Are we in control of our decisions? | Dan Ariely

2,075,638 views ใƒป 2009-05-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Noam Nelke ืžื‘ืงืจ: Roi Shpaner
00:16
I'll tell you a little bit about irrational behavior.
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ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ืช.
00:19
Not yours, of course -- other people's.
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ืœื ืฉืœื›ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:21
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
00:22
So after being at MIT for a few years,
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ืื– ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘- MIT ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
00:26
I realized that writing academic papers is not that exciting.
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ืงืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžืืžืจื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืกืขื™ืจ.
00:30
You know, I don't know how many of those you read,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ืžืืœื” ืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื™ืฃ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื›ื™ืฃ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘.
00:33
but it's not fun to read and often not fun to write --
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00:35
even worse to write.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืœื›ืชื•ื‘.
00:37
So I decided to try and write something more fun.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ื”.
00:40
And I came up with an idea that I would write a cookbook.
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ื•ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
00:44
And the title for my cookbook was going to be,
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
"ืœืกืขื•ื“ ื‘ืœื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ื: ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ืจ"
00:47
"Dining Without Crumbs: The Art of Eating Over the Sink."
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
00:50
(Laughter)
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00:51
And it was going to be a look at life through the kitchen.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—.
00:54
I was quite excited about this.
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ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ืชื™ ืžื–ื”. ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ
00:56
I was going to talk a little bit about research,
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ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ, ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—.
00:58
a little bit about the kitchen.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
01:00
We do so much in the kitchen, I thought this would be interesting.
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ื•ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืคืจืงื™ื.
01:03
I wrote a couple of chapters, and took it to MIT Press and they said,
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ื•ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ MIT ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•
"ื—ืžื•ื“. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•. ืœืš ื•ืชืžืฆื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ."
01:07
"Cute, but not for us. Go and find somebody else."
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01:10
I tried other people, and everybody said the same thing,
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืืžืจื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ,
"ื—ืžื•ื“. ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•."
01:13
"Cute. Not for us."
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01:15
Until somebody said,
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ืขื“ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ,
01:18
"Look, if you're serious about this,
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"ืชืจืื”, ืื ืืชื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”,
01:20
you have to write about your research first; you have to publish something,
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœืš. ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืคืจืกื ืžืฉื”ื•.
01:23
then you'll get the opportunity to write something else.
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ื•ืื– ืชื ืชืŸ ืœืš ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”."
01:26
If you really want to do it, you have to do it."
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™, "ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™.
01:28
I said, "I don't want to write about my research.
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01:30
I do it all day long,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
01:32
I want to write something a bit more free, less constrained."
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ."
01:35
And this person was very forceful and said,
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ื•ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ืืžืจ,
01:38
"Look, that's the only way you'll ever do it."
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"ืชืจืื”. ื–ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”."
01:40
So I said, "Okay, if I have to do it --"
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™, "ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” -- "
01:43
I had a sabbatical.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืฉื ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืŸ. ืืžืจืชื™ "ืื ื™ ืื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™
01:44
I said, "I'll write about my research, if there's no other way.
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ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช. ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืฉืœื™."
01:47
And then I'll get to do my cookbook."
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ืื– ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™.
01:49
So, I wrote a book on my research.
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ื•ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžื”ื ื”. ืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช.
01:52
And it turned out to be quite fun in two ways.
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01:54
First of all, I enjoyed writing.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื ื”ื ื™ืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘.
01:57
But the more interesting thing was that I started learning from people.
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ืืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื”
ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืื ืฉื™ื.
02:01
It's a fantastic time to write,
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ื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘.
02:02
because there's so much feedback you can get from people.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืื ืฉื™ื.
02:05
People write to me about their personal experience,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
02:08
and about their examples, and where they disagree,
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืขื ืžื” ื”ื ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื,
02:10
and their nuances.
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ื•ื ื™ื•ืื ืกื™ื.
02:12
And even being here -- I mean, the last few days,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ. ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
02:14
I've known heights of obsessive behavior
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื™ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ืชื™ืช
02:17
I never thought about.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
02:19
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
02:20
Which I think is just fascinating.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืจืชืง.
02:22
I will tell you a little bit about irrational behavior,
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ืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ืช.
02:25
and I want to start by giving you some examples of visual illusion
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉืœื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช
02:28
as a metaphor for rationality.
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ื›ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช.
02:30
So think about these two tables.
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ืื– ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
02:32
And you must have seen this illusion.
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:34
If I asked you what's longer, the vertical line on the table on the left,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืชื›ื ืžื” ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืงื• ื”ืื ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืžืฉืžืืœ,
ืื• ื”ืงื• ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืžื™ืŸ?
02:38
or the horizontal line on the table on the right,
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02:40
which one seems longer?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื ื ืจืื” ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ?
02:43
Can anybody see anything but the left one being longer?
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ?
02:46
No, right? It's impossible.
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ืœื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
02:48
But the nice thing about visual illusion is we can easily demonstrate mistakes.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช.
02:51
So I can put some lines on; it doesn't help.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืงื•ื•ื™ื. ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื–ืจ.
02:54
I can animate the lines.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ืคื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื.
02:56
And to the extent you believe I didn't shrink the lines,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฆืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื,
02:58
which I didn't, I've proven to you that your eyes were deceiving you.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฆืชื™, ื”ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ืœื›ื ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืืชื›ื ืฉื•ืœืœ.
03:03
Now, the interesting thing about this is when I take the lines away,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”
ื”ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื,
03:07
it's as if you haven't learned anything in the last minute.
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ืœืžื“ืชื ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ื“ืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
03:09
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
03:12
You can't look at this and say, "Now I see reality as it is."
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ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืœื•ืžืจ "ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื".
03:15
Right? It's impossible to overcome this sense that this is indeed longer.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:20
Our intuition is really fooling us
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื˜ื” ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฆืคื•ื™, ืขืงื‘ื™ ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ.
03:21
in a repeatable, predictable, consistent way.
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03:23
and there is almost nothing we can do about it,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
03:26
aside from taking a ruler and starting to measure it.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœืงื—ืช ืกืจื’ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื–ื”.
03:29
Here's another one. It's one of my favorite illusions.
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืช. ื–ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™.
03:32
What color is the top arrow pointing to?
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ืžื” ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืฅ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœื™ื•?
ื—ื•ื. ืชื•ื“ื”.
03:36
Audience: Brown. Dan Ariely: Brown. Thank you.
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ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ? ืฆื”ื•ื‘.
03:38
The bottom one? Yellow.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ื–ื”ื™ื.
03:40
Turns out they're identical.
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03:41
Can anybody see them as identical?
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื›ื–ื”ื™ื?
03:43
Very, very hard.
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ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”.
03:45
I can cover the rest of the cube up.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื™ืชืจ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื”.
03:47
If I cover the rest of the cube, you can see that they are identical.
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื™ืชืจ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื–ื”ื™ื.
03:50
If you don't believe me, you can get the slide later
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื™ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืงืฃ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื™ื“ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื–ื”ื™ื.
03:53
and do some arts and crafts and see that they're identical.
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03:55
But again, it's the same story, that if we take the background away,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
ืฉืื ื ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืงืข,
03:59
the illusion comes back.
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ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:01
There is no way for us not to see this illusion.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
04:04
I guess maybe if you're colorblind, I don't think you can see that.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื ืืชื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
04:07
I want you to think about illusion as a metaphor.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืืฉืœื™ื” ื›ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื”.
04:10
Vision is one of the best things we do.
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ืจืื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
04:12
We have a huge part of our brain dedicated to vision --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ืœืง ืขืฆื•ื ืžื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืจืื™ื”.
04:14
bigger than dedicated to anything else.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
04:16
We use our vision more hours of the day than anything else.
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
04:20
We're evolutionarily designed to use vision.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืจืื™ื”.
04:22
And if we have these predictable repeatable mistakes in vision,
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืจืื™ื”,
04:25
which we're so good at,
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
04:27
what are the chances we won't make even more mistakes
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ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช
04:29
in something we're not as good at, for example, financial decision-making.
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ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช.
04:33
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
04:35
Something we don't have an evolutionary reason to do,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
04:37
we don't have a specialized part of the brain for,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื—,
ื•ืื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืฉืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื.
04:40
and we don't do that many hours of the day.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื”
04:42
The argument is in those cases,
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04:44
it might be that we actually make many more mistakes.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:48
And worse -- not having an easy way to see them,
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ื•ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ืงืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
04:50
because in visual illusions, we can easily demonstrate the mistakes;
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
04:54
in cognitive illusion it's much, much harder
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ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”
04:56
to demonstrate the mistakes to people.
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ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:58
So I want to show you some cognitive illusions,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
05:01
or decision-making illusions, in the same way.
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ืื• ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš.
05:04
And this is one of my favorite plots in social sciences.
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ื•ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
05:07
It's from a paper by Johnson and Goldstein.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืืžืจ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.
05:11
It basically shows the percentage of people who indicated
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืจืื”
ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ื•
05:15
they would be interested in donating their organs.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชืจื•ืžื”.
05:19
These are different countries in Europe.
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ื•ืืœื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื•ืืชื ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ
05:21
You basically see two types of countries:
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
05:23
countries on the right, that seem to be giving a lot;
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”.
05:25
and countries on the left that seem to giving very little,
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“,
05:28
or much less.
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ืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช.
05:30
The question is, why?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืœืžื”? ืœืžื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”
05:31
Why do some countries give a lot and some countries give a little?
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ื•ื—ืœืง ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืžืขื˜?
05:34
When you ask people this question,
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ื›ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช,
05:36
they usually think that it has to be about culture.
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื›ืคืช ืœื›ื ืžืื ืฉื™ื?
05:39
How much do you care about people?
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05:40
Giving organs to somebody else
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ืœืชืช ืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ืš ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
05:42
is probably about how much you care about society, how linked you are.
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ืžื” ืื›ืคืช ืœืš ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืืชื” ืžืงื•ืฉืจ.
05:45
Or maybe it's about religion.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื“ืช.
05:47
But if you look at this plot,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื”
05:49
you can see that countries that we think about as very similar,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“
05:52
actually exhibit very different behavior.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืคื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”.
05:55
For example, Sweden is all the way on the right,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
05:57
and Denmark, which we think is culturally very similar,
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ื•ื“ื ืžืจืง ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช
06:00
is all the way on the left.
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ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ.
06:02
Germany is on the left, and Austria is on the right.
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ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ. ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
06:06
The Netherlands is on the left, and Belgium is on the right.
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ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืžืืœ. ื•ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
06:09
And finally, depending on your particular version
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœื›ื
06:12
of European similarity,
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ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื™,
06:14
you can think about the U.K. and France as either similar culturally or not,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช ื›ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืื• ืœื.
06:19
but it turns out that with organ donation, they are very different.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืจื•ืžืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
06:23
By the way, the Netherlands is an interesting story.
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
06:25
You see, the Netherlands is kind of the biggest of the small group.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
06:30
It turns out that they got to 28 percent
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœ- 28 ืื—ื•ื–
06:33
after mailing every household in the country a letter,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืœื—ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื›ืชื‘
06:36
begging people to join this organ donation program.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชื—ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืืช.
06:39
You know the expression, "Begging only gets you so far."
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ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, "ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชืš ืจืง ืขื“ ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื"
06:42
It's 28 percent in organ donation.
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ื–ื” 28 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:45
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
06:47
But whatever the countries on the right are doing,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช,
06:49
they're doing a much better job than begging.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืœื”ืชื—ื ืŸ.
06:51
So what are they doing?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช?
06:53
Turns out the secret has to do with a form at the DMV.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืกื•ื“ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื˜ื•ืคืก ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”.
06:56
And here is the story.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
06:58
The countries on the left have a form at the DMV
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ืคืก ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”
07:00
that looks something like this.
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ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืš.
07:02
"Check the box below if you want to participate in the organ donor program."
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ืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ ืื ืืชื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ
ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:06
And what happens?
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ื•ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
07:08
People don't check, and they don't join.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžืกืžื ื™ื. ื•ืœื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื.
07:11
The countries on the right, the ones that give a lot,
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืืœื• ืฉื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”,
07:13
have a slightly different form.
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ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ืคืก ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืขื˜.
07:15
It says, "Check the box below if you don't want to participate ..."
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ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื• ืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ ืื ืื™ื ืš ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ.
07:18
Interestingly enough, when people get this,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
ื”ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืžืกืžื ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื.
07:21
they again don't check, but now they join.
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07:23
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
07:26
Now, think about what this means.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ.
07:29
You know, we wake up in the morning and we feel we make decisions.
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ืื ื• ืงืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
07:33
We wake up in the morning and we open the closet;
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ืื ื• ืงืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ.
07:35
we feel that we decide what to wear.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ.
07:37
we open the refrigerator and we feel that we decide what to eat.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืจ. ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
07:40
What this is actually saying,
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื”
07:41
is that many of these decisions are not residing within us.
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•.
07:44
They are residing in the person who is designing that form.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืคืก ื”ื–ื”.
07:47
When you walk into the DMV,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”,
07:49
the person who designed the form will have a huge influence
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ืœืื“ื ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืคืก ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืื“ื™ืจื”
07:52
on what you'll end up doing.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืขืฉื•.
07:54
Now, it's also very hard to intuit these results.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื ื—ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”. ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
07:57
Think about it for yourself.
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07:58
How many of you believe
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
08:00
that if you went to renew your license tomorrow,
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ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื—ืจ,
08:02
and you went to the DMV,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”,
08:04
and you encountered one of these forms,
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ื•ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ืคืกื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
08:06
that it would actually change your own behavior?
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื›ื?
08:08
Very hard to think that it would influence us.
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ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื ื•.
08:11
We can say, "Oh, these funny Europeans, of course it would influence them."
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ "ืื”, ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื."
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื•
08:14
But when it comes to us,
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08:16
we have such a feeling that we're in the driver's seat,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื–ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื”ื’,
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื–ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”,
08:19
such a feeling that we're in control and we are making the decision,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”,
08:22
that it's very hard to even accept the idea
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ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ
ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
08:25
that we actually have an illusion of making a decision,
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ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”, ื•ืœื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžืžืฉ.
08:27
rather than an actual decision.
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08:30
Now, you might say,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ,
08:32
"These are decisions we don't care about."
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"ืืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ืžื”ืŸ."
08:34
In fact, by definition, these are decisions
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ืืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช
08:37
about something that will happen to us after we die.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืงืจื” ืœื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืžื•ืช.
08:39
How could we care about something less
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืคื—ื•ืช
08:41
than about something that happens after we die?
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืžื•ืช?
08:44
So a standard economist, somebody who believes in rationality,
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ืื– ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช,
08:47
would say, "You know what?
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ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ, "ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”? ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžืช ื”ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ
08:48
The cost of lifting the pencil and marking a "V" is higher
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ื•ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”- V ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืขืœืช
08:51
than the possible benefit of the decision,
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ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”".
08:54
so that's why we get this effect."
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ืื– ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
08:55
(Laughter)
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืงืœ.
08:57
But, in fact, it's not because it's easy.
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08:59
It's not because it's trivial. It's not because we don't care.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื˜ืจื™ื•ื™ืืœื™. ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื ื•.
09:02
It's the opposite. It's because we care.
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ื–ื” ื”ื”ืคืš. ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื ื•.
09:05
It's difficult and it's complex.
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
09:06
And it's so complex that we don't know what to do.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
09:09
And because we have no idea what to do,
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
09:11
we just pick whatever it was that was chosen for us.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•.
09:15
I'll give you one more example.
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ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื–ื”.
09:17
This is from a paper by Redelmeier and Shafir.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœ ืจึตื“ึถืœึฐืžึทืื™ึตื™ืจ ื•ืฉึทืคึดืจ.
09:19
And they said, "Would this effect also happens to experts?
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ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ืงื•ืจืืช ื’ื ืœืžื•ืžื—ื™ื,
09:23
People who are well-paid, experts in their decisions,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
09:26
and who make a lot of them?"
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื”."
09:28
And they took a group of physicians.
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ื•ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
09:30
They presented to them a case study of a patient.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ื—ืงืจ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื”.
09:32
They said, "Here is a patient. He is a 67-year-old farmer.
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ื”ื ื” ื—ื•ืœื”. ื”ื•ื ื—ืงืœืื™ ื‘ืŸ 67.
09:36
He's been suffering from right hip pain for a while."
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ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื›ืื‘ ื‘ืžืคืจืง ื™ืจืš ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”.
09:38
And then, they said to the physicians,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœืจื•ืคื,
09:40
"You decided a few weeks ago
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"ืืชื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
09:42
that nothing is working for this patient.
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ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื”.
09:44
All these medications, nothing seems to be working.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื•. ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
09:46
So you refer the patient for hip replacement therapy.
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ืื– ืืชื” ืžืคื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžืคืจืง ื™ืจืš.
09:49
Hip replacement. Okay?"
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ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžืคืจืง ื™ืจืš. ื‘ืกื“ืจ?"
09:51
So the patient is on a path to have his hip replaced.
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ืื– ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžืคืจืง ื”ื™ืจืš ืฉืœื•.
09:54
Then they said to half of the physicians,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ื”ื ืืžืจื•,
09:56
"Yesterday, you reviewed the patient's case,
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"ืืชืžื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
09:58
and you realized that you forgot to try one medication.
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ื•ืงืœื˜ืช ืฉืฉื›ื—ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื” ืื—ืช.
10:01
You did not try ibuprofen.
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ืœื ื ื™ืกื™ืช ืึดื™ื‘ึผื•ึผืคึผึฐืจื•ึนืคึตืŸ.
10:04
What do you do? Do you pull the patient back and try ibuprofen?
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ืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”? ืืชื” ืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ืžื ืกื” ืึดื™ื‘ึผื•ึผืคึผึฐืจื•ึนืคึตืŸ?
10:07
Or do you let him go and have hip replacement?"
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžืคืจืง ื™ืจืš?"
10:10
Well, the good news is that most physicians in this case
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”
10:12
decided to pull the patient and try ibuprofen.
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ื•ืคืจื•ืคืŸ.
10:15
Very good for the physicians.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื.
10:17
To the other group of physicians, they said,
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ื”ื ืืžืจื•,
10:19
"Yesterday when you reviewed the case, you discovered there were two medications
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"ืืชืžื•ืœ ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืœืžืงืจื”
ื’ื™ืœื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื™ืกื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
10:23
you didn't try out yet -- ibuprofen and piroxicam."
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ืื™ื‘ื•ืคืจื•ืคืŸ ื•ืคึผึดื™ืจื•ึนืงึฐืกึดื™ืงึทื."
10:26
You have two medications you didn't try out yet.
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ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ืกื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”?
10:28
What do you do? You let him go, or you pull him back?
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ืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืœืœื›ืช. ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ืฉืš ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
10:31
And if you pull him back, do you try ibuprofen or piroxicam? Which one?"
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ืžื•ืฉืš ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืื™ื‘ื•ืคืจื•ืคืŸ ืื• ืคื™ืจื•ืงืกื™ืงื? ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ืŸ?
10:34
Now, think of it:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”
10:35
This decision makes it as easy to let the patient continue with hip replacement,
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ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืงืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืœืชืช ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžืคืจืง ื”ื™ืจืš.
10:39
but pulling him back, all of the sudden it becomes more complex.
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ืืš ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืคืชืื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:42
There is one more decision.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
10:44
What happens now?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
10:45
The majority of the physicians now choose to let the patient go
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืชืช ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืœืœื›ืช
10:49
for a hip replacement.
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ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžืคืจืง ื™ืจืš.
10:51
I hope this worries you, by the way --
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื–ื” ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืืชื›ื, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ --
10:53
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
10:54
when you go to see your physician.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื›ื.
10:56
The thing is that no physician would ever say,
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืฃ ืจื•ืคื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืขื•ืœื,
10:59
"Piroxicam, ibuprofen, hip replacement. Let's go for hip replacement."
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"ืคื™ืจื•ืงืกื™ืงื, ืื™ื‘ื•ืคืจื•ืคืŸ, ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžืคืจืง ื™ืจืš.
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžืคืจืง ื™ืจืš."
11:03
But the moment you set this as the default,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ
11:06
it has a huge power over whatever people end up doing.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื— ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
11:10
I'll give you a couple of more examples on irrational decision-making.
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ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ืช.
11:13
Imagine I give you a choice:
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
11:15
Do you want to go for a weekend to Rome, all expenses paid --
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืกื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืจื•ืžื?
ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœืžื•ืช,
11:18
hotel, transportation, food, a continental breakfast, everything --
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ืžืœื•ืŸ, ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืืจื•ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
ืืจื•ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื˜ืœื™ืช, ื”ื›ืœ.
11:23
or a weekend in Paris?
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ืื• ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืคืจื™ื–?
11:25
Now, weekend in Paris, weekend in Rome -- these are different things.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืกื•ืค"ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ืกื•ืค"ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืžื, ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
11:28
They have different food, different culture, different art.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื ื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”, ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืกืฃ
11:31
Imagine I added a choice to the set that nobody wanted.
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ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื”.
11:34
Imagine I said, "A weekend in Rome,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, "ืกื•ืค"ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืžื,
11:36
a weekend in Paris,
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ืกื•ืค"ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ืื• ืฉื™ื’ื ื‘ื• ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘?"
11:37
or having your car stolen?"
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11:39
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
11:42
It's a funny idea, because why would having your car stolen,
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ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื—ื™ืง. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื ื‘ื• ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘,
11:45
in this set, influence anything?
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ื‘ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”, ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•?
11:47
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
11:49
But what if the option to have your car stolen was not exactly like this?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื ื‘ื• ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘
ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืš.
11:53
What if it was a trip to Rome, all expenses paid,
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ืžื” ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืจื•ืžื, ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœืžื•ืช,
11:56
transportation, breakfast,
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ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืืจื•ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
11:58
but it doesn't include coffee in the morning?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงืคื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
12:01
If you want coffee, you have to pay for it yourself, it's two euros 50.
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืงืคื” ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืฉืœื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื. ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืจื• ื•ื—ืฆื™.
12:04
(Laughter)
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
12:05
Now in some ways,
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12:07
given that you can have Rome with coffee,
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ื‘ื”ื ืชืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ืจื•ืžื ืขื ืงืคื”,
12:09
why would you possibly want Rome without coffee?
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ืœืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื• ืืช ืจื•ืžื ื‘ืœื™ ืงืคื”?
12:11
It's like having your car stolen. It's an inferior option.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื ื‘ื• ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘. ื–ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื—ื•ืชื”.
12:15
But guess what happened?
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืจื•ืžื ื‘ืœื™ ืงืคื”,
12:16
The moment you add Rome without coffee,
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ืจื•ืžื ืขื ืงืคื” ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
12:18
Rome with coffee becomes more popular, and people choose it.
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12:22
The fact that you have Rome without coffee
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ืจื•ืžื ื‘ืœื™ ืงืคื”
12:25
makes Rome with coffee look superior,
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืจื•ืžื ืขื ืงืคื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื”.
12:27
and not just to Rome without coffee -- even superior to Paris.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืจื•ืžื ื‘ืœื™ ืงืคื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื–.
12:30
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
12:34
Here are two examples of this principle.
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ื”ื ื” ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
12:36
This was an ad in The Economist a few years ago
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืžื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื
12:39
that gave us three choices:
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ืฉื ืชื ื” ืœื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
12:41
an online subscription for 59 dollars,
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ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื‘- 59 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
12:44
a print subscription for 125 dollars,
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ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ื“ืคืก ื‘- 125.
12:47
or you could get both for 125.
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ืื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘- 125.
12:50
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
12:52
Now I looked at this, and I called up The Economist,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ื˜ืœืคื ืชื™ ืœืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜.
12:54
and I tried to figure out what they were thinking.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•.
12:57
And they passed me from one person to another to another,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื™ ืžืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ, ืœืื—ืจ.
13:00
until eventually I got to the person who was in charge of the website,
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืื“ื ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
13:04
and I called them up, and they went to check what was going on.
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ื•ื˜ืœืคื ืชื™ ืืœื™ื•. ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
13:07
The next thing I know, the ad is gone, no explanation.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื ืขืœืžื”. ื•ืœืœื ื”ืกื‘ืจ.
13:11
So I decided to do the experiment
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™
13:13
that I would have loved The Economist to do with me.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜ ื™ืขืฉื” ืื™ืชื™.
13:16
I took this and I gave it to 100 MIT students.
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืœ- 100 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘- MIT.
13:18
I said, "What would you choose?"
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื—ืจ?"
13:20
These are the market shares -- most people wanted the combo deal.
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ื–ื” ื ืชื— ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื• ืืช ืขืกืงืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื”.
13:24
Thankfully, nobody wanted the dominant option.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ืช.
13:26
That means our students can read.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื.
13:28
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
13:29
But now, if you have an option that nobody wants,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื”
13:32
you can take it off, right?
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
13:34
So I printed another version of this,
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ืื– ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ืขื•ื“ ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
13:36
where I eliminated the middle option.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช.
13:38
I gave it to another 100 students. Here is what happened:
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ื ืชืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืขื•ื“ 100 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
13:41
Now the most popular option became the least popular,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช.
13:44
and the least popular became the most popular.
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ื•ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:47
What was happening was the option that was useless,
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชื•ืขืœืช,
13:51
in the middle, was useless in the sense that nobody wanted it.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข, ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื™ืฉ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืื•ืชื”.
13:55
But it wasn't useless in the sense that it helped people figure out
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื–ืจื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
ืžื” ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
13:58
what they wanted.
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13:59
In fact, relative to the option in the middle,
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช,
14:02
which was get only the print for 125,
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืก ื‘- 125,
14:06
the print and web for 125 looked like a fantastic deal.
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืก ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘- 125 ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืขืกืงื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช.
14:10
And as a consequence, people chose it.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื”.
14:12
The general idea here, by the way,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
14:14
is that we actually don't know our preferences that well.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
14:16
And because we don't know our preferences that well,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื” ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
ืื ื• ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
14:19
we're susceptible to all of these influences from the external forces:
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14:22
the defaults, the particular options that are presented to us, and so on.
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ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ, ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
14:26
One more example of this.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื–ื”.
14:28
People believe that when we deal with physical attraction,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
14:31
we see somebody, and we know immediately whether we like them or not,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื.
14:34
if we're attracted or not.
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ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืื• ืœื.
14:36
This is why we have these four-minute dates.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช.
14:38
So I decided to do this experiment with people.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื.
14:41
I'll show you images here, no real people, but the experiment was with people.
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื -- ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื.
14:45
I showed some people a picture of Tom, and a picture of Jerry.
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ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื, ื•ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ืจื™.
14:48
and I said, "Who do you want to date?
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ืืžืจืชื™ "ืขื ืžื™ ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฆืืช? ืขื ืชื•ื ืื• ืขื ื’'ืจื™?"
14:50
Tom or Jerry?"
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14:51
But for half the people, I added an ugly version of Jerry.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ื’ืจืกื” ืžื›ื•ืขืจืช ืฉืœ ื’'ืจื™.
14:55
I took Photoshop and I made Jerry slightly less attractive.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืฉื•ืค ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื’'ืจื™ ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืš.
15:00
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
15:01
For the other people, I added an ugly version of Tom.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ื’ืจืกื” ืžื›ื•ืขืจืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื.
15:05
And the question was, will ugly Jerry and ugly Tom
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ืชื”, ื”ืื ื’'ืจื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ื•ืชื•ื ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจ
15:08
help their respective, more attractive brothers?
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ื™ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”, ืœืื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื?
15:11
The answer was absolutely yes.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื›ืŸ.
15:14
When ugly Jerry was around, Jerry was popular.
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ื›ืฉื’'ืจื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื’'ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™.
15:16
When ugly Tom was around, Tom was popular.
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ื›ืฉืชื•ื ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืชื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™.
15:18
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
15:20
This of course has two very clear implications
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ืœื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช
15:22
for life in general.
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
15:25
If you ever go bar-hopping, who do you want to take with you?
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ืื ืชืฆืื• ืœืกื‘ื‘ ื‘ืืจื™ื ืืช ืžื™ ืชืจืฆื• ืœืงื—ืช ืื™ืชื›ื?
15:29
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
15:34
You want a slightly uglier version of yourself.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื’ืจืกื” ื˜ื™ืคื” ืžื›ื•ืขืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื.
15:38
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
15:40
Similar, but slightly uglier.
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ื“ื•ืžื”. ื“ื•ืžื” ... ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื” ืžื›ื•ืขืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:42
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
15:43
The second point, or course, is that if somebody invites you to bar hop,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื
ืฉืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื›ื.
15:47
you know what they think about you.
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15:49
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
15:52
Now you get it.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
15:54
What is the general point?
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ืžื” ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™?
15:56
The general point is that,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
15:57
when we think about economics, we have this beautiful view of human nature.
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ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
16:01
"What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason!"
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"ืื™ื–ื• ืžืœืื›ืช-ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื! ืžื” ืืฆื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ืชื•!"
16:03
We have this view of ourselves, of others.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•, ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
16:06
The behavioral economics perspective is slightly less "generous" to people;
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช
ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
16:11
in fact, in medical terms,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื, ื–ื• ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฉืœื ื•.
16:13
that's our view.
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16:14
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
16:20
But there is a silver lining.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืื•ืจ.
16:22
The silver lining is, I think,
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
16:24
kind of the reason that behavioral economics is interesting and exciting.
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ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื•ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื”.
16:28
Are we Superman, or are we Homer Simpson?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืคืจืžืŸ? ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืžืจ ืกื™ืžืคืกื•ืŸ?
ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™,
16:31
When it comes to building the physical world,
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16:34
we kind of understand our limitations.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
16:36
We build steps.
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ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช. ื•ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
16:37
And we build these things that not everybody can use, obviously.
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ืฉืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื.
16:40
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
16:42
We understand our limitations,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
16:44
and we build around them.
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ื•ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืŸ.
16:46
But for some reason, when it comes to the mental world,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืžื” ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™,
16:48
when we design things like healthcare and retirement and stock markets,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื•ืฉื•ืงื™ ื”ื•ืŸ,
16:52
we somehow forget the idea that we are limited.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื.
16:54
I think that if we understood our cognitive limitations
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
16:57
in the same way we understand our physical limitations,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
16:59
even though they don't stare us in the face the same way,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ,
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:02
we could design a better world, and that, I think,
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ื•ื–ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
17:05
is the hope of this thing.
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17:06
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
17:08
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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