Are we in control of our decisions? | Dan Ariely

2,018,286 views ・ 2009-05-19

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: JJ Kim κ²€ν† : Kee-Yoon Nahm
00:16
I'll tell you a little bit about irrational behavior.
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비이성적인 행동에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 말씀을 μ’€ λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
Not yours, of course -- other people's.
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ 말고 λ‹€λ₯Έμ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 비이성적인 행동에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œμš”.
00:21
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:22
So after being at MIT for a few years,
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MITμ—μ„œ λͺ‡ λ…„ μ§€λ‚΄κ³ λ‚˜μ„œ
00:26
I realized that writing academic papers is not that exciting.
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ν•™μˆ λ…Όλ¬Έμ„ μ“°λŠ” 것이 μ§€λ£¨ν•˜κ²Œ λŠκ»΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
You know, I don't know how many of those you read,
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κΈ€μŽ„μš”.. μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€‘μ— 그런 글을 μ½λŠ” 뢄듀이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 될지 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ
읽기에도 μž¬λ―Έμ—†κ³ , μ“°λŠ” 일도 λŒ€κ°œ μž¬λ―Έμ—†μ£ .
00:33
but it's not fun to read and often not fun to write --
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00:35
even worse to write.
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사싀 μ“°λŠ” 일이 훨씬 μž¬λ―Έμ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
So I decided to try and write something more fun.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ’€ 더 μž¬λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” 것을 써보기둜 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
And I came up with an idea that I would write a cookbook.
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그리고, μš”λ¦¬μ±…μ„ 써보면 μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒ μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
00:44
And the title for my cookbook was going to be,
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μš”λ¦¬μ±…μ˜ 제λͺ©μ€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 뢙이렀고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
"ν˜λ¦¬μ§€ μ•Šκ³  λ¨ΉκΈ°:μ‹±ν¬λŒ€μ—μ„œ λ¨ΉλŠ” 기술"
00:47
"Dining Without Crumbs: The Art of Eating Over the Sink."
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:50
(Laughter)
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00:51
And it was going to be a look at life through the kitchen.
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그리고, λΆ€μ—Œμ„ 톡해 바라본 인생에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ“°λ €κ³  ν–ˆμ£ .
00:54
I was quite excited about this.
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정말 쒋은 아이디어라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:56
I was going to talk a little bit about research,
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연ꡬ에 λŒ€ν•œ 것도 μ’€ λ„£κ³ , λΆ€μ—Œμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„ μ’€ λ„£κ³ ...
00:58
a little bit about the kitchen.
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λΆ€μ—Œμ—μ„œ ν•˜λŠ” 일이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ? μ§„μ§œ μž¬λ―Έμžˆμ„ 것 κ°™μ•˜μ£ .
01:00
We do so much in the kitchen, I thought this would be interesting.
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그리고, λͺ‡ 챕터λ₯Ό μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
I wrote a couple of chapters, and took it to MIT Press and they said,
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그리고, MIT μΆœνŒλΆ€μ— 가지고 κ°”λ”λ‹ˆ
"κ·€μ—½μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬μ™€λŠ” μ•ˆ λ§žκ΅°μš”. λ‹€λ₯Έ 데 κ°€λ³΄μ‹œμ£ ." 라고 ν•˜λ”κ΅°μš”.
01:07
"Cute, but not for us. Go and find somebody else."
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01:10
I tried other people, and everybody said the same thing,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 데도 λ¬Όμ–΄λ΄€λŠ”λ° λ‹€λ“€ λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ λ§ν•˜λ”κ΅°μš”.
"κ·€μ—½μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬μ™€λŠ” μ•ˆ λ§žκ΅°μš”."
01:13
"Cute. Not for us."
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01:15
Until somebody said,
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κ²°κ΅­ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν•΄μ£Όλ”κ΅°μš”.
01:18
"Look, if you're serious about this,
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"이거 λ³΄μ„Έμš”, 이런걸 μ§„μ§œ ν•  생각이라면,
01:20
you have to write about your research first; you have to publish something,
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λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ 연ꡬ에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λ¨Όμ € 책을 ν•œ ꢌ μ“°μ„Έμš”. 뭐든지 κΌ­ 책을 λ‚΄μ•Ό λ˜μš”.
01:23
then you'll get the opportunity to write something else.
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그러고 λ‚˜λ©΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ 것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ“Έ 기회λ₯Ό 얻을 수 μžˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ •λ§λ‘œ ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμœΌλ©΄ κΌ­ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜μ…”μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€."
01:26
If you really want to do it, you have to do it."
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ λ§ν–ˆμ£ , "μ €, 제 연ꡬ에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 정말 μ“°κ³  싢지 μ•Šμ€λ°μš”.
01:28
I said, "I don't want to write about my research.
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01:30
I do it all day long,
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ν•˜λ£¨ 쒅일 μ΄κ²ƒλ§Œ ν•˜λŠ”λ°... λ­”κ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ“°κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄μš”.
01:32
I want to write something a bit more free, less constrained."
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μ’€ 더 자유둭고, μ œμ•½μ΄ 적은 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œμš”."
01:35
And this person was very forceful and said,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 이 뢄이 μ•„μ£Ό κ°•λ ₯ν•˜κ²Œ λ§μ”€ν•˜μ‹œλ”κ΅°μš”.
01:38
"Look, that's the only way you'll ever do it."
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"그것 λ§κ³ λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 방법이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
01:40
So I said, "Okay, if I have to do it --"
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ 그랬죠. "그래, κΌ­ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λ©΄..."
01:43
I had a sabbatical.
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μ•ˆμ‹λ…„μ„ κ°€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ . "λ‹€λ₯Έ 방법이 μ—†λ‹€λ©΄
01:44
I said, "I'll write about my research, if there's no other way.
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λ‚΄ 연ꡬ에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ“°μž. 그러고 λ‚˜μ„œ μš”λ¦¬μ±…μ„ 써야지."
01:47
And then I'll get to do my cookbook."
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 제 연ꡬ에 λŒ€ν•œ 책을 μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
So, I wrote a book on my research.
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그리고, ν•΄λ³΄λ‹ˆ κ½€ μž¬λ―Έμžˆλ”κ΅°μš”. 두가지 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œμš”.
01:52
And it turned out to be quite fun in two ways.
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01:54
First of all, I enjoyed writing.
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첫째둜 μ“°λŠ” 일 μžμ²΄κ°€ μ¦κ±°μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
But the more interesting thing was that I started learning from people.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 더 μž¬λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” 일은
λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ­”κ°€ 배우게 λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
It's a fantastic time to write,
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λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό μ“°λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ€ ν™˜μƒμ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
because there's so much feedback you can get from people.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ν•œν…Œ 얻을 수 μžˆλŠ” ν”Όλ“œλ°±μ΄ 정말 λ§Žμ•˜κ±°λ“ μš”.
02:05
People write to me about their personal experience,
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νŽΈμ§€λ₯Ό 받아보면 개인적인 κ²½ν—˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ 것도 있고
02:08
and about their examples, and where they disagree,
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κ·ΈλΆ„λ“€μ˜ μ‚¬λ‘€λ‚˜, λ™μ˜ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” λΆ€λΆ„
02:10
and their nuances.
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λ‰˜μ•™μŠ€λ“€..
02:12
And even being here -- I mean, the last few days,
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μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” μ—¬κΈ° μ™€μ„œλ„, κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μ§€λ‚œ λ©°μΉ λ™μ•ˆ
02:14
I've known heights of obsessive behavior
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μ „μ—λŠ” 생각도 λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜
02:17
I never thought about.
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강박적인 행동을 보게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:20
Which I think is just fascinating.
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μ•„μ£Ό ν₯미둜운 μΌμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
02:22
I will tell you a little bit about irrational behavior,
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비이성적인 행동에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 쑰금 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
and I want to start by giving you some examples of visual illusion
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μ°©μ‹œν˜„μƒμ˜ 사둀 λͺ‡κ°€μ§€λ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
as a metaphor for rationality.
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μ°©μ‹œν˜„μƒμ„ '이성에 λŒ€ν•œ λΉ„μœ '둜 λ΄μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
02:30
So think about these two tables.
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자, 이 λ‘κ°œμ˜ ν…Œμ΄λΈ”μ„ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
02:32
And you must have seen this illusion.
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이런 μ°©μ‹œν˜„μƒμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λ³Έ 적이 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
If I asked you what's longer, the vertical line on the table on the left,
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μ™Όμͺ½ ν…Œμ΄λΈ”μ˜ μˆ˜μ§μ„ κ³Ό
였λ₯Έμͺ½ ν…Œμ΄λΈ”μ˜ μˆ˜ν‰μ„  쀑에
02:38
or the horizontal line on the table on the right,
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02:40
which one seems longer?
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μ–΄λŠ μͺ½μ΄ 더 κΈΈμ–΄λ³΄μ΄λ‚˜μš”?
02:43
Can anybody see anything but the left one being longer?
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μ™Όμͺ½μ΄ 길어보이지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
02:46
No, right? It's impossible.
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μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€μš”...κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ? 그건 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ§€μš”.
02:48
But the nice thing about visual illusion is we can easily demonstrate mistakes.
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μ°©μ‹œν˜„μƒμ—μ„œ 쒋은 점은, μ‹€μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ‰½κ²Œ 보여쀄 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
So I can put some lines on; it doesn't help.
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κ·Έ μœ„μ— 선을 κ·Έμ–΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 도움이 μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ”κ΅°μš”.
02:54
I can animate the lines.
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선을 μ›€μ§μ—¬λ³΄μ§€μš”.
02:56
And to the extent you believe I didn't shrink the lines,
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선을 쀄이지 μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ°€μ • ν•˜μ— μ €λŠ”
02:58
which I didn't, I've proven to you that your eyes were deceiving you.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 눈이 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ μ†μ˜€λ‹€λŠ” 것을 증λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
Now, the interesting thing about this is when I take the lines away,
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자, 또 μž¬λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” 사싀은
선을 μ—†μ• λ©΄
03:07
it's as if you haven't learned anything in the last minute.
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쑰금 전에 배운 것이 μ“Έλͺ¨μ—†κ²Œ λœλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:12
You can't look at this and say, "Now I see reality as it is."
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이걸 보고 "μ’‹μ•„, μ΄μ œλŠ” 사싀 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œλ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ–΄."라고 ν•  순 μ—†κ² μ£ .
03:15
Right? It's impossible to overcome this sense that this is indeed longer.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ? 이 μͺ½μ΄ 더 κΈΈλ‹€κ³  λŠλΌλŠ” 감각을
κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜λŠ” 것은 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
Our intuition is really fooling us
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우리의 감각은 반볡적으둜, μ˜ˆμΈ‘κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ, μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ 우리λ₯Ό μ†μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
in a repeatable, predictable, consistent way.
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03:23
and there is almost nothing we can do about it,
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그리고 그것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 일은 거의 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
aside from taking a ruler and starting to measure it.
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자둜 μž¬λ³΄λŠ” 것 λΉΌκ³ λŠ”μš”.
03:29
Here's another one. It's one of my favorite illusions.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 것도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ œκ°€ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” μ°©μ‹œν˜„μƒ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚œλ°μš”.
03:32
What color is the top arrow pointing to?
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μœ„μ˜ ν™”μ‚΄ν‘œκ°€ κ°€λ¦¬ν‚€λŠ” 색깔이 λ¬΄μ—‡μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄λ‚˜μš”?
κ°ˆμƒ‰μ΄μ£ . κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
Audience: Brown. Dan Ariely: Brown. Thank you.
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μ•„λž˜μͺ½μ€μš”? λ…Έλž‘μ΄μ£ .
03:38
The bottom one? Yellow.
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μ•Œκ³  보면 λ˜‘κ°™μ€ μƒ‰μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
Turns out they're identical.
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03:41
Can anybody see them as identical?
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λ˜‘κ°™μ€ μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” λΆ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
03:43
Very, very hard.
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μ•„μ£Ό μ•„μ£Ό μ–΄λ €μš΄ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
I can cover the rest of the cube up.
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윑면체의 λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€λ₯Ό κ°€λ €λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
If I cover the rest of the cube, you can see that they are identical.
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ 뢀뢄을 가리면 λ˜‘κ°™μ€ μƒ‰μ΄λΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
If you don't believe me, you can get the slide later
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절 λͺ» λ―ΏλŠ” 뢄은 이 μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œλ₯Ό λ‚˜μ€‘μ— λ°›μ•„μ„œ
μ‘°μž‘μ„ ν•΄λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄ 같은 μƒ‰μ΄λΌλŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
and do some arts and crafts and see that they're identical.
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03:55
But again, it's the same story, that if we take the background away,
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이것도 λ˜‘κ°™μ€ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
배경을 μ œκ±°ν•˜λ©΄
03:59
the illusion comes back.
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μ°©μ‹œν˜„μƒμ€ λŒμ•„μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλ ‡μ£ .
04:01
There is no way for us not to see this illusion.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ°©μ‹œν˜„μƒμ„ ν”Όν•  방법은 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
I guess maybe if you're colorblind, I don't think you can see that.
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색맹이라면 μ•Œμ•„λ³Ό 수 μ—†κ² μ£ .
04:07
I want you to think about illusion as a metaphor.
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μ°©μ‹œν˜„μƒμ„ λΉ„μœ λ‘œ λ΄μ£Όμ‹œκΈ° λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
Vision is one of the best things we do.
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λ³Έλ‹€λŠ” 것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ°€μž₯ μž˜ν•˜λŠ” 일 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
We have a huge part of our brain dedicated to vision --
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λ‡Œμ—μ„œ μ‹œκ°μ— ν• λ‹Ήλœ 뢀뢄은 μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ ν½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
bigger than dedicated to anything else.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–΄λ–€ 것에 ν• λ‹Ήλœ 것보닀 더 크죠
04:16
We use our vision more hours of the day than anything else.
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ν•˜λ£¨μ— μ‹œκ°μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ€ μ–΄λ–€ 일을 ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œκ°„λ³΄λ‹€ κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
We're evolutionarily designed to use vision.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§„ν™”μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‹œκ°μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ„λ‘ μ„€κ³„λ˜μ–΄μžˆμ§€μš”
04:22
And if we have these predictable repeatable mistakes in vision,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ‹œκ°μ—μ„œ μ˜ˆμΈ‘κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ³ 
04:25
which we're so good at,
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반볡적인 μ‹€μˆ˜λ₯Ό ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
04:27
what are the chances we won't make even more mistakes
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μž˜ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” μΌμ—μ„œ μ‹€μˆ˜λ₯Ό ν•  κ°€λŠ₯성은
04:29
in something we're not as good at, for example, financial decision-making.
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ κΉŒμš”?
예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, λˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ˜μ‚¬κ²°μ •μ΄λΌλ“ μ§€
04:33
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:35
Something we don't have an evolutionary reason to do,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•  진화적인 κ·Όκ±°κ°€ μ—†λŠ” 일듀,
04:37
we don't have a specialized part of the brain for,
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λ‡Œμ— νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 뢀뢄이 ν• λ‹Ήλ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€
ν•˜λ£¨μ— κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 많이 ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 일듀 말이죠.
04:40
and we don't do that many hours of the day.
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μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  싢은 것은, 그런 μΌλ“€μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—
04:42
The argument is in those cases,
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04:44
it might be that we actually make many more mistakes.
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사싀 더 λ§Žμ€ μ‹€μˆ˜λ₯Ό ν•  κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
And worse -- not having an easy way to see them,
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κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ μ‹€μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ‰½κ²Œ μ•Œμ•„μ°¨λ¦΄ μˆ˜λ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
because in visual illusions, we can easily demonstrate the mistakes;
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μ‹œκ°μ μΈ μ°©κ°μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹€μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ‰½κ²Œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄ 수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:54
in cognitive illusion it's much, much harder
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인지적인 μ°©κ°μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μ‹€μˆ˜λ₯Ό
04:56
to demonstrate the mistakes to people.
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보여주기가 훨씬 μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
So I want to show you some cognitive illusions,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 인지적인 착각, λ˜λŠ” μ˜μ‚¬κ²°μ •μ˜ 착각듀을
05:01
or decision-making illusions, in the same way.
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같은 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:04
And this is one of my favorite plots in social sciences.
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이건 μ‚¬νšŒκ³Όν•™μ—μ„œ μ œκ°€ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” λ„ν‘œμ€‘ ν•˜λ‚˜μΈλ°μš”.
05:07
It's from a paper by Johnson and Goldstein.
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쑴슨과 κ³¨λ“œμŠ€ν‹΄μ˜ 논문에 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:11
It basically shows the percentage of people who indicated
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이 ν‘œκ°€ λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” 것은
기본적으둜
05:15
they would be interested in donating their organs.
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μž₯기기증 μ˜μ‚¬κ°€ μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ λΉ„μœ¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:19
These are different countries in Europe.
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이것듀은 유럽의 μ—¬λŸ¬ λ‚˜λΌλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:21
You basically see two types of countries:
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λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό 두가지 ν˜•νƒœμ˜ λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:23
countries on the right, that seem to be giving a lot;
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였λ₯Έμͺ½μ— μžˆλŠ” λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ€ "많이 μ£ΌλŠ”" λ‚˜λΌλ“€μΈ 것 κ°™κ΅°μš”
05:25
and countries on the left that seem to giving very little,
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μ™Όμͺ½μ— μžˆλŠ” λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ€ "거의 주지 μ•ŠλŠ”" λ‚˜λΌλ“€ κ°™κ³ μš”.
05:28
or much less.
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λ˜λŠ” "훨씬 적게" μ£Όκ±°λ‚˜μš”.
05:30
The question is, why?
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κΆκΈˆν•œ 것은 μ΄μœ κ°€ λ­λƒλŠ” κ±°μ£ . μ™œ μ–΄λ–€ λ‚˜λΌλŠ” 많이 μ£Όκ³ 
05:31
Why do some countries give a lot and some countries give a little?
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μ–΄λ–€ λ‚˜λΌλŠ” 적게 μ€„κΉŒμš”?
05:34
When you ask people this question,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 이걸 물어보면
05:36
they usually think that it has to be about culture.
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보톡 문화와 관계가 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ? μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ— 관심을 κ°€μ§€λŠλƒ?
05:39
How much do you care about people?
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05:40
Giving organs to somebody else
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μž₯κΈ°λ₯Ό λˆ„κ΅°κ°€μ—κ²Œ κΈ°μ¦ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것은
05:42
is probably about how much you care about society, how linked you are.
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μ•„λ§ˆ μ‚¬νšŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ΄€μ‹¬μ΄λ‚˜ κ΄€κ³„μ˜ 정도와 관련이 있겠죠.
05:45
Or maybe it's about religion.
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ 쒅ꡐ에 λŒ€ν•œ 것일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ³ μš”.
05:47
But if you look at this plot,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 ν‘œλ₯Ό λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄
05:49
you can see that countries that we think about as very similar,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ΄
05:52
actually exhibit very different behavior.
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사싀 μ•„μ£Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ 행동을 보여주고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:55
For example, Sweden is all the way on the right,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μŠ€μ›¨λ΄μ€ 맨 였λ₯Έμͺ½μ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:57
and Denmark, which we think is culturally very similar,
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그리고, λ¬Έν™”μ μœΌλ‘œ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μ—¬κ²¨μ§€λŠ” λ΄λ§ˆν¬λŠ”
06:00
is all the way on the left.
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맨 μ™Όμͺ½μ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
Germany is on the left, and Austria is on the right.
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독일은 μ™Όμͺ½μ—, μ˜€μŠ€νŠΈλ¦¬μ•„λŠ” 였λ₯Έμͺ½μ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
The Netherlands is on the left, and Belgium is on the right.
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λ„€λœλž€λ“œλŠ” μ™Όμͺ½, λ²¨κΈ°μ—λŠ” 였λ₯Έμͺ½μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:09
And finally, depending on your particular version
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, μœ λŸ½κ΅­κ°€κ°„μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ„±μ— λŒ€ν•œ
06:12
of European similarity,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 각자의 생각에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ 영ꡭ과 ν”„λž‘μŠ€λŠ” λ¬Έν™”μ μœΌλ‘œ
06:14
you can think about the U.K. and France as either similar culturally or not,
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λ‚˜λΌ λ˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜λΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹€ 수 μžˆκ² μ§€λ§Œ
06:19
but it turns out that with organ donation, they are very different.
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μž₯κΈ°κΈ°μ¦μ—μ„œλŠ” μ•„μ£Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜λΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:23
By the way, the Netherlands is an interesting story.
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λ„€λœλž€λ“œλŠ” μ•„μ£Ό μž¬λ―Έμžˆκ΅°μš”.
06:25
You see, the Netherlands is kind of the biggest of the small group.
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λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό λ„€λœλž€λ“œλŠ” μž‘μ€ λ‚˜λΌλ“€ 쀑에 κ°€μž₯ 큰 λ‚˜λΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:30
It turns out that they got to 28 percent
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λ„€λœλž€λ“œλŠ” 28νΌμ„ΌνŠΈκ°€ λ‚˜μ™”λŠ”λ°,
06:33
after mailing every household in the country a letter,
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이 μˆ«μžλŠ” μ „κ΅­μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  가정에 μž₯기기증참여λ₯Ό
06:36
begging people to join this organ donation program.
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ν˜Έμ†Œν•˜λŠ” νŽΈμ§€λ₯Ό 보내고 λ‚˜μ„œ 얻은 μˆ«μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:39
You know the expression, "Begging only gets you so far."
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"Begging only gets you so far"(λΉŒμ–΄λ΄μ•Ό μ†Œμš©μ—†λ‹€)λŠ” ν‘œν˜„μ„ μ•„μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
06:42
It's 28 percent in organ donation.
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μž₯기기증참여가 28%μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:47
But whatever the countries on the right are doing,
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였λ₯Έμͺ½μ— μžˆλŠ” λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ΄ 무슨 일을 ν•˜κ³  있건 간에
06:49
they're doing a much better job than begging.
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λΉ„λŠ” κ²ƒλ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 훨씬 κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μ’‹λ„€μš”.
06:51
So what are they doing?
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그럼 그듀은 뭘 ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
06:53
Turns out the secret has to do with a form at the DMV.
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비밀은 λ©΄ν—ˆμ‹œν—˜μž₯의 신청양식에 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:56
And here is the story.
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μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” μ΄λ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:58
The countries on the left have a form at the DMV
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μ™Όμͺ½μ— μžˆλŠ” λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ˜ λ©΄ν—ˆμ‹œν—˜μž₯ 신청양식은
07:00
that looks something like this.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:02
"Check the box below if you want to participate in the organ donor program."
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μž₯기기증 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜μ‹œλ €λ©΄
μ•„λž˜ λ°•μŠ€μ— μ²΄ν¬ν•˜μ„Έμš”.
07:06
And what happens?
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚¬μ„κΉŒμš”?
07:08
People don't check, and they don't join.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 체크λ₯Ό μ•ˆν•˜μ£ , 그리고 μ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό μ•ˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:11
The countries on the right, the ones that give a lot,
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였λ₯Έμͺ½μ— μžˆλŠ” λ‚˜λΌλ“€, κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 많이 μ£ΌλŠ” λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ€
07:13
have a slightly different form.
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μ•½κ°„ λ‹€λ₯Έ 신청양식을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:15
It says, "Check the box below if you don't want to participate ..."
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μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ €λ©΄ λ°•μŠ€μ— μ²΄ν¬ν•˜λΌκ³  써 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:18
Interestingly enough, when people get this,
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μž¬λ―Έμžˆκ²Œλ„, μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 이걸 λ°›μœΌλ©΄
μ—­μ‹œ 체크λ₯Ό ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λ²ˆμ—” μ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό ν•˜κ²Œ 되죠.
07:21
they again don't check, but now they join.
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07:23
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:26
Now, think about what this means.
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이게 무엇을 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
07:29
You know, we wake up in the morning and we feel we make decisions.
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아침에 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ„œλΆ€ν„° μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ˜μ‚¬κ²°μ •μ„ ν•œλ‹€κ³  λŠλ‚λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:33
We wake up in the morning and we open the closet;
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아침에 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ„œ 옷μž₯을 μ—½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:35
we feel that we decide what to wear.
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그리고 무엇을 μž…μ„μ§€ κ²°μ •ν•œλ‹€κ³  λŠλ‚λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:37
we open the refrigerator and we feel that we decide what to eat.
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냉μž₯κ³ λ₯Ό μ—΄κ³ , 무엇을 먹을지 κ²°μ •ν•œλ‹€κ³  λŠλ‚λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:40
What this is actually saying,
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이것이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 것은
07:41
is that many of these decisions are not residing within us.
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이런 κ²°μ •λ“€μ˜ λ§Žμ€ 뢀뢄이 우리의 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:44
They are residing in the person who is designing that form.
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λ§Žμ€ 뢀뢄이 양식을 μ„€κ³„ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 결정인 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:47
When you walk into the DMV,
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당신이 λ©΄ν—ˆμ‹œν—˜μž₯에 κ±Έμ–΄λ“€μ–΄κ°„λ‹€λ©΄
07:49
the person who designed the form will have a huge influence
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양식을 μ„€κ³„ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 당신이 ν•˜κ²Œλ  행동에
07:52
on what you'll end up doing.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 영ν–₯을 미치고 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
Now, it's also very hard to intuit these results.
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이것도 μ§κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ•ŒκΈ° μ•„μ£Ό μ–΄λ €μš΄ λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
07:57
Think about it for yourself.
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07:58
How many of you believe
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 쀑에 λͺ‡λΆ„μ΄λ‚˜ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
08:00
that if you went to renew your license tomorrow,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 내일 λ©΄ν—ˆλ₯Ό κ°±μ‹ ν•˜λŸ¬
08:02
and you went to the DMV,
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λ©΄ν—ˆμ‹œν—˜μž₯에 κ°„λ‹€λ©΄
08:04
and you encountered one of these forms,
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그리고 이 양식듀 쀑에 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ³Έλ‹€λ©΄
08:06
that it would actually change your own behavior?
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이 양식이 λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ 행동을 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ°”κΏ€ 거라고 λ―Ώκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
08:08
Very hard to think that it would influence us.
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영ν–₯을 받을 거라고 μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°λŠ” ꡉμž₯히 μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:11
We can say, "Oh, these funny Europeans, of course it would influence them."
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우린 λ§ν•˜μ£ , "μ›ƒκΈ°λŠ” μœ λŸ½μ‚¬λžŒλ“€. λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ 그듀이야 영ν–₯을 받겠지."
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 그런 상황에 λΆ€λ”ͺ히면
08:14
But when it comes to us,
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08:16
we have such a feeling that we're in the driver's seat,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μš΄μ „μ„μ— μ•‰μ•„μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λŠλ‚Œμ„,
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 상황을 ν†΅μ œν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λŠλ‚Œμ„,
08:19
such a feeling that we're in control and we are making the decision,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ²°μ •ν•œλ‹€λŠ” λŠλ‚Œμ„ κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:22
that it's very hard to even accept the idea
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λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 생각은 받아듀이기쑰차 μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
08:25
that we actually have an illusion of making a decision,
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κ²°μ •ν•œλ‹€λŠ” "착각"을 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” μƒκ°λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
rather than an actual decision.
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08:30
Now, you might say,
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ 당신은 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 말할 μˆ˜λ„ 있겠죠
08:32
"These are decisions we don't care about."
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"이런 결정은 λ³„λ‘œ 관심을 μ•ˆ κ°€μ§€λŠ” κ²ƒλ“€μ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒ."
08:34
In fact, by definition, these are decisions
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사싀, 이런 결정듀은 λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ
08:37
about something that will happen to us after we die.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 죽은 λ‹€μŒμ— μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 일에 λŒ€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:39
How could we care about something less
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죽은 λ‹€μŒμ— 일어날 일보닀 덜 μ‹ κ²½μ“Έ 일이
08:41
than about something that happens after we die?
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뭐가 μžˆκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
08:44
So a standard economist, somebody who believes in rationality,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ, 이성을 λ―ΏλŠ” 일반적인 κ²½μ œν•™μžλΌλ©΄ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν•˜κ² μ£ 
08:47
would say, "You know what?
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"μ•Œμ•„μš”? 연필을 집어듀고 μ²΄ν¬ν‘œμ‹œλ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ˜ λΉ„μš©μ΄
08:48
The cost of lifting the pencil and marking a "V" is higher
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κ²°μ •μ˜ 잠재적 νš¨μš©λ³΄λ‹€
08:51
than the possible benefit of the decision,
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훨씬 ν¬λ‹€κ΅¬μš”."라고 말이죠.
08:54
so that's why we get this effect."
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이런 영ν–₯을 λ°›λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
08:55
(Laughter)
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 사싀은, κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ‰¬μš΄ κ²°μ •μ΄λΌμ„œ κ·ΈλŸ°κ²ƒμ΄ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:57
But, in fact, it's not because it's easy.
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08:59
It's not because it's trivial. It's not because we don't care.
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μ‚¬μ†Œν•œ μΌμ΄λΌμ„œ κ·ΈλŸ°κ²ƒλ„, 관심이 μ—†μ–΄μ„œ 그런 것도 μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ .
09:02
It's the opposite. It's because we care.
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였히렀 κ·Έ λ°˜λŒ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 신경을 μ“°κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ§€μš”.
09:05
It's difficult and it's complex.
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μ–΄λ ΅κ³  λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 문제이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:06
And it's so complex that we don't know what to do.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•΄μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 뭘 해야할지 λͺ¨λ₯΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:09
And because we have no idea what to do,
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뭘 해야할지 λͺ¨λ₯΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
09:11
we just pick whatever it was that was chosen for us.
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우리λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ„ νƒλ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” 것을 κ³ λ₯΄κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
I'll give you one more example.
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예λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ 더 λ“€κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:17
This is from a paper by Redelmeier and Shafir.
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이것은 λ ˆλΈλ§ˆμ΄μ–΄μ™€ μƒ€ν”Όμ–΄μ˜ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œ κ°€μ Έμ˜¨ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:19
And they said, "Would this effect also happens to experts?
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그듀은 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. "μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ νš¨κ³ΌλŠ” μ „λ¬Έκ°€λ“€, κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ
09:23
People who are well-paid, experts in their decisions,
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보수λ₯Ό 많이 λ°›λŠ”, 그런 결정에 λŒ€ν•΄ 전문성이 μžˆλŠ”,
09:26
and who make a lot of them?"
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그런 결정을 μžμ£Όν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œλ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œλ‹€."
09:28
And they took a group of physicians.
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그듀은 μ—¬λŸ¬λͺ…μ˜ μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:30
They presented to them a case study of a patient.
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ–΄λ–€ ν™˜μžμ˜ 사둀λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆμ£ 
09:32
They said, "Here is a patient. He is a 67-year-old farmer.
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ν™˜μžλŠ” 67μ„Έμ˜ λ†λΆ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:36
He's been suffering from right hip pain for a while."
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κ·ΈλŠ” ν•œλ™μ•ˆ μš°μΈ‘κ³ κ΄€μ ˆμ˜ ν†΅μ¦μœΌλ‘œ κ³ μƒν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:38
And then, they said to the physicians,
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그리고 그듀은 μ˜μ‚¬μ—κ²Œ λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:40
"You decided a few weeks ago
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"λͺ‡μ£Όμ „에 당신은 이 ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ
09:42
that nothing is working for this patient.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ²˜λ°©λ„ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 결정을 λ‚΄λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:44
All these medications, nothing seems to be working.
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μ–΄λ–€ 약도 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ—†λŠ” 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:46
So you refer the patient for hip replacement therapy.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, 이 ν™˜μžλ₯Ό κ³ κ΄€μ ˆ μΉ˜ν™˜μˆ μ„ 받도둝 μΆ”μ²œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:49
Hip replacement. Okay?"
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κ³ κ΄€μ ˆ μΉ˜ν™˜μˆ  λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•„μ‹œκ² μ–΄μš”?"
09:51
So the patient is on a path to have his hip replaced.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν™˜μžλŠ” κ³ κ΄€μ ˆ μΉ˜ν™˜μ„ λ°›λŠ” 과정에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:54
Then they said to half of the physicians,
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그리고, μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ μ˜μ‚¬λ“€ 쀑 μ ˆλ°˜μ—κ²Œ λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:56
"Yesterday, you reviewed the patient's case,
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"μ–΄μ œ 당신은 κ·Έ ν™˜μžμ˜ 사둀λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄€κ³ ,
09:58
and you realized that you forgot to try one medication.
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ν•œκ°€μ§€ 약을 μ‹œλ„ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μžŠμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:01
You did not try ibuprofen.
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μ΄λΆ€ν”„λ‘œνŽœμ„ μ‹œλ„ν•΄λ³΄μ§€ μ•Šμ€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:04
What do you do? Do you pull the patient back and try ibuprofen?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ? ν™˜μžλ₯Ό λŒμ–΄λ‚΄μ„œ μ΄λΆ€ν”„λ‘œνŽœμ„ μ‹œλ„ν•΄λ³Ό κ±΄κ°€μš”?
10:07
Or do you let him go and have hip replacement?"
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ κ·Έλƒ₯ κ³ κ΄€μ ˆ μΉ˜ν™˜μ„ 받도둝 λ‚΄λ²„λ €λ‘˜ κ±΄κ°€μš”?
10:10
Well, the good news is that most physicians in this case
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쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ€ 이 κ²½μš°μ— λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄
10:12
decided to pull the patient and try ibuprofen.
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ν™˜μžλ₯Ό λŒμ–΄λ‚΄μ„œ μ΄λΆ€ν”„λ‘œνŽœμ„ μ‹œλ„ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:15
Very good for the physicians.
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이뢄듀은 μ•„μ£Ό ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:17
To the other group of physicians, they said,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 그룹의 μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:19
"Yesterday when you reviewed the case, you discovered there were two medications
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"μ–΄μ œ 당신은 κ·Έ ν™˜μžμ˜ 사둀λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄€κ³ ,
당신은 μ΄λΆ€ν”„λ‘œνŽœκ³Ό ν”Όλ‘μ‹œμΊ  두가지 약을
10:23
you didn't try out yet -- ibuprofen and piroxicam."
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μ‹œλ„ν•΄λ³΄μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
10:26
You have two medications you didn't try out yet.
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그리고 λ§ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό "두가지 약을 μ‹œλ„ν•΄λ³΄μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
10:28
What do you do? You let him go, or you pull him back?
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κ·Έλƒ₯ 내버렀 λ‘˜ κ±΄κ°€μš”? μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ λŒμ–΄λ‚Ό κ±΄κ°€μš”?
10:31
And if you pull him back, do you try ibuprofen or piroxicam? Which one?"
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그리고 λŒμ–΄λ‚Έλ‹€λ©΄, μ΄λΆ€ν”„λ‘œνŽœμ΄λ‚˜ ν”Όλ‘μ‹œμΊ  쀑 μ–΄λ–€ 것을 μ‹œλ„ν•  κ±΄κ°€μš”?"
10:34
Now, think of it:
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생각해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”. 이번 결정은
10:35
This decision makes it as easy to let the patient continue with hip replacement,
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κ·Έλƒ₯ κ³ κ΄€μ ˆ μΉ˜ν™˜μ„ 받도둝 ν•˜λŠ” 편이 μ‰½κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:39
but pulling him back, all of the sudden it becomes more complex.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν™˜μžλ₯Ό λŒμ–΄λ‚΄λ©΄ κ°‘μžκΈ° 일이 λ³΅μž‘ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:42
There is one more decision.
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κ²°μ •ν•  것이 ν•˜λ‚˜ 더 μžˆλŠ” 것이죠.
10:44
What happens now?
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μ΄λ²ˆμ—” μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚ κΉŒμš”?
10:45
The majority of the physicians now choose to let the patient go
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ κ·Έλƒ₯ λ‚΄λ²„λ €λ‘λŠ” μͺ½μ„ νƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:49
for a hip replacement.
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κ³ κ΄€μ ˆ μΉ˜ν™˜μ„ 받도둝 말이죠.
10:51
I hope this worries you, by the way --
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이제 μ’€ 걱정이 λ˜μ…”μ•Ό ν• ν…λ°μš”...그건 κ·Έλ ‡κ³ ,
10:53
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
10:54
when you go to see your physician.
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당신이 μ˜μ‚¬λ₯Ό λ§Œλ‚œλ‹€λ©΄
10:56
The thing is that no physician would ever say,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 말할 μ˜μ‚¬λŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜λ„ 없을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
"Piroxicam, ibuprofen, hip replacement. Let's go for hip replacement."
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"ν”Όλ‘μ‹œμΊ , μ΄λΆ€ν”„λ‘œνŽœ, κ³ κ΄€μ ˆ μΉ˜ν™˜μ€‘μ—μ„œ
κ³ κ΄€μ ˆ μΉ˜ν™˜μ„ μ„ νƒν•©μ‹œλ‹€."
11:03
But the moment you set this as the default,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이것을 'κΈ°λ³Έκ°’'으둜 μ„€μ •ν•œ μˆœκ°„
11:06
it has a huge power over whatever people end up doing.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ κ²°κ΅­ ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” 일에 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:10
I'll give you a couple of more examples on irrational decision-making.
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비이성적인 μ˜μ‚¬κ²°μ •μ˜ 사둀λ₯Ό λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ 더 λ“€κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:13
Imagine I give you a choice:
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μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ μ„ νƒκΆŒμ„ λ“œλ¦°λ‹€κ³  ν•΄λ³΄μ§€μš”.
11:15
Do you want to go for a weekend to Rome, all expenses paid --
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주말에 λ‘œλ§ˆμ—¬ν–‰μ„ κ°€μ‹œκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
λΉ„μš©μ€ λ‹€ μ§€λΆˆν•΄λ“œλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:18
hotel, transportation, food, a continental breakfast, everything --
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ν˜Έν…”, ꡐ톡비, μŒμ‹, 아침식사
μœ λŸ½μ‹ 아침식사, μ „λΆ€ λ‹€μš”..
11:23
or a weekend in Paris?
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 파리둜 κ°€μ‹œκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
11:25
Now, weekend in Paris, weekend in Rome -- these are different things.
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자, 이제 λ‘œλ§ˆμ—¬ν–‰κ³Ό νŒŒλ¦¬μ—¬ν–‰μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 것이죠.
11:28
They have different food, different culture, different art.
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μŒμ‹, λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Έν™”, λ‹€λ₯Έ 예술...
여기에 μ œκ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 선택을 ν•˜λ‚˜ 더 λ“œλ¦°λ‹€κ³  ν•΄λ³΄μ§€μš”.
11:31
Imagine I added a choice to the set that nobody wanted.
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아무도 μ›ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ λ§Œν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œμš”
11:34
Imagine I said, "A weekend in Rome,
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μƒμƒν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”. μ œκ°€ "λ‘œλ§ˆμ—¬ν–‰,
11:36
a weekend in Paris,
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νŒŒλ¦¬μ—¬ν–‰, λ˜λŠ” μ°¨λ₯Ό λ„λ‘‘λ§žκΈ°" 쀑에 κ³ λ₯΄λΌκ³  ν•œλ‹€λ©΄?
11:37
or having your car stolen?"
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11:39
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
11:42
It's a funny idea, because why would having your car stolen,
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우슡죠? λ„λŒ€μ²΄ μ°¨λ₯Ό λ„λ‘‘λ§žλŠ” 건 μ™œ κ±°κΈ° λ“€μ–΄κ°€μžˆλŠ”κ±°μ£ ?
11:45
in this set, influence anything?
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선택에 무슨 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” κ±΄κ°€μš”?
11:47
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
11:49
But what if the option to have your car stolen was not exactly like this?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μžλ™μ°¨λ₯Ό λ„λ‘‘λ§žλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 선택이
사싀은 그게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
11:53
What if it was a trip to Rome, all expenses paid,
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ꡐ톡, 아침식사가 ν¬ν•¨λœ
11:56
transportation, breakfast,
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λ‘œλ§ˆμ—¬ν–‰μΈ κ²ƒκΉŒμ§€ λ˜‘κ°™μ€λ°
11:58
but it doesn't include coffee in the morning?
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μ•„μΉ¨ 컀피가 ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄μš”?
12:01
If you want coffee, you have to pay for it yourself, it's two euros 50.
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컀피λ₯Ό λ§ˆμ‹œκ³  μ‹ΆμœΌλ©΄ 직접 λˆμ„ λ‚΄μ‹œλ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 2.50μœ λ‘œλ°–μ— μ•ˆλ˜μ£ .
12:04
(Laughter)
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그런데 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 보면,
12:05
Now in some ways,
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12:07
given that you can have Rome with coffee,
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컀피가 ν¬ν•¨λœ λ‘œλ§ˆμ—¬ν–‰μ„ 선택할 수 μžˆλŠ”λ°
12:09
why would you possibly want Rome without coffee?
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λ„λŒ€μ²΄ μ™œ 컀피가 빠진 λ‘œλ§ˆμ—¬ν–‰μ„ μ„ νƒν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
12:11
It's like having your car stolen. It's an inferior option.
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이건 μžλ™μ°¨ λ„λ‘‘λ§žλŠ” κ±°λ‚˜ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ—΄λ“±ν•œ 선택이죠.
12:15
But guess what happened?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚¬μ„κΉŒμš”? 컀피 μ—†λŠ” λ‘œλ§ˆμ—¬ν–‰μ„ μΆ”κ°€ν•˜λŠ” μˆœκ°„
12:16
The moment you add Rome without coffee,
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컀피 ν¬ν•¨λœ λ‘œλ§ˆμ—¬ν–‰μ˜ 인기가 μ˜€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ κ·Έκ±Έ μ„ νƒν•˜μ£ .
12:18
Rome with coffee becomes more popular, and people choose it.
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12:22
The fact that you have Rome without coffee
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컀피 μ—†λŠ” λ‘œλ§ˆμ—¬ν–‰μ„ 선택할 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀이
12:25
makes Rome with coffee look superior,
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컀피 ν¬ν•¨λœ λ‘œλ§ˆμ—¬ν–‰μ„ 더 μš°μ›”ν•˜κ²Œ 보이도둝 ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
12:27
and not just to Rome without coffee -- even superior to Paris.
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컀피 μ—†λŠ” λ‘œλ§ˆμ—¬ν–‰λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, νŒŒλ¦¬μ—¬ν–‰λ³΄λ‹€λ„ 더 μ’‹μ•„ 보이게 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:30
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
12:34
Here are two examples of this principle.
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이 원칙에 λŒ€ν•œ 두가지 사둀가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:36
This was an ad in The Economist a few years ago
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이것은 λͺ‡λ…„μ „ μ΄μ½”λ…Έλ―ΈμŠ€νŠΈμ§€μ˜ κ΄‘κ³ μΈλ°μš”.
12:39
that gave us three choices:
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세가지 쀑에 선택할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:41
an online subscription for 59 dollars,
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μ˜¨λΌμΈκ΅¬λ…μ— 59λ‹¬λŸ¬
12:44
a print subscription for 125 dollars,
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μΈμ‡„νŒ ꡬ독에 125λ‹¬λŸ¬
12:47
or you could get both for 125.
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λ˜λŠ” 두가지 λ‹€ κ΅¬λ…ν•˜λŠ”λ° 125λ‹¬λŸ¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:50
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
12:52
Now I looked at this, and I called up The Economist,
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이걸 보고 μ œκ°€ μ΄μ½”λ…Έλ―ΈμŠ€νŠΈμ— μ „ν™”λ₯Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:54
and I tried to figure out what they were thinking.
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λ„λŒ€μ²΄ 무슨 생각을 ν•˜λŠ” 건지 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄λ €κ³  ν–ˆμ£ 
12:57
And they passed me from one person to another to another,
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μ „ν™”λ₯Ό 이리저리 λŒλ¦¬λ”λ‹ˆ
13:00
until eventually I got to the person who was in charge of the website,
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결ꡭ은 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžλ₯Ό λ°”κΏ”μ£Όλ”κ΅°μš”.
13:04
and I called them up, and they went to check what was going on.
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λ‹€μ‹œ μ „ν™”λ₯Ό ν–ˆμ£ . μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 된 일인지 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κ² λ‹€λ”κ΅°μš”.
13:07
The next thing I know, the ad is gone, no explanation.
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” κ·Έ κ΄‘κ³ κ°€ μ‚¬λΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ„€λͺ…은 μ—†μ—ˆκ΅¬μš”.
13:11
So I decided to do the experiment
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•΄λ³΄κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:13
that I would have loved The Economist to do with me.
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μ΄μ½”λ…Έλ―ΈμŠ€νŠΈμ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ ν–ˆλ”λΌλ©΄ μ’‹μ•˜μ„ μ‹€ν—˜μΈλ°μš”.
13:16
I took this and I gave it to 100 MIT students.
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이 κ΄‘κ³ λ₯Ό 100λͺ…μ˜ MIT ν•™μƒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:18
I said, "What would you choose?"
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"뭘 κ³ λ₯΄κ² λƒ?"라고 λ¬Όμ–΄λ΄€μ£ .
13:20
These are the market shares -- most people wanted the combo deal.
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이것이 μ μœ μœ¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ '콀보'λ₯Ό μ›ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:24
Thankfully, nobody wanted the dominant option.
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κ³ λ§™κ²Œλ„ μ—΄λ“±ν•œ μ˜΅μ…˜μ„ μ„ νƒν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ ν•˜λ‚˜λ„ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:26
That means our students can read.
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우리 학생듀이 글은 읽을 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μ΄μ§€μš”.
13:28
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
13:29
But now, if you have an option that nobody wants,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 당신이 아무도 μ›ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 선택지λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
13:32
you can take it off, right?
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그건 μ œκ±°ν•  수 있겠죠. κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
13:34
So I printed another version of this,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” μ΄κ²ƒμ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 버전을 μΈμ‡„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:36
where I eliminated the middle option.
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쀑간에 μžˆλŠ” 선택지λ₯Ό μ œκ±°ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”.
13:38
I gave it to another 100 students. Here is what happened:
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이것을 λ‹€λ₯Έ 100λͺ…μ˜ ν•™μƒμ—κ²Œ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μ΄λ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:41
Now the most popular option became the least popular,
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κ°€μž₯ 있기 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 것이 κ°€μž₯ 인기 μ—†λŠ” 것이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:44
and the least popular became the most popular.
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κ°€μž₯ 인기 μ—†μ—ˆλ˜ 것이 κ°€μž₯ 인기 μžˆλŠ” 것이 λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
13:47
What was happening was the option that was useless,
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무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚œ 것이냐 ν•˜λ©΄, μ „ν˜€ μ“Έλͺ¨ μ—†λŠ” 쀑간 선택지가
13:51
in the middle, was useless in the sense that nobody wanted it.
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아무도 μ›ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œλŠ” μ“Έλͺ¨μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
13:55
But it wasn't useless in the sense that it helped people figure out
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 무엇을 μ›ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄μ„œλŠ”
μ“Έλͺ¨μ—†μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:58
what they wanted.
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13:59
In fact, relative to the option in the middle,
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사싀, μΈμ‡„νŒλ§Œ κ΅¬λ…ν•˜λŠ”λ° 125λ‹¬λŸ¬λΌλŠ”
14:02
which was get only the print for 125,
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쀑간에 있던 선택지에 λΉ„ν•˜λ©΄
14:06
the print and web for 125 looked like a fantastic deal.
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μΈμ‡„νŒμ— μ›ΉκΉŒμ§€ λ”ν•΄μ„œ 125λ‹¬λŸ¬λΌλŠ” 것을 ν™˜μƒμ μΈ 쑰건으둜 λ³΄μ˜€μ£ .
14:10
And as a consequence, people chose it.
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결과적으둜 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 그것을 μ„ νƒν–ˆλ˜ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:12
The general idea here, by the way,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은
14:14
is that we actually don't know our preferences that well.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 사싀 우리의 μ„ ν˜Έμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 잘 μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:16
And because we don't know our preferences that well,
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그리고, 우리의 μ„ ν˜Έμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 잘 λͺ¨λ₯΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ™ΈλΆ€μ„Έλ ₯의 영ν–₯λ ₯을 μ‰½κ²Œ λ°›μ•„λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:19
we're susceptible to all of these influences from the external forces:
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14:22
the defaults, the particular options that are presented to us, and so on.
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κΈ°λ³Έμ„€μ •, μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ λ³΄μ—¬μ§€λŠ” νŠΉμ •ν•œ 선택지듀, 그런 것듀 말이죠.
14:26
One more example of this.
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λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λ‘€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:28
People believe that when we deal with physical attraction,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 신체적인 맀λ ₯을 ν‰κ°€ν•˜λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
14:31
we see somebody, and we know immediately whether we like them or not,
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ 보면 κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 쒋은지 μ•„λ‹Œμ§€, λ˜λŠ” λŒλ¦¬λŠ”μ§€ μ•„λ‹Œμ§€
14:34
if we're attracted or not.
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μ¦‰μ‹œ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:36
This is why we have these four-minute dates.
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"4λΆ„ 데이트"λΌλŠ” 것이 μžˆλŠ” 것도 이런 믿음 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
14:38
So I decided to do this experiment with people.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이런 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•΄λ³΄κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:41
I'll show you images here, no real people, but the experiment was with people.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 이미지듀을 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ§„μ§œ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ‹€ν—˜μ€ μ§„μ§œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:45
I showed some people a picture of Tom, and a picture of Jerry.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ ν†°κ³Ό 제리의 사진을 λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:48
and I said, "Who do you want to date?
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ν†°κ³Ό 제리 쀑에 λˆ„κ΅¬μ™€ 데이트λ₯Ό ν•˜κ² λƒκ³  λ¬Όμ—ˆμ£ .
14:50
Tom or Jerry?"
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14:51
But for half the people, I added an ugly version of Jerry.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 절반의 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” λͺ»μƒκΈ΄ λ²„μ „μ˜ 제리λ₯Ό μΆ”κ°€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:55
I took Photoshop and I made Jerry slightly less attractive.
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ν¬ν† μƒ΅μœΌλ‘œ 제리λ₯Ό μ•½κ°„ λͺ»μƒκΈ°κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ 
15:00
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
15:01
For the other people, I added an ugly version of Tom.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” λͺ»μƒκΈ΄ λ²„μ „μ˜ 톰을 μΆ”κ°€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:05
And the question was, will ugly Jerry and ugly Tom
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κΆκΈˆν•œ 것은 λͺ»μƒκΈ΄ μ œλ¦¬λ‚˜ λͺ»μƒκΈ΄ 톰이 각자의 μž˜μƒκΈ΄ 버전을
15:08
help their respective, more attractive brothers?
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도와쀄 수 μžˆλƒλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:11
The answer was absolutely yes.
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λŒ€λ‹΅μ€ 'μ ˆλŒ€λ‘œ κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€'μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:14
When ugly Jerry was around, Jerry was popular.
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λͺ»μƒκΈ΄ μ œλ¦¬κ°€ 있으면, μ œλ¦¬κ°€ μΈκΈ°μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:16
When ugly Tom was around, Tom was popular.
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λͺ»μƒκΈ΄ 톰이 있으면 톰이 μΈκΈ°μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:18
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
15:20
This of course has two very clear implications
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—λŠ” μΌμƒμƒν™œμ— λŒ€ν•œ
15:22
for life in general.
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두가지 μ•„μ£Ό λͺ…ν™•ν•œ μ˜μ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:25
If you ever go bar-hopping, who do you want to take with you?
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μˆ λ§ˆμ‹œλŸ¬ 바에 κ°„λ‹€λ©΄ λˆ„κ΅¬μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ κ°€μ‹œκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
15:29
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
15:34
You want a slightly uglier version of yourself.
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자기 μžμ‹ μ˜ μ•½κ°„ λͺ»μƒκΈ΄ 버전을 데렀가셔야겠죠
15:38
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
15:40
Similar, but slightly uglier.
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ....λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•½κ°„ λͺ»μƒκΈ΄ μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œμš”.
15:42
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
15:43
The second point, or course, is that if somebody invites you to bar hop,
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” μ—­μ‹œ
λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ 당신을 데리고 κ°€λ € ν•œλ‹€λ©΄, κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 당신을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³΄λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠
15:47
you know what they think about you.
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15:49
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
15:52
Now you get it.
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이제 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ…¨κ΅°μš”.
15:54
What is the general point?
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μš”μ μ΄ λ­λΌκ΅¬μš”?
15:56
The general point is that,
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μš”μ μ€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ²½μ œν•™μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 생각할 λ•Œ
15:57
when we think about economics, we have this beautiful view of human nature.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 인간본성에 λŒ€ν•œ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ 관점을 가지고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:01
"What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason!"
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"인간은 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μœ„λŒ€ν•œ μž‘ν’ˆμΈκ°€! 이성은 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ κ³ κ²°ν•œκ°€!"
16:03
We have this view of ourselves, of others.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬μžμ‹ , 그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 이런 관점을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:06
The behavioral economics perspective is slightly less "generous" to people;
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ν–‰λ™κ²½μ œν•™μ˜ 관점은
μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ•½κ°„ 덜 κ΄€λŒ€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:11
in fact, in medical terms,
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사싀 μ˜ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 보면 이것이 우리의 κ΄€μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:13
that's our view.
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16:14
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
16:20
But there is a silver lining.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•½κ°„μ˜ 희망은 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:22
The silver lining is, I think,
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이 희망이, 제 μƒκ°μ—λŠ”
16:24
kind of the reason that behavioral economics is interesting and exciting.
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ν–‰λ™κ²½μ œν•™μ΄ ν₯λ―Έμ§„μ§„ν•œ 이유일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:28
Are we Superman, or are we Homer Simpson?
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μˆ˜νΌλ§¨μΈκ°€μš”? μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 호머 μ‹¬μŠ¨μΈκ°€μš”?
물리적인 세계λ₯Ό κ±΄μΆ•ν•˜λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄μ„œλŠ”
16:31
When it comes to building the physical world,
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16:34
we kind of understand our limitations.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 우리의 ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:36
We build steps.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 계단을 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이런 κ±Έ λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
16:37
And we build these things that not everybody can use, obviously.
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아무리 봐도 λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 것 같진 μ•Šκ΅°μš”.
16:40
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
16:42
We understand our limitations,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 우리의 ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:44
and we build around them.
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그리고 그것을 ν”Όν•΄μ„œ 건좕을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:46
But for some reason, when it comes to the mental world,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ–€ μ΄μœ μ—μ„œμΈμ§€ 심리적인 세계에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œλŠ”
16:48
when we design things like healthcare and retirement and stock markets,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ˜λ£Œμ œλ„, μ€ν‡΄κ³„νš, μ£Όμ‹μ‹œμž₯을 섀계할 λ•Œ
16:52
we somehow forget the idea that we are limited.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 된 일인지 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ ν•œκ³„κ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μžŠμ–΄λ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:54
I think that if we understood our cognitive limitations
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인지적 ν•œκ³„λŠ” 물리적 ν•œκ³„μ²˜λŸΌ λˆˆμ— 빀히 λ³΄μ΄μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŒμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
16:57
in the same way we understand our physical limitations,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 물리적 ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것과 λ˜‘κ°™μ΄
16:59
even though they don't stare us in the face the same way,
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우리의 인지적 ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 더 λ‚˜μ€ 세상을 섀계할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:02
we could design a better world, and that, I think,
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그것이 λ°”λ‘œ 이런 μΌλ“€μ˜ 희망이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:05
is the hope of this thing.
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17:06
Thank you very much.
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λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:08
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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