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืกื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช
15:58
AB: The nightmare thought
354
958664
1472
16:00
is that frightening people is the best way to get work out of them,
355
960160
3976
ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
16:04
and that somehow the crueler the environment,
356
964160
3412
ื•ืฉืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช
16:07
the more people will rise to the challenge.
357
967596
2365
ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืืชื’ืจ.
16:09
You want to think, who would you like as your ideal dad?
358
969985
2945
ืชืจืฆื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœืš?
16:12
And your ideal dad is somebody who is tough but gentle.
359
972954
3182
ื•ื”ืื‘ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืงืฉื•ื— ืืš ืžืชื•ืŸ.
16:16
And it's a very hard line to make.
360
976160
2213
ื•ื–ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•.
16:18
We need fathers, as it were, the exemplary father figures in society,
361
978397
3739
ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”,
16:22
avoiding the two extremes,
362
982160
2423
ืฉื™ืžื ืขื• ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช.
16:24
which is the authoritarian disciplinarian on the one hand,
363
984607
3529
ืฉื–ื” ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืžืฉืžืขืช, ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“.
16:28
and on the other, the lax, no-rules option.
364
988160
4801
ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืคืกืช, ืœืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
16:32
CA: Alain De Botton.
365
992985
1373
ืืœืŸ ื“ื” ื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
16:34
AB: Thank you very much.
366
994382
1755
ืืœืŸ ื“ื” ื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
16:36
(Applause)
367
996161
5887
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7