The linguistic genius of babies | Patricia Kuhl

Translator: Gulnoza Yakubova Reviewer: Adham Kurbanov

Bu chaqaloqqa e'tiboringizni qarating.

I want you to take a look at this baby.

Sizning e'tiboringizni jalb qilgan narsa chaqaloqning ko'zlari

What you're drawn to are her eyes and the skin you love to touch.

va siz ushlashni yaxshi ko'radigan terisi.

But today I'm going to talk to you about something you can't see.

Bugun esa, sizlar ko'ra olmaydigan narsa haqida gapirmoqchiman,

What's going on up in that little brain of hers.

bu chaqaloqning kichkina miyasida nimalar sodir bo'layotgani haqida gapiraman.

The modern tools of neuroscience are demonstrating to us

Bu miyada sodir bo'laytigan narsalar

raketashunoslik ilmidan hech ham kam emasligini

that what's going on up there is nothing short of rocket science.

bizga nevrologiyaning zamonaviy asboblari ko'rsatib beryapdi.

And what we're learning is going to shed some light

Va biz o'rganayotganimiz

romantik yozuvchi va shoirlar

on what the romantic writers and poets described as the "celestial openness"

bolaning fikridagi "samoviy yorqinlik"

deb tasvirlagan holat haqida

of the child's mind.

tushuncha beradi.

Ko'rib turganingiz

What we see here is a mother in India,

Hindistondagi ona,

and she's speaking Koro, which is a newly discovered language.

u yangi kashf qilingan til -

Koro tilida gapiryapdi.

Va u chaqalog'iga gapiryapdi.

And she's talking to her baby.

Bu ona va

What this mother --

and the 800 people who speak Koro in the world --

Koro tilida gapiradigan dunyodagi 800 ta odamlar --

understands is that, to preserve this language,

bu tilni saqlab qolish uchun chaqaloqlariga shu

tilda gapirish kerakligini biladilar.

they need to speak it to the babies.

And therein lies a critical puzzle.

Bunda dolzarb jumboq bor.

Why is it that you can't preserve a language

Nima uchun siz o'zingizga va menga, ya'ni o'smirlarga,

by speaking to you and I, to the adults?

gapirish orqali tilni saqlay olmaysiz?

Ho'p, bu miyangizga bog'liqdir.

Well, it's got to do with your brain.

What we see here is that language has a critical period for learning.

Tilni o'rganish uchun dolzarb davr

borligini bu yerda ko'rib turibmiz.

The way to read this slide is to look at your age on the horizontal axis.

Bu sahifani o'qish usuli gorizontal chziqdagi yoshingizga qarashdir.

(Kulgi)

(Laughter)

And you'll see on the vertical your skill at acquiring a second language.

Va vertikal chiziqda ikkinchi tilni

o'rganishga bo'lgan qobiliyatingizni ko'rasiz.

Chaqaloqlar va yosh bolalar yetti yoshga

The babies and children are geniuses until they turn seven,

chiqquncha dahodirlar,

and then there's a systematic decline.

undan so'ngra muntazam ravishda sustlashish bo'ladi.

After puberty, we fall off the map.

Yetuklikdan so'ng, mashhurlikni yo'qotamiz.

Hech qaysi olimlar bu qiyalik haqida bahs qilmaydi,

No scientists dispute this curve,

but laboratories all over the world

ammo butun dunyodagi laboratoriyalar

are trying to figure out why it works this way.

buning nima uchun bunday usulda ishlashini aniqlashga harakat qilmoqdalar.

Work in my lab is focused on the first critical period in development,

Mening laboratoriyamdagi ish rivojlanishdagi

birinchi dolzarb davrga e'tibor beradi --

and that is the period in which babies

va ayni o'sha davrda chaqaloqlar

try to master which sounds are used in their language.

o'zlarining tilida qaysi tovushlar ishlatilishini o'rganishga harakat qiladilar.

Bizning fikrimizcha, chaqaloqlar tovushlarni qanday o'rganishini

We think, by studying how the sounds are learned,

we'll have a model for the rest of language,

o'rganishimiz oqrali tilning boshqa rivojlanishiga nushamiz bo'ladi.

and perhaps for critical periods that may exist in childhood

Balki, shu bilan birga muomala, hissiyot va ong rivojlanishi uchun bolalikdagi

for social, emotional and cognitive development.

dolzarb

davrlarga ham nushamiz bo'ladi.

So we've been studying the babies

Shunday qilib, biz butun dunyoda qo'llayotgan usul bilan

using a technique that we're using all over the world

chaqaloqlarni va hamma tillardagi

and the sounds of all languages.

tovushlarni o'rganyapmiz.

The baby sits on a parent's lap,

Chaqaloq ota yoki onasining tizzasida o'tiradi

and we train them to turn their heads when a sound changes --

va biz ularni tovush o'zgarganda, masalan, "ah" dan "ee" ga, --

masalan, "ah" dan "ee"

like from "ah" to "ee."

If they do so at the appropriate time, the black box lights up

Agar ular o'z vaqtida shunday boshini burishsa,

qora quti yorib ketadi

and a panda bear pounds a drum.

va panda ayig'i baraban chaladi.

A six-monther adores the task.

Olti oylik chaqaloq bu vazifani juda sevadi.

Ho'sh, bundan nima o'rgandik?

What have we learned?

Well, babies all over the world

Butun dunyodagi chaqaloqlar,

are what I like to describe as "citizens of the world."

mening tasvirlashimcha,

dunyo fuqarolaridir;

They can discriminate all the sounds of all languages,

biz buni qaysi davlatda tekshirayotganimiz va qaysi tilni ishlatayotganimizdan qat'iy nazar

no matter what country we're testing and what language we're using,

chaqaloqlar hamma tillardagi hamma tovushlarni ajrata oladilar.

Bu juda ham hayratlanarli, chunki siz va men buni bajara olmaymiz.

and that's remarkable because you and I can't do that.

Bizlar madaniyatga bo'glanib tinglaguvchilarmiz.

We're culture-bound listeners.

Bizlar chet tillaridagi tovushlarni emas,

We can discriminate the sounds of our own language,

faqat o'z tilimizdagi tovushlarni ajarata olamiz.

but not those of foreign languages.

Ho'sh, shunday savol keladi:

So the question arises: When do those citizens of the world

dunyoning shu fuqarolari qachon tilga bog'liq

turn into the language-bound listeners that we are?

tinglovchilarga aylanadi?

And the answer: before their first birthdays.

Javob esa bunday: birinchi tug'ilgan kunlaridan avval.

What you see here is performance on that head-turn task

Mana bu ko'rib turganingiz Tokyo va AQSH dagi Seattle shahrida,

for babies tested in Tokyo and the United States,

yapon tili emas, balki ingliz tili uchun muhim bo'lgan

"ra" va "la" tovushlarini tinglaganda,

here in Seattle,

as they listened to "ra" and "la" --

chaqaloqlarning boshni burish bo'yicha

sounds important to English, but not to Japanese.

bajargan vazifasi.

So at six to eight months, the babies are totally equivalent.

Olti oylikdan sakkiz oylikkacha bo'lgan chaqaloqlar butunlay bir xil.

Two months later, something incredible occurs.

Ikki oy keyin hayratlanarli narsa sodir bo'ladi.

The babies in the United States are getting a lot better,

AQSH dagi chaqaloqlar bu vazifani ancha yaxshi bajara boshlaydilar,

Yaponiyadagi chaqaloqlar esa ancha yomon bajaradilar,

babies in Japan are getting a lot worse,

lekin chaqaloqlarning bu ikkala guruhi ham

but both of those groups of babies are preparing for exactly the language

ayni o'zlari o'rganmoqchi bo'lgan tilga tayyorlanyar.

that they are going to learn.

Ho'sh, savol bunday, bu muhim

So the question is: What's happening during this critical two-month period?

ikki oy mobaynida nima sodir bo'lyapdi?

This is the critical period for sound development,

Bu tovush rivojlanishi uchun juda dolzarb davr,

ammo u yerda nima sodir bo'lyapdi?

but what's going on up there?

So there are two things going on.

U yerda ikkita narsa sodir bo'lyapdi.

The first is that the babies are listening intently to us,

Birinchisi chaqaloqlar bizlarni biror maqsad bilan tinglayapdi,

and they're taking statistics as they listen to us talk --

ular bizlarning gapirishimizni tinglab, statistik ma'lumot olyapdilar --

ha, ular statistic ma'lumot olyapdilar.

they're taking statistics.

Chaqaloqlarning tilida gapirayotgan ikkita onaning gapini eshiting --

So listen to two mothers speaking motherese --

the universal language we use when we talk to kids --

bu biz yosh bolalar bilan gaplashadigan umumiy til --

first in English and then in Japanese.

birinchisi ingliz tilida va keyingisi yapon tilida.

(Video) Ah, I love your big blue eyes --

(Video) Ingliz ona: Oh, sening katta moviy ko'zlaringni sevaman --

so pretty and nice.

naqadar go'zal va ajoyib,

(Japanese)

yapon ona: (yaponchada)

Patricia Kuhl: During the production of speech, when babies listen,

Patricia Kuhl: Nutq hosil qilish paytida,

chaqaloqlar tinglaganida,

what they're doing is taking statistics on the language that they hear.

ular eshitayotgan tili haqida

statistic ma'lumotlar olyapdilar.

And those distributions grow.

Bu masofalar ortib boraveradi.

And what we've learned is that babies are sensitive to the statistics,

Biz chaqaloqlarning statistik ma'lumotga

e'tiborchan ekanligini anglab yetdik,

and the statistics of Japanese and English are very, very different.

yapon va ingliz tillarining statistikasi esa bir biridadn juda, juda farq qiladi.

English has a lot of Rs and Ls.

Bu chizma-masofa ko'rsatishi bo'yicha

The distribution shows.

ingliz tilida ko'p R va L tovushlari bor.

And the distribution of Japanese is totally different,

Yapon tilidagi tovushlarning tarqalishi butunlay boshqacha,

Yaponcha R deb ma'lum bo'lgan,

where we see a group of intermediate sounds,

bir necha o'rta tovushlar borligini ko'rib turibmiz.

which is known as the Japanese "R."

So babies absorb the statistics of the language

Shunday qilib, chaqaloqlar tilning

statistikasini ongiga singdirib oladilar

and it changes their brains;

va bu ularning miyalarini o'zgartiradi;

it changes them from the citizens of the world

ularni dunyo fuqarolaridan huddi biz kabi

to the culture-bound listeners that we are.

madaniyatga bog'langan tinglovchilarga aylantiradi.

But we as adults are no longer absorbing those statistics.

Ammo, biz o'smirlar ana o'sha

statistikani bundan buyon ongimizga singdirmayapmiz.

Chunki ongimizda rivojlanishning ilk davrida shakllangan

We are governed by the representations in memory

that were formed early in development.

tushunchalar bizlarni boshqaradi.

So what we're seeing here

Mana bu ko'rib turganimiz esa til rivojlanishi uchun dolzarb

is changing our models of what the critical period is about.

davr nima haqidaligi bo'yicha modelimizni o'zgartiryapdi.

We're arguing from a mathematical standpoint

Matematik nuqtai nazardan muhokama qilishimiz bo'yicha

that the learning of language material may slow down

bu chizmadagi masofamiz bir tekis bo'lganda

when our distributions stabilize.

til o'rganish sekinlashishi mumkin.

It's raising lots of questions about bilingual people.

Bu esa ikki tilda gapiruvchi insonlar haqida ko'p savollarni keltirib chiqaradi.

Ikki tilda gapiruvchi insonlar bir paytning o'zida ikkita statistikani onglarida saqlashi shart

Bilinguals must keep two sets of statistics in mind at once

va kim bilan gaplashayotganligiga qarab,

and flip between them, one after the other,

bitta statistikadan keyin boshqasini almashtirishlari kerak.

depending on who they're speaking to.

So we asked ourselves,

Biz o'zimizga shunday savol berdik,

can the babies take statistics on a brand new language?

chaqaloqlar butunlay yangi tilning statistikasini qabul qila oladilarmi?

And we tested this by exposing American babies

Buni hech qachon ikkinchi til eshitmagan

Amerikalik chaqaloqlarni til rivojlanishining dolzarb paytida

who'd never heard a second language

ilk bor Mandarin tilini eshittirish orqali sinab ko'rdik.

to Mandarin for the first time during the critical period.

Taipei va Seattleda Mandarin tilining tovushlari bo'yicha

We knew that, when monolinguals were tested in Taipei and Seattle

bir tilda gapiruvchilarni tekshirganimizda

on the Mandarin sounds, they showed the same pattern.

ular huddi shunday nusxani ko'rsatdi.

Six to eight months, they're totally equivalent.

6-8 oyliklar butunlay bir xil.

Ikki oy so'ngra, g'aroyib narsa sodir bo'ladi.

Two months later, something incredible happens.

But the Taiwanese babies are getting better, not the American babies.

Amerikalik chaqaloqlar emas, balki taiwanlik chaqaloqlar tovushlarni ancha yaxshi ajratyapdi.

Shu davrda Amerikalik chaqaloqlarga Mandarin

What we did was expose American babies, during this period, to Mandarin.

tilini eshitdirdik.

Bu huddi mandarin tilida gapiruvchi qarindoshlarning sizni ko'rishga bir oyga kelib,

It was like having Mandarin relatives come and visit for a month

uyingizga ko'chib kelib,

and move into your house and talk to the babies for 12 sessions.

chaqaloqlarga 12 dars mobaynida gapirishi kabidir.

Here's what it looked like in the laboratory.

Mana bu laboratoriyadagi ko'rinishi.

(Video) Mandarin tilida gapiruvchi: (Mandarin)

(Mandarin)

PK: So what have we done to their little brains?

PK: Ho'sh, chaqaloqlarning kichkina miyalariga nima qildik>

(Kulgi)

(Laughter)

We had to run a control group to make sure

Shunchaki laboratoriyaga kelish

that coming into the laboratory didn't improve your Mandarin skills.

Mandarin tiliga bo'lgan qobiliyatingizni rivojlantirmayotganligiga

ishonch hosil qilish uchun qiyosiy nazorat guruhini ham sinab ko'rdik.

So a group of babies came in and listened to English.

Bir guruh chaqaloqlar kelib, ingliz tilini tinglashdi.

And we can see from the graph

Bu chizmadan ko'rib turganimizdek

that exposure to English didn't improve their Mandarin.

ingliz tilini eshitish ularning mandarin tilini rivojlantirmadi.

But look at what happened to the babies exposed to Mandarin for 12 sessions.

Lekin 12 martalik muddatda mandarin tilini eshitgan

chaqaloqlarga nima bo'lganiga e'tibor bering.

They were as good as the babies in Taiwan

Ular Taiwan (Taivan) dagi 10 yarim oy mobaynida mandarin tilini

who'd been listening for 10 and a half months.

eshitayotgan chaqaloqlardek yaxshi bilardi.

What it demonstrated is that babies take statistics on a new language.

Bu esa chaqaloqlarning yangi til

statistikasini o'zlashtirib olishini ko'rsatib berdi.

Whatever you put in front of them, they'll take statistics on.

Chaqaloqlarning oldiga nima qo'ysangiz ham, ular narsalarning statistikasini o'zlashtirib oladi.

But we wondered what role

Ammo, bu o'rganish jarayonida

the human being played in this learning exercise.

inson qanday vazifa bajarganligi

bizni qiziqtirdi.

So we ran another group of babies in which the kids got the same dosage,

Buni bilish uchun, boshqa bir guruh chaqaloqlar

bir xil miqdordagi, ya'ni huddi avalgidek 12 martalik muddatda

the same 12 sessions, but over a television set.

televizor ko'rib, tilni eshitishdi

And another group of babies who had just audio exposure

va boshqa bir guruh chaqaloqlar esa faqatgina tovushlarni o'zini eshitdi va ekrandagi

and looked at a teddy bear on the screen.

ayiqchani tomosha qilishdi.

Biz ularning miyasiga nima qildik?

What did we do to their brains?

What you see here is the audio result --

Ko'rib turganingiz faqat tinglashning natijasi --

hech qanday o'rganish sodir bo'lmadi --

no learning whatsoever --

and the video result --

va video bilan eshitish natijasi --

no learning whatsoever.

hech qanday o'rganish sodir bo'lmadi.

It takes a human being for babies to take their statistics.

Chaqaloqlar statistikani anglab yetishlari uchun

insonning hizmati kerak.

The social brain is controlling

Chaqaloqlar statistikani o'zlashtirayotganlarida

ijtimoiy miya boshqarib turadi.

when the babies are taking their statistics.

Chaqaloqlar televizorning oldida bo'lganlarida,

We want to get inside the brain and see this thing happening

so'ngra insonlarning oldida bo'lgan paytida

as babies are in front of televisions, as opposed to in front of human beings.

chaqaloqlarning miyasini tekshirib,

u yerda bu narsaning sodir bo'layotganini ko'ramiz.

Thankfully, we have a new machine, magnetoencephalography,

Yaxhsiyamki, bizga bu ishni bajarimizga imkon beradigan

yangi asbob,

magnitoensefalograf bor.

that allows us to do this.

It looks like a hair dryer from Mars.

Bu Marsdan kelgan soch qurituvchi asbobga o'xshaydi.

Lekin bu umuman xavfsiz,

But it's completely safe, completely noninvasive and silent.

kesuvchi emas va shovqinsiz.

We're looking at millimeter accuracy

Biz masofaga nisbatan

millimetrning aniqligiga

with regard to spatial and millisecond accuracy

va 306 SQUID dan foydalangan holda

using 306 SQUIDs --

millisoniya aniqligiga qaraypamiz,

bular (ya'ni SQUID) - yuzadan o'tuvchi kvantum

these are superconducting quantum interference devices --

interferensiya asboblari --

to pick up the magnetic fields that change as we do our thinking.

bular biz o'ylagan sayin o'zgaradigan

magnit sohalarini aniqlab oladi.

We're the first in the world to record babies in an MEG machine

Dunyoda eng avval biz

magnitoensefalograf asbobi yordamida

chaqaloqlarni o'rganayotgan paytida

while they are learning.

tekshiryapmiz.

So this is little Emma.

Mana bu jajji Emma.

She's a six-monther.

U olti oylik.

And she's listening to various languages in the earphones that are in her ears.

U qulog'iga taqib olgan eshitish asboblari bilan

har xil tillarni eshityapdi.

You can see, she can move around.

Ko'rib turganingizdek, u bemalol harakat qila oladi.

We're tracking her head with little pellets in a cap,

shapkadagi kichkina sharchalar bilan

uning boshining harakatini kuzatib turibmiz,

so she's free to move completely unconstrained.

u esa butunlay erkin harakat qilishi mumkin.

It's a technical tour de force.

Bu texnologik qobiliyat.

What are we seeing?

Nimani ko'ryapmiz?

We're seeing the baby brain.

Chaqaloqning miyasini ko'ryapmiz.

As the baby hears a word in her language, the auditory areas light up,

Chaqaloq ona tilidagi so'zni eshitishi bilan

eshitish sohalari ochiladi,

and then subsequently areas surrounding it that we think are related to coherence,

keyin esa uning atrofidagi sohalar, ya'ni

miyaning atrofidagi har xil sohalari bilan bog'laydigan

getting the brain coordinated with its different areas, and causality,

sohalarini

va miyaning bir sohasi

one brain area causing another to activate.

boshqa birini harakatga keltiruvchi qismlarini harakatga keltiradi.

We are embarking on a grand and golden age of knowledge

Biz chaqaloq miyasining

rivojlanishi haqidagi ilmning

ulkan va oltin asriga kelyapmiz.

about child's brain development.

We're going to be able to see a child's brain

Chaqaloq his tuyg'u sezgan,

as they experience an emotion, as they learn to speak and read,

gapirish va o'qishni o'rgangan,

matematika masalasini yechgan

va fikrga ega bo'lgan paytlarida

as they solve a math problem, as they have an idea.

biz chaqaloqning miyasini ko'ra olamiz.

And we're going to be able to invent brain-based interventions

O'rganishga qiynalgan bolalar uchun miyaga asoslangan

o'rganishga yordam berish usullarini kashf qilishga imkoniyatimiz bo'ladi.

for children who have difficulty learning.

Just as the poets and writers described,

Huddi shoir va yozuvchilar tasvirlaganidek,

we're going to be able to see, I think, that wondrous openness,

mening fikrimcha, biz ham bolaning ongidagi

o'sha ajoyib ochiqlikni,

mukammal va cheksiz ochiqlikni

utter and complete openness, of the mind of a child.

ko'ra olamiz.

In investigating the child's brain,

Bolaning miyasini o'rganish bilan,

we're going to uncover deep truths about what it means to be human,

biz inson bo'lish nima ekanligi haqidagi

chuqur haqiqatni bila olamiz,

shu bilan birga

and in the process,

we may be able to help keep our own minds open to learning

butun hayotimiz davomida ongimizni ilm uchun, o'rganish uchun ochiq saqlay olishimizga

imkoniyatimiz bo'lishi mumkin.

for our entire lives.

Thank you.

Rahmat.

(Applause)

(Qarsaklar)