The linguistic genius of babies | Patricia Kuhl

878,247 views ใƒป 2011-02-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
ืื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ื–ื•.
00:16
I want you to take a look at this baby.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช-ืœื™ื‘ื›ื ื–ื” ืขื™ื ื™ื”
00:19
What you're drawn to are her eyes and the skin you love to touch.
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ื•ืขื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืขืช.
00:24
But today I'm going to talk to you about something you can't see.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
00:27
What's going on up in that little brain of hers.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ.
00:31
The modern tools of neuroscience are demonstrating to us
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ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™-ื”ืขืฆื‘
ืžื’ืœื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื
00:35
that what's going on up there is nothing short of rocket science.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืžื“ืขื™-ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื.
00:39
And what we're learning is going to shed some light
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื
ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืงืฆืช ืื•ืจ
00:43
on what the romantic writers and poets described as the "celestial openness"
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื
ืชื™ืืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™ืช"
00:49
of the child's mind.
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ืฉืœ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ
00:52
What we see here is a mother in India,
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ื–ื• ืื™ืžื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
00:55
and she's speaking Koro, which is a newly discovered language.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืงื•ืจื•,
ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” ืฉื ืชื’ืœืชื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื”.
01:00
And she's talking to her baby.
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ืžื” ืฉืื™ืžื ื–ื• --
01:02
What this mother --
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01:03
and the 800 people who speak Koro in the world --
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ื•-800 ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื•ืจื• --
01:06
understands is that, to preserve this language,
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ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื”,
ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช.
01:10
they need to speak it to the babies.
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01:12
And therein lies a critical puzzle.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื“ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
01:15
Why is it that you can't preserve a language
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืฉืคื”
01:17
by speaking to you and I, to the adults?
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื›ื ื•ืืœื™ื™, ืืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื?
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
01:21
Well, it's got to do with your brain.
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01:23
What we see here is that language has a critical period for learning.
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ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื
ืฉืฉืคื” ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื”.
01:28
The way to read this slide is to look at your age on the horizontal axis.
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ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื•ืคืงื™.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:32
(Laughter)
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01:34
And you'll see on the vertical your skill at acquiring a second language.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื ื›ื™ ืชืจืื•
ืืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืชื›ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื” ืฉื ื™ื”.
ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ื’ืื•ื ื™ื
01:39
The babies and children are geniuses until they turn seven,
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ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ืขืชื ืœื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืข,
01:42
and then there's a systematic decline.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช.
01:45
After puberty, we fall off the map.
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ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื ืžื”ืžืคื”.
ืืฃ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืœื ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ืขืงื•ืžื” ื–ื•,
01:48
No scientists dispute this curve,
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01:50
but laboratories all over the world
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:52
are trying to figure out why it works this way.
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ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช ื›ืš.
01:55
Work in my lab is focused on the first critical period in development,
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ืช
ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช --
01:59
and that is the period in which babies
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื”
02:01
try to master which sounds are used in their language.
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืืช ืฉืคืชื.
ืื ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื ืœืžื“ื™ื,
02:05
We think, by studying how the sounds are learned,
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02:07
we'll have a model for the rest of language,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืฉืคื” ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื”,
02:09
and perhaps for critical periods that may exist in childhood
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช
02:12
for social, emotional and cognitive development.
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ื•ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ืช.
02:16
So we've been studying the babies
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ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช
02:18
using a technique that we're using all over the world
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:20
and the sounds of all languages.
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ื•ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช.
02:22
The baby sits on a parent's lap,
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืง ื”ื”ื•ืจื”,
02:24
and we train them to turn their heads when a sound changes --
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืจืืฉื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฆืœื™ืœ --
ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืž"ืื”" ืœ"ืื™".
02:27
like from "ah" to "ee."
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02:28
If they do so at the appropriate time, the black box lights up
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ืื ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ื,
ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื ื“ืœืงืช
02:32
and a panda bear pounds a drum.
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ื•ื“ื‘ ื”ืคื ื“ื” ืžืชื•ืคืฃ ืขืœ ืชื•ืฃ.
02:34
A six-monther adores the task.
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ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
ืžื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“?
02:37
What have we learned?
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02:38
Well, babies all over the world
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ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:40
are what I like to describe as "citizens of the world."
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ื”ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื;
02:44
They can discriminate all the sounds of all languages,
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช,
02:47
no matter what country we're testing and what language we're using,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ื–ื• ืฉืคื” ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
ื•ื–ื” ืžืคืœื™ื ื›ื™ ืืชื ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
02:51
and that's remarkable because you and I can't do that.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:54
We're culture-bound listeners.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื ื•,
02:56
We can discriminate the sounds of our own language,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช.
02:58
but not those of foreign languages.
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ืื– ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
03:00
So the question arises: When do those citizens of the world
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ืžืชื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืœืœื•
03:03
turn into the language-bound listeners that we are?
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™-ืฉืคื” ื›ืžื•ื ื•?
03:06
And the answer: before their first birthdays.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื-ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
03:09
What you see here is performance on that head-turn task
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ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ืจืืฉ
03:12
for babies tested in Tokyo and the United States,
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ืืฆืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• ื•ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ,
03:15
here in Seattle,
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03:16
as they listened to "ra" and "la" --
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืœ"ืจื”" ื•"ืœื”" --
03:18
sounds important to English, but not to Japanese.
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ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช.
03:21
So at six to eight months, the babies are totally equivalent.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื’ื™ืœ 6 ืขื“ 8 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืฉืชื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
03:24
Two months later, something incredible occurs.
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ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
03:27
The babies in the United States are getting a lot better,
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ืžื™ื“ืจื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
03:30
babies in Japan are getting a lot worse,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช
03:32
but both of those groups of babies are preparing for exactly the language
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ืžื›ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืื•ืชื” ืฉืคื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“.
03:35
that they are going to learn.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”
03:37
So the question is: What's happening during this critical two-month period?
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ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื?
03:41
This is the critical period for sound development,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ,
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”?
03:44
but what's going on up there?
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03:45
So there are two things going on.
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:47
The first is that the babies are listening intently to us,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘-ืงืฉื‘,
03:50
and they're taking statistics as they listen to us talk --
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ื•ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื• --
ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช.
03:54
they're taking statistics.
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ืชืื–ื™ื ื• ืœืฉืชื™ ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ืžื”ื™ืช --
03:56
So listen to two mothers speaking motherese --
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03:58
the universal language we use when we talk to kids --
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ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื --
04:01
first in English and then in Japanese.
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืื– ื•ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช.
04:03
(Video) Ah, I love your big blue eyes --
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(ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ) ืืžื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: ืื”, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช --
04:07
so pretty and nice.
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ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื ื—ืžื“ื•ืช.
04:11
(Japanese)
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ืืžื ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช: [ื™ืคื ื™ืช]
04:17
Patricia Kuhl: During the production of speech, when babies listen,
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ืคื˜ืจื™ืฉื™ื” ืงื•ื”ืœ: ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื,
04:21
what they're doing is taking statistics on the language that they hear.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช
ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื.
04:26
And those distributions grow.
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื’ื“ืœื•ืช.
04:29
And what we've learned is that babies are sensitive to the statistics,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•
ื”ื•ื ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”,
04:33
and the statistics of Japanese and English are very, very different.
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ื•ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
04:37
English has a lot of Rs and Ls.
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ 'ืจ'ืฉื™ื ื•'ืœ'ืžื“ื™ื
04:40
The distribution shows.
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ื›ืš ืžืจืื” ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช.
04:42
And the distribution of Japanese is totally different,
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™,
ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
04:45
where we see a group of intermediate sounds,
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ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”-'ืจ' ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช.
04:48
which is known as the Japanese "R."
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04:50
So babies absorb the statistics of the language
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื
ืืช ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ืฉืคื”
04:54
and it changes their brains;
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื;
04:56
it changes them from the citizens of the world
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืื•ืชื ืžืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
04:58
to the culture-bound listeners that we are.
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ืœืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™-ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ื•.
05:01
But we as adults are no longer absorbing those statistics.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื›ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื
ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
ืื ื• ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ
05:06
We are governed by the representations in memory
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05:08
that were formed early in development.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช.
05:11
So what we're seeing here
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ื›ืš ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ
05:13
is changing our models of what the critical period is about.
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
05:16
We're arguing from a mathematical standpoint
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ืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช
05:19
that the learning of language material may slow down
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ืฉืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืื˜
05:22
when our distributions stabilize.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช.
05:24
It's raising lots of questions about bilingual people.
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ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื•-ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื.
ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื•-ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช
05:28
Bilinguals must keep two sets of statistics in mind at once
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ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ืื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
05:32
and flip between them, one after the other,
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ืชืœื•ื™ ืืœ ืžื™ ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:35
depending on who they're speaking to.
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05:36
So we asked ourselves,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•,
05:38
can the babies take statistics on a brand new language?
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ื”ืื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™?
05:41
And we tested this by exposing American babies
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ื•ื‘ื—ื ื ื• ื–ืืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื
ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืขื• ืฉืคื” ืฉื ื™ื”
05:44
who'd never heard a second language
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ืœืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
05:46
to Mandarin for the first time during the critical period.
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ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื“-ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ื ื•
05:49
We knew that, when monolinguals were tested in Taipei and Seattle
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ื‘ื˜ืื™ืคื” ื•ืกื™ืื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช,
05:52
on the Mandarin sounds, they showed the same pattern.
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ื”ื ื”ืจืื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื‘ื ื™ืช.
05:55
Six to eight months, they're totally equivalent.
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ืฉื™ืฉื”, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื.
ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ, ืงืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
05:58
Two months later, something incredible happens.
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06:00
But the Taiwanese babies are getting better, not the American babies.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื, ืœื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื.
ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•
06:04
What we did was expose American babies, during this period, to Mandarin.
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ืœืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช.
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ
06:09
It was like having Mandarin relatives come and visit for a month
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ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื›ื
06:12
and move into your house and talk to the babies for 12 sessions.
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ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 12 ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช.
06:15
Here's what it looked like in the laboratory.
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
(ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ) ื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช: [ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช]
06:18
(Mandarin)
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06:39
PK: So what have we done to their little brains?
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ืค.ืง.: ืื– ืžื” ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืœืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื?
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:42
(Laughter)
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06:44
We had to run a control group to make sure
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ืงืจื”
06:46
that coming into the laboratory didn't improve your Mandarin skills.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืขืฆืžื” ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”
ืœื ืฉื™ืคืจื” ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช.
06:50
So a group of babies came in and listened to English.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื” ื•ื”ืื–ื™ื ื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
06:52
And we can see from the graph
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืจืฃ
06:54
that exposure to English didn't improve their Mandarin.
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ืฉื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืคืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
06:56
But look at what happened to the babies exposed to Mandarin for 12 sessions.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช
ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 12 ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช.
07:00
They were as good as the babies in Taiwan
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื•ืืŸ
07:02
who'd been listening for 10 and a half months.
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ืืฉืจ ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
07:05
What it demonstrated is that babies take statistics on a new language.
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—
ื”ื•ื ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
07:09
Whatever you put in front of them, they'll take statistics on.
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ืžื” ืฉืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœืคื ื™ื”ื, ื”ื ื™ื˜ืœื• ืžื–ื” ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช.
07:13
But we wondered what role
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื”ื™ื ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“
07:14
the human being played in this learning exercise.
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ืžื™ืœื ื”ืื“ื
ื‘ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื–ื”.
07:19
So we ran another group of babies in which the kids got the same dosage,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช
ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื” ืžื ื”, ืื•ืชืŸ 12 ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช,
07:23
the same 12 sessions, but over a television set.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจืš ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”
07:26
And another group of babies who had just audio exposure
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืจืง ืœืงื•ืœ
07:29
and looked at a teddy bear on the screen.
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ื•ืฆืคื• ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืงืข.
ืžื” ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืœืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื?
07:32
What did we do to their brains?
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07:34
What you see here is the audio result --
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ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืืœื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ --
ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ --
07:38
no learning whatsoever --
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07:39
and the video result --
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ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• --
07:42
no learning whatsoever.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ื“ื”.
07:44
It takes a human being for babies to take their statistics.
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ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืื“ื
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื˜ืœื• ืžื“ื’ืžื™ื.
07:48
The social brain is controlling
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื•ืœื˜
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืžื“ื’ืžื™ื.
07:51
when the babies are taking their statistics.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—
07:53
We want to get inside the brain and see this thing happening
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ
07:56
as babies are in front of televisions, as opposed to in front of human beings.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื ืžื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
08:00
Thankfully, we have a new machine, magnetoencephalography,
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
MEG - ืฉืžืžืคื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
ืืฉืจ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช.
08:05
that allows us to do this.
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08:06
It looks like a hair dryer from Mars.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉ-ืฉื™ืขืจ ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
08:09
But it's completely safe, completely noninvasive and silent.
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ื›ืœืœ ืœื-ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ ื•ืฉืงื˜.
08:13
We're looking at millimeter accuracy
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ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ
ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘
08:16
with regard to spatial and millisecond accuracy
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™-ืฉื ื™ื”
08:19
using 306 SQUIDs --
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘-306 SQUIDs --
ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืชืงื ื™ื
08:22
these are superconducting quantum interference devices --
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ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™-ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืืคืงื˜ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ --
08:25
to pick up the magnetic fields that change as we do our thinking.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
08:29
We're the first in the world to record babies in an MEG machine
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
ืฉืžืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช
ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ืช MEG
08:35
while they are learning.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื.
08:37
So this is little Emma.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืžื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”.
08:39
She's a six-monther.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
08:41
And she's listening to various languages in the earphones that are in her ears.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื–ื™ื ื” ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื”.
08:46
You can see, she can move around.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ื•ืข.
08:48
We're tracking her head with little pellets in a cap,
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืจืืฉื”
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืคื”,
08:52
so she's free to move completely unconstrained.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื” ืœื ื•ืข ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
08:55
It's a technical tour de force.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื-ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
08:57
What are we seeing?
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ืžื” ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื?
08:59
We're seeing the baby brain.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืžื•ื— ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช.
09:01
As the baby hears a word in her language, the auditory areas light up,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืคืชื”
ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ืขืชื™ื™ื ื ื“ืœืงื™ื,
09:06
and then subsequently areas surrounding it that we think are related to coherence,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื
ืฉืื ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช,
09:11
getting the brain coordinated with its different areas, and causality,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืื ืขื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
ื•ื‘ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช (ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ื–ื” ืฉ...),
09:15
one brain area causing another to activate.
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ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ.
09:18
We are embarking on a grand and golden age of knowledge
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ืื ื• ืžืคืœื™ื’ื™ื
ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘
ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“.
09:24
about child's brain development.
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09:26
We're going to be able to see a child's brain
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ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ืœื“
09:28
as they experience an emotion, as they learn to speak and read,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืจื’ืฉ,
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืงืจื•ื,
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช,
09:33
as they solve a math problem, as they have an idea.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื™ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
09:36
And we're going to be able to invent brain-based interventions
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ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช-ืžื•ื—
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“.
09:40
for children who have difficulty learning.
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09:42
Just as the poets and writers described,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืชื™ืืจื•,
09:45
we're going to be able to see, I think, that wondrous openness,
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ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
ืืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ื”ื”ื™ื,
ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ืฉืœืžื”,
09:50
utter and complete openness, of the mind of a child.
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ืฉืœ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ืœื“.
09:54
In investigating the child's brain,
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ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจืชื™ื ื• ืืช ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ืœื“,
09:56
we're going to uncover deep truths about what it means to be human,
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ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช
ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ-ืื ื•ืฉ,
ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”,
10:01
and in the process,
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10:02
we may be able to help keep our own minds open to learning
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ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“
ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
10:05
for our entire lives.
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10:06
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
10:08
(Applause)
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3000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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