The linguistic genius of babies | Patricia Kuhl

837,742 views ・ 2011-02-18

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: J J LEE κ²€ν† : Sunphil Ga
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 이 μ•„κΈ°λ₯Ό λ³΄μ…¨μœΌλ©΄ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
I want you to take a look at this baby.
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λˆˆμ„ λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ 보면 빠질 지경이고,
00:19
What you're drawn to are her eyes and the skin you love to touch.
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λ§Œμ§€κ³  싢을 μ •λ„μ˜ ν”ΌλΆ€λ₯Ό κ°€μ‘Œμ£ .
00:24
But today I'm going to talk to you about something you can't see.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 였늘 μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 보지 λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
What's going on up in that little brain of hers.
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μ•„κΈ°μ˜ μž‘μ€ λ‘λ‡Œ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 무슨 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§€λŠ”μ§€ 말이죠.
00:31
The modern tools of neuroscience are demonstrating to us
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μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™μ˜ ν˜„λŒ€μ μΈ λ„κ΅¬λŠ”
λ‘œμΌ“ κ³Όν•™κ³Ό λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ κ±°κΈ°μ„œ 무슨 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§€λŠ”μ§€
00:35
that what's going on up there is nothing short of rocket science.
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 보여주고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. -
00:39
And what we're learning is going to shed some light
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 배운 것은
λ‚­λ§Œμ£Όμ˜ μž‘κ°€λ‚˜ μ‹œμΈλ“€μ΄
00:43
on what the romantic writers and poets described as the "celestial openness"
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아이듀 λ§ˆμŒμ„ "μ²œμƒμ˜ μ—΄λ¦Ό"으둜
ν‘œν˜„ν•œ μ˜λ―Έμ—
00:49
of the child's mind.
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빛을 밝힐 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€
00:52
What we see here is a mother in India,
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μΈλ„μ˜ ν•œ μ—„λ§ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
and she's speaking Koro, which is a newly discovered language.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ 발견된 언어인
μ½”λ‘œμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그리고 κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 자기 μ•„κΈ°μ—κ²Œ 말을 ν•˜μ£ .
01:00
And she's talking to her baby.
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이 μ—„λ§ˆμ™€,
01:02
What this mother --
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01:03
and the 800 people who speak Koro in the world --
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μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ μ½”λ‘œμ–΄λ₯Ό μ“°λŠ” 800λͺ…이,
01:06
understands is that, to preserve this language,
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이 μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό λ³΄μ‘΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
μ•„κΈ°λ“€μ—κ²Œ κ·Έ μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ 말할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
they need to speak it to the babies.
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01:12
And therein lies a critical puzzle.
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κ·Έ μ•ˆμ— μ€‘μš”ν•œ μˆ˜μˆ˜κ»˜λΌκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
Why is it that you can't preserve a language
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ™œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄λ‚˜ μ €, μ„±μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ
01:17
by speaking to you and I, to the adults?
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λ§ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό 보쑴할 수 μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
그것은 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‘λ‡Œμ™€ 관련이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
Well, it's got to do with your brain.
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01:23
What we see here is that language has a critical period for learning.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜λŠ” 것은
μ–Έμ–΄λŠ” ν•™μŠ΅μ„ μœ„ν•œ 결정적 μ‹œκΈ°λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
The way to read this slide is to look at your age on the horizontal axis.
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이 μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œλ₯Ό λ³΄λŠ” 방법은 κ°€λ‘œμΆ•μ—μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 연령을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:32
(Laughter)
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01:34
And you'll see on the vertical your skill at acquiring a second language.
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그리고 μ„Έλ‘œμΆ•μ—μ„œ
제 2 μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ νšλ“ μ—­λŸ‰μ„ 확인할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
7살이 되기 μ „κΉŒμ§€ μ˜μœ μ•„λ“€μ€
01:39
The babies and children are geniuses until they turn seven,
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μ²œλΆ€μ μΈ 재λŠ₯을 가지고 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
01:42
and then there's a systematic decline.
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이후 체계적인 ν•˜λ½ 단계에 μ ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
After puberty, we fall off the map.
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μ‚¬μΆ˜κΈ° 이후에, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ„ν‘œμ—μ„œ λΉ μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ–΄λ–€ κ³Όν•™μžλ„ 이 곑선에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λ°˜λ°•ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
No scientists dispute this curve,
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01:50
but laboratories all over the world
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œλ“€μ€
01:52
are trying to figure out why it works this way.
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μ™œ 이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λ € ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
Work in my lab is focused on the first critical period in development,
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저희 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ˜ 연ꡬ도
λ°œλ‹¬μ˜ κ°€μž₯ 첫 번째 결정적 기간에 초점이 맞좰져 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
and that is the period in which babies
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그리고 κ·Έ 기간은 아기듀이
02:01
try to master which sounds are used in their language.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ–Έμ–΄μ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” 것인지 읡히렀고 μ• μ“°λŠ” λ•Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•™μŠ΅λ˜λŠ”μ§€ μ—°κ΅¬ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨,
02:05
We think, by studying how the sounds are learned,
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02:07
we'll have a model for the rest of language,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‚¨μ•„μžˆλŠ” μ–Έμ–΄λΆ€λΆ„,
02:09
and perhaps for critical periods that may exist in childhood
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μœ μ•„μ‹œμ ˆμ— μžˆμ„μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμ , 감정적, μΈμ§€λ°œλ‹¬μ˜
02:12
for social, emotional and cognitive development.
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결정적 μ‹œκΈ°μ— κ΄€ν•œ
ν‘œμ€€ λͺ¨λΈμ„ μ–»κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
So we've been studying the babies
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 기술과
02:18
using a technique that we're using all over the world
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λͺ¨λ“  μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬
02:20
and the sounds of all languages.
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아기듀을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
The baby sits on a parent's lap,
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μ•„κΈ°λŠ” λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜μ˜ λ¬΄λ¦Žμ— μ•‰μ•„μžˆκ³ ,
02:24
and we train them to turn their heads when a sound changes --
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"μ•„"μ—μ„œ "이" 처럼, μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό 바꿨을 λ•Œ
μ•„κΈ°κ°€ 머리λ₯Ό λŒλ¦¬λ„λ‘ ν›ˆλ ¨μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:27
like from "ah" to "ee."
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02:28
If they do so at the appropriate time, the black box lights up
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아기듀이 μ μ ˆν•œ μ‹œκΈ°μ— κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
검은 μƒμžμ— 뢈이 λ“€μ–΄μ˜€κ³ 
02:32
and a panda bear pounds a drum.
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νŒλ‹€ 곰이 뢁을 λ‘λ“€κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
A six-monther adores the task.
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6λͺ…μ˜ μ—„λ§ˆλ“€μ΄ κ·Έ μž‘μ—…μ„ μ•„μ£Ό μ’‹μ•„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
무엇이 ν•™μŠ΅λ˜μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
02:37
What have we learned?
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02:38
Well, babies all over the world
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자, μ €λŠ” μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ 아기듀을
02:40
are what I like to describe as "citizens of the world."
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μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μ‹œλ―Όλ“€λ‘œ
μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
They can discriminate all the sounds of all languages,
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μ–΄λ–€ κ΅­κ°€λ₯Ό ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈν•˜λ˜μ§€, μ–΄λ–€ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ˜μ§€ 상관없이
02:47
no matter what country we're testing and what language we're using,
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아기듀은 λͺ¨λ“  μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μ†Œλ¦¬λ“€μ„ ꡬ별할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό μ œκ°€ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•  수 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 이 λŠ₯λ ₯은 λ†€λžμ£ .
02:51
and that's remarkable because you and I can't do that.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ¬Έν™”μ μœΌλ‘œ λ¬Άμ—¬μžˆλŠ” μ²­μžλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
We're culture-bound listeners.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ μ†Œλ¦¬λ“€μ„ 우리의 언어와 ꡬ별할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
We can discriminate the sounds of our own language,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ™Έκ΅­μ–΄μ™€λŠ” κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ•ˆλ˜μ£ .
02:58
but not those of foreign languages.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ–Έμ œ κ·Έ 세계 μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ΄
03:00
So the question arises: When do those citizens of the world
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 그런 κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ 언어에 λ¬Άμ—¬μžˆλŠ”
03:03
turn into the language-bound listeners that we are?
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청자둜 λ³€ν•˜κ²Œ 될까 ν•˜λŠ” λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
And the answer: before their first birthdays.
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κ·Έ 닡은, 첫 생일을 맞기 μ „μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
What you see here is performance on that head-turn task
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 것은, 도쿄와 μ—¬κΈ° λ―Έκ΅­ μ‹œμ• ν‹€μ—μ„œ μ‹œν—˜λœ
03:12
for babies tested in Tokyo and the United States,
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μ•„κΈ°λ“€μ˜ 머리 돌리기 과제의
μˆ˜ν–‰κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
here in Seattle,
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03:16
as they listened to "ra" and "la" --
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아기듀이 "ra"와 "la"λ₯Ό 듀을 λ•Œ,
03:18
sounds important to English, but not to Japanese.
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κ·Έ μ†Œλ¦¬λ“€μ€ λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μΌλ³Έμ—μ„œλŠ” μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
So at six to eight months, the babies are totally equivalent.
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6~8κ°œμ›” 된 아기듀은 λ™μΌν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
Two months later, something incredible occurs.
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2κ°œμ›”μ΄ μ§€λ‚œ ν›„μ—λŠ” λ†€λΌμš΄ 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
The babies in the United States are getting a lot better,
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미ꡭ에 μžˆλŠ” 아기듀은 훨씬 더 ν–₯μƒλ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
일본에 μžˆλŠ” 아기듀은 훨씬 더 λ‚˜λΉ μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:30
babies in Japan are getting a lot worse,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 두 집단 μ•„κΈ°λ“€ λͺ¨λ‘
03:32
but both of those groups of babies are preparing for exactly the language
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그듀이 배울 κ·Έ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ€€λΉ„ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
that they are going to learn.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•œ 두 λ‹¬μ˜ κΈ°κ°„λ™μ•ˆ
03:37
So the question is: What's happening during this critical two-month period?
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무슨 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§€λŠλƒ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
This is the critical period for sound development,
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이것은 μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ λ°œλ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚ κΉŒμš”?
03:44
but what's going on up there?
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03:45
So there are two things going on.
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두 가지가 λ²Œμ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
The first is that the babies are listening intently to us,
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첫 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ”, 아기듀은 우리λ₯Ό μ—΄μ‹¬νžˆ κ²½μ²­ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
and they're taking statistics as they listen to us talk --
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것을 듀을 λ•Œ, 톡계λ₯Ό μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그듀은 톡계λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
they're taking statistics.
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두 μ—„λ§ˆκ°€ μ•„μ΄μ—κ²Œ μ“°λŠ” 말투λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
03:56
So listen to two mothers speaking motherese --
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03:58
the universal language we use when we talk to kids --
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ 말할 λ•Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 보편적인 μ–Έμ–΄ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
first in English and then in Japanese.
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μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό λ‹€μŒμ—λŠ” 일본어λ₯Ό 듀어보죠.
04:03
(Video) Ah, I love your big blue eyes --
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(μ˜μƒ) μ˜μ–΄ μ‚¬μš© μ—„λ§ˆ: μ•„, λ„€ 크고 νŒŒλž€ λˆˆλ§μšΈμ„ μ‚¬λž‘ν•œλ‹¨λ‹€.
04:07
so pretty and nice.
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정말 이쁘고 λ©‹μ§€κ΅¬λ‚˜.
04:11
(Japanese)
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일본어 μ‚¬μš© μ—„λ§ˆ: [일본어]
04:17
Patricia Kuhl: During the production of speech, when babies listen,
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νŒ¨νŠΈλ¦¬μƒ€ μΏ¨: 말을 ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆμ—,
아기듀이 듀을 λ•Œ,
04:21
what they're doing is taking statistics on the language that they hear.
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그듀이 ν•˜λŠ” 것은 λ“£κ³  μžˆλŠ” 언어에 λŒ€ν•œ
톡계λ₯Ό μ–»λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
And those distributions grow.
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κ·Έ 뢄포듀은 μ¦κ°€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
And what we've learned is that babies are sensitive to the statistics,
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 깨달은 것은
아기듀이 κ·Έ 톡계에 λ―Όκ°ν•˜λ©°,
04:33
and the statistics of Japanese and English are very, very different.
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일본어와 μ˜μ–΄μ˜ ν†΅κ³„λŠ” λ¬΄μ²™μ΄λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯΄λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
English has a lot of Rs and Ls.
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μ˜μ–΄λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό λ§Žμ€ 'R'κ³Ό 'L'을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
The distribution shows.
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κ·Έ 뢄포가 보여주고 있죠.
04:42
And the distribution of Japanese is totally different,
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그리고 μΌλ³Έμ–΄μ˜ λΆ„ν¬λŠ” μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
'일본어 R'둜 μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆλŠ”
04:45
where we see a group of intermediate sounds,
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쀑간에 μžˆλŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬μ˜ 집단을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
which is known as the Japanese "R."
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04:50
So babies absorb the statistics of the language
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 아기듀은
κ·Έ μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ 톡계λ₯Ό ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜κ³ ,
04:54
and it changes their brains;
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그것이 λ‘λ‡Œλ₯Ό λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
it changes them from the citizens of the world
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그것이 세계 μ‹œλ―ΌμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
04:58
to the culture-bound listeners that we are.
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문화에 묢인 청자둜 그듀을 λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
But we as adults are no longer absorbing those statistics.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ„±μΈμœΌλ‘œμ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
더 이상 이런 톡계듀을 ν‘μˆ˜ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ°œλ‹¬ λ‹¨κ³„μ˜ μ΄ˆκΈ°μ— ν˜•μ„±λœ κΈ°μ–΅μ†μ˜
05:06
We are governed by the representations in memory
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05:08
that were formed early in development.
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ν‘œν˜„μ— μ˜ν•΄ μ§€λ°°λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:11
So what we're seeing here
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 보고 μžˆλŠ” 것은
05:13
is changing our models of what the critical period is about.
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결정적 μ‹œκΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ–€ 것인가에 κ΄€ν•œ 우리의 λͺ¨λΈμ„ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
We're arguing from a mathematical standpoint
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우리의 뢄산듀이 μ•ˆμ •ν™” 될 λ•Œ,
05:19
that the learning of language material may slow down
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μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ ν•™μŠ΅μ΄ λ”λŽŒμ§ˆ κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” μˆ˜ν•™μ  κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œ
05:22
when our distributions stabilize.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ…ΌμŸμ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
It's raising lots of questions about bilingual people.
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두 개 μ΄μƒμ˜ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λ§Žμ€ 의문이 생기고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이쀑언어 μ‚¬μš©μžλŠ” ν•œ λ²ˆμ— 두 개의 톡계 집합을 생각에 λ‹΄μ•„μ•Όλ§Œ ν•˜κ³ ,
05:28
Bilinguals must keep two sets of statistics in mind at once
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λˆ„κ΅¬μ—κ²Œ 말을 ν•˜λŠλƒμ— λ”°λΌμ„œ κ·Έ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ
05:32
and flip between them, one after the other,
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ν•˜λ‚˜ 뒀에 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ μ „ν™˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:35
depending on who they're speaking to.
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05:36
So we asked ourselves,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μžλ¬Έμ„ ν•΄λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:38
can the babies take statistics on a brand new language?
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아기듀이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 언어에 λŒ€ν•œ 톡계λ₯Ό μŠ΅λ“ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
05:41
And we tested this by exposing American babies
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ™Έκ΅­μ–΄λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄λ³Έ 적이 μ—†λŠ” λ―Έκ΅­ μ•„κΈ°λ₯Ό
결정적 μ‹œκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ 처음으둜
05:44
who'd never heard a second language
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쀑ꡭ어에 λ…ΈμΆœμ‹œμΌœ μ‹œν—˜μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
to Mandarin for the first time during the critical period.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 쀑ꡭ어 μ†Œλ¦¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ 단일 언어듀을
05:49
We knew that, when monolinguals were tested in Taipei and Seattle
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λŒ€λ§Œκ³Ό μ‹œμ• ν‹€μ—μ„œ μ‹œν—˜ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
05:52
on the Mandarin sounds, they showed the same pattern.
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같은 νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ λ³΄μΈλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:55
Six to eight months, they're totally equivalent.
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6~8κ°œμ›” 아기듀은 μ™„μ „νžˆ λ™μΌν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
2달 후에, λ†€λž„λ§Œν•œ 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:58
Two months later, something incredible happens.
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06:00
But the Taiwanese babies are getting better, not the American babies.
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λŒ€λ§Œ 아기듀은 훨씬 ν–₯μƒλ˜μ—ˆκ³ , λ―Έκ΅­ 아기듀은 그렇지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•œ 것은 λ―Έκ΅­ 아기듀을 이 κΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆ
06:04
What we did was expose American babies, during this period, to Mandarin.
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쀑ꡭ어에 λ…ΈμΆœμ‹œν‚¨ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
쀑ꡭ어λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μΉœμ²™λ“€μ΄ ν•œ 달 λ™μ•ˆ 방문을 ν•΄μ„œ
06:09
It was like having Mandarin relatives come and visit for a month
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 집에 λ“€λŸ¬
06:12
and move into your house and talk to the babies for 12 sessions.
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μ—΄ 두 μ°¨λ‘€ μ•„κΈ°μ—κ²Œ 이야기 ν•œ 것과 κ°™μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:15
Here's what it looked like in the laboratory.
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이것이 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€ λ‚΄μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
(μ˜μƒ) 쀑ꡭ어 μ‚¬μš©μž: [쀑ꡭ어]
06:18
(Mandarin)
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06:39
PK: So what have we done to their little brains?
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PK: μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„κΈ°λ“€μ˜ μž‘μ€ λ‘λ‡Œμ— 무슨 짓을 ν–ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:42
(Laughter)
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06:44
We had to run a control group to make sure
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단지 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ— μ˜€λŠ” 것이
06:46
that coming into the laboratory didn't improve your Mandarin skills.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 쀑ꡭ어 λŠ₯λ ₯을 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을
ν™•μΈν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν†΅μ œ 집단을 μš΄μ˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:50
So a group of babies came in and listened to English.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ•„κΈ°λ“€ ν•œ 집단이 μ™€μ„œ μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:52
And we can see from the graph
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그리고 κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ—μ„œ μ˜μ–΄μ— λ…ΈμΆœμ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것이
06:54
that exposure to English didn't improve their Mandarin.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 쀑ꡭ어λ₯Ό ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 확인할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:56
But look at what happened to the babies exposed to Mandarin for 12 sessions.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 쀑ꡭ어에 μ—΄ 두 μ°¨λ‘€ λ…ΈμΆœλ˜μ—ˆλ˜
μ•„κΈ°λ“€μ—κ²Œ 무슨 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ‘ŒλŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
07:00
They were as good as the babies in Taiwan
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그듀은 μ—΄ 달 반 λ™μ•ˆ 쀑ꡭ어λ₯Ό λ“€μ—ˆλ˜
07:02
who'd been listening for 10 and a half months.
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λŒ€λ§Œ 아이듀 만큼 μ’‹μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:05
What it demonstrated is that babies take statistics on a new language.
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그것이 증λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” 것은
아기듀이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 언어에 λŒ€ν•΄ 톡계λ₯Ό μ·¨ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
Whatever you put in front of them, they'll take statistics on.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό κ·Έλ“€ μ•žμ— λ‚΄μ–΄ λ†“λ˜μ§€, 그듀은 톡계λ₯Ό μ·¨ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:13
But we wondered what role
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 ν•™μŠ΅ ν›ˆλ ¨μ—μ„œ
07:14
the human being played in this learning exercise.
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인간이 μ–΄λ–€ 역할을
μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜λŠ”κ°€ κΆκΈˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:19
So we ran another group of babies in which the kids got the same dosage,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 같은 μ–‘μ˜ μ‹œκ°„μΈ
12차둀에 λ…ΈμΆœλœ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ•„κΈ°λ“€ 그룹을 TV 화면을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
07:23
the same 12 sessions, but over a television set.
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μš΄μ˜μ„ ν–ˆκ³ ,
07:26
And another group of babies who had just audio exposure
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ 아기듀은 화면에 ν…Œλ””λ² μ–΄λ₯Ό λ³΄λ©΄μ„œ
07:29
and looked at a teddy bear on the screen.
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μ˜€λ””μ˜€μ—λ§Œ λ…ΈμΆœμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λ‡Œμ— 무슨 짓을 ν–ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
07:32
What did we do to their brains?
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07:34
What you see here is the audio result --
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 것은 μ˜€λ””μ˜€ κ²°κ³Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
아무것도 ν•™μŠ΅λœ 것이 μ—†μ£ .
07:38
no learning whatsoever --
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07:39
and the video result --
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그리고 λΉ„λ””μ˜€ κ²°κ³Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:42
no learning whatsoever.
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아무것도 ν•™μŠ΅λœ 것이 μ—†μ£ .
07:44
It takes a human being for babies to take their statistics.
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μ•„κΈ°λ“€μ—κ²Œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 톡계λ₯Ό
μ œκ³΅ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ” 것은 μ‚¬λžŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:48
The social brain is controlling
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아기듀이 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 톡계λ₯Ό μ·¨ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„ λ•Œ,
μ‚¬νšŒμ  λ‘λ‡Œκ°€ ν†΅μ œν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:51
when the babies are taking their statistics.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 아기듀이 μ‚¬λžŒ μ•žμ— μžˆμ„ λ•Œμ™€
07:53
We want to get inside the brain and see this thing happening
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λŒ€μ‘°μ μœΌλ‘œ TV μ•žμ— μžˆμ„ λ•Œ
07:56
as babies are in front of televisions, as opposed to in front of human beings.
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λ‘λ‡Œ μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€
이런 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§€λŠ”μ§€ ν™•μΈν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:00
Thankfully, we have a new machine, magnetoencephalography,
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κ°μ‚¬ν•˜κ²Œλ„, 이것을 ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ”
λ‡Œμžλ„λΌλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 기계가
μžˆλŠ”λ°,
08:05
that allows us to do this.
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08:06
It looks like a hair dryer from Mars.
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그것은 ν™”μ„±μ—μ„œ 온 ν—€μ–΄ λ“œλΌμ΄μ–΄ 같이 μƒκ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•„μ£Ό μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ³ ,
08:09
But it's completely safe, completely noninvasive and silent.
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신체에 λ¬΄ν•΄ν•˜λ©°, μ†ŒμŒμ΄ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:13
We're looking at millimeter accuracy
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κ³΅κ°„μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” λ°€λ¦¬λ―Έν„°μ˜ μ •ν™•λ„λ‘œ
그리고 λ°€λ¦¬μ„Έμ»¨λ“œ(1/1000초) μ‹œκ°„ λ‹¨μœ„λ‘œ
08:16
with regard to spatial and millisecond accuracy
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μΈ‘μ • κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ
08:19
using 306 SQUIDs --
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306 SQUIDλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
306 SQUIDsλŠ”
08:22
these are superconducting quantum interference devices --
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μ΄ˆμ „λ„ μ–‘μž κ°„μ„­ μž₯치둜
08:25
to pick up the magnetic fields that change as we do our thinking.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 생각을 ν•  λ•Œ,
λ³€ν•˜λŠ” 자기μž₯을 μΈ‘μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:29
We're the first in the world to record babies in an MEG machine
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 세계 졜초둜
아기듀이 ν•™μŠ΅ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ
자기 λ‡Œλ„ 츑정법 κΈ°κ³„λ‘œ
08:35
while they are learning.
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아기듀을 κΈ°λ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
So this is little Emma.
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이 μ•„κΈ°λŠ” μ— λ§ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:39
She's a six-monther.
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생후 6κ°œμ›”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:41
And she's listening to various languages in the earphones that are in her ears.
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κ·Έλ…€ 귀에 달렀 μžˆλŠ” μ΄μ–΄ν°μœΌλ‘œ
λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 언어듀을 λ“£κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:46
You can see, she can move around.
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆμ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:48
We're tracking her head with little pellets in a cap,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 머리에 μ”Œμš΄
μž‘μ€ μ•Œκ°±μ΄ μž₯치둜 μ•„μ΄μ˜ 머리λ₯Ό μΆ”μ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
so she's free to move completely unconstrained.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ™„μ „νžˆ κ΅¬μ†λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μƒνƒœλ‘œ 자유둭게 μ›€μ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:55
It's a technical tour de force.
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기술적으둜 μ ˆλ¬˜ν•œ μž₯치죠.
08:57
What are we seeing?
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 무엇을 보고 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
08:59
We're seeing the baby brain.
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μ•„κΈ°μ˜ λ‡Œλ₯Ό 보고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:01
As the baby hears a word in her language, the auditory areas light up,
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μ•„κΈ°κ°€ κ·Έλ…€μ˜ λͺ¨κ΅­μ–΄ 단어λ₯Ό 듀을 λ•Œ,
청각 μ˜μ—­μ΄ λΉ›λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:06
and then subsequently areas surrounding it that we think are related to coherence,
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그리고 λ‚˜μ„œ 뒀이어 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°μ—
일관성과 μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ 그것을 λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Έκ³  μžˆλŠ” μ˜μ—­λ“€,
09:11
getting the brain coordinated with its different areas, and causality,
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λ‘λ‡Œλ₯Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜μ—­λ“€κ³Ό μ‘°ν™”λ₯Ό 이루도둝 ν•˜λŠ”
인과관계 μ˜μ—­λ“€μ΄
09:15
one brain area causing another to activate.
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λ‘λ‡Œμ˜ ν•œ μ˜μ—­μœΌλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜μ—­μ„ ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:18
We are embarking on a grand and golden age of knowledge
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μ•„μ΄λ“€μ˜ λ‘λ‡Œ λ°œλ‹¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ
μ§€μ‹μ˜ μœ„λŒ€ν•œ ν™©κΈˆμ‹œλŒ€λ‘œ
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ“€μ–΄κ°€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:24
about child's brain development.
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09:26
We're going to be able to see a child's brain
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 아이듀이 감정적 κ²½ν—˜μ„ ν•  λ•Œλ‚˜,
09:28
as they experience an emotion, as they learn to speak and read,
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λ§ν•˜κΈ°λ‚˜ 읽기λ₯Ό 배울 λ•Œ,
μˆ˜ν•™ 문제λ₯Ό ν’€ λ•Œ,
생각을 ν•  λ•Œμ˜ λ‘λ‡Œλ₯Ό
09:33
as they solve a math problem, as they have an idea.
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κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:36
And we're going to be able to invent brain-based interventions
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν•™μŠ΅μ΄ μ–΄λ €μš΄ 아이듀을 μœ„ν•΄
λ‘λ‡Œλ₯Ό κΈ°λ°˜ν•œ κ°œμž… 방법을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:40
for children who have difficulty learning.
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09:42
Just as the poets and writers described,
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μ‹œμΈλ“€κ³Ό μž‘κ°€λ“€μ΄ κΈ°μˆ ν•œ λŒ€λ‘œ,
09:45
we're going to be able to see, I think, that wondrous openness,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ†€λΌμš΄ 열림을,
아이가 가진 μ •μ‹ μ˜
μˆœμ „ν•˜κ³  μ™„μ „ν•œ 열림을
09:50
utter and complete openness, of the mind of a child.
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확인할 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:54
In investigating the child's brain,
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아이듀 λ‘λ‡Œλ₯Ό 탐ꡬ함에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ,
09:56
we're going to uncover deep truths about what it means to be human,
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인간이 λœλ‹€λŠ” 것이 μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―ΈμΈμ§€,
λ‚œν•΄ν•œ 진싀듀을 밝힐 수 μžˆμ„ 것이고,
κ·Έ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ,
10:01
and in the process,
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10:02
we may be able to help keep our own minds open to learning
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우리의 μ „ 생애 λ™μ•ˆ, ν™•μŠ΅μ— μžˆμ–΄ 우리의 λ§ˆμŒμ„
열어놓도둝 ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:05
for our entire lives.
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10:06
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:08
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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