Robert Waldinger: What makes a good life? Lessons from the longest study on happiness | TED

26,774,368 views

2016-01-25 ใƒป TED


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Robert Waldinger: What makes a good life? Lessons from the longest study on happiness | TED

26,774,368 views ใƒป 2016-01-25

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
What keeps us healthy and happy
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ืžื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื
00:15
as we go through life?
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื?
00:18
If you were going to invest now
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
00:21
in your future best self,
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ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:23
where would you put your time and your energy?
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”?
00:27
There was a recent survey of millennials
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ื”ื™ื” ืกืงืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื ื™ืืœื™ื
00:29
asking them what their most important life goals were,
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ืฉืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
00:34
and over 80 percent said
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 80 ืื—ื•ื– ืืžืจื•
00:36
that a major life goal for them was to get rich.
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ืฉืžื˜ืจื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืชืขืฉืจ.
00:40
And another 50 percent of those same young adults
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ื• 50 ืื—ื•ื– ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืื•ืชื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
00:45
said that another major life goal
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ืืžืจื• ืฉืžื˜ืจื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
00:47
was to become famous.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื.
00:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:52
And we're constantly told to lean in to work, to push harder
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ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:58
and achieve more.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:00
We're given the impression that these are the things that we need to go after
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ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื”ื
01:04
in order to have a good life.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:06
Pictures of entire lives,
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ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื,
01:08
of the choices that people make and how those choices work out for them,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื.
01:13
those pictures are almost impossible to get.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื’ื”.
01:18
Most of what we know about human life
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ืจื•ื‘ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื
01:21
we know from asking people to remember the past,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
01:24
and as we know, hindsight is anything but 20/20.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืจืื™ื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
01:29
We forget vast amounts of what happens to us in life,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:33
and sometimes memory is downright creative.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™.
01:36
But what if we could watch entire lives
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื
01:41
as they unfold through time?
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ?
01:44
What if we could study people from the time that they were teenagers
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ืžื” ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืขืฉืจื”
01:48
all the way into old age
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ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ
01:50
to see what really keeps people happy and healthy?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื?
01:55
We did that.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
01:57
The Harvard Study of Adult Development
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
01:59
may be the longest study of adult life that's ever been done.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื ืขืฉื”.
02:05
For 75 years, we've tracked the lives of 724 men,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 75 ืฉื ื”, ืขืงื‘ื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 724 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื,
02:13
year after year, asking about their work, their home lives, their health,
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ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื”, ืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช , ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
02:17
and of course asking all along the way without knowing how their life stories
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
02:22
were going to turn out.
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ื™ืชื’ืœื’ืœ.
02:25
Studies like this are exceedingly rare.
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื”ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:28
Almost all projects of this kind fall apart within a decade
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื ืชื•ืš ืขืฉื•ืจ
02:33
because too many people drop out of the study,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ,
02:36
or funding for the research dries up,
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ืื• ืฉื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืžืชื™ื‘ืฉ,
02:39
or the researchers get distracted,
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ืื• ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ืกื—ื™ื,
02:41
or they die, and nobody moves the ball further down the field.
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ืื• ืžืชื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ.
02:46
But through a combination of luck
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื–ืœ
02:48
and the persistence of several generations of researchers,
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื,
02:52
this study has survived.
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืจื“.
02:54
About 60 of our original 724 men
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ื‘ืขืจืš 60 ืž 724 ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื
02:59
are still alive,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:00
still participating in the study,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ,
03:02
most of them in their 90s.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 90 ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
03:05
And we are now beginning to study
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
03:07
the more than 2,000 children of these men.
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ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 2,000 ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:11
And I'm the fourth director of the study.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ.
03:15
Since 1938, we've tracked the lives of two groups of men.
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ืžืื– 1938, ืขืงื‘ื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:20
The first group started in the study
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ
03:22
when they were sophomores at Harvard College.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืืจื•ื•ืจื“.
03:25
They all finished college during World War II,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ื™ื”,
03:27
and then most went off to serve in the war.
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ื•ืื– ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”.
03:31
And the second group that we've followed
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ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืขืงื‘ื ื• ืื—ืจื™ื”
03:33
was a group of boys from Boston's poorest neighborhoods,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
03:37
boys who were chosen for the study
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ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืžื—ืงืจ
03:39
specifically because they were from some of the most troubled
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช
03:43
and disadvantaged families
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ื•ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ื
03:44
in the Boston of the 1930s.
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ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20.
03:47
Most lived in tenements, many without hot and cold running water.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื.
03:54
When they entered the study,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžื—ืงืจ,
03:56
all of these teenagers were interviewed.
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ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืืœื” ืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื•.
03:59
They were given medical exams.
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ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช.
04:01
We went to their homes and we interviewed their parents.
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ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื.
04:05
And then these teenagers grew up into adults
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืืœื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
04:07
who entered all walks of life.
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ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:10
They became factory workers and lawyers and bricklayers and doctors,
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ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืคืขืœ ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ืื™ื ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื,
04:16
one President of the United States.
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ื ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
04:20
Some developed alcoholism. A few developed schizophrenia.
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ื›ืžื” ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื–ื. ื›ืžื” ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”.
04:25
Some climbed the social ladder
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ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคืกื• ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
04:27
from the bottom all the way to the very top,
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ืžื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ืœืžืขืœื”,
04:30
and some made that journey in the opposite direction.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš.
04:35
The founders of this study
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ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”
04:38
would never in their wildest dreams
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ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:40
have imagined that I would be standing here today, 75 years later,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืืขืžื•ื“ ืคื” ื”ื™ื•ื, 75 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:45
telling you that the study still continues.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ืš.
04:49
Every two years, our patient and dedicated research staff
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืกื‘ืœืŸ ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•
04:52
calls up our men and asks them if we can send them
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ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืฉื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื”ื
04:56
yet one more set of questions about their lives.
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ืกื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
05:00
Many of the inner city Boston men ask us,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•,
05:03
"Why do you keep wanting to study me? My life just isn't that interesting."
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"ืœืžื” ืืชื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื™? ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื."
05:08
The Harvard men never ask that question.
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ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืจื•ื•ืจื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
05:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:20
To get the clearest picture of these lives,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:23
we don't just send them questionnaires.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืœื”ื ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ื.
05:26
We interview them in their living rooms.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
05:29
We get their medical records from their doctors.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
05:32
We draw their blood, we scan their brains,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžื”ื ื“ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืจืงื™ื ืืช ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื”ื,
05:34
we talk to their children.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.
05:36
We videotape them talking with their wives about their deepest concerns.
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ืื ื• ืžืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
05:41
And when, about a decade ago, we finally asked the wives
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ื•ื›ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉื•ืจ, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื
05:45
if they would join us as members of the study,
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ืื ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื ื• ื›ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ,
05:47
many of the women said, "You know, it's about time."
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื•, "ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ."
05:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:51
So what have we learned?
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ืื– ืžื” ืœืžื“ื ื•?
05:53
What are the lessons that come from the tens of thousands of pages
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ืžื” ื”ืœืงื—ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื“ืคื™ื
05:58
of information that we've generated
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•
06:01
on these lives?
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
06:03
Well, the lessons aren't about wealth or fame or working harder and harder.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืœืงื—ื™ื ืœื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืขื•ืฉืจ ืื• ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:10
The clearest message that we get from this 75-year study is this:
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ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืŸ 75 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื”:
06:16
Good relationships keep us happier and healthier. Period.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
06:23
We've learned three big lessons about relationships.
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื.
06:26
The first is that social connections are really good for us,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื•,
06:30
and that loneliness kills.
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ื•ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื’ืช.
06:33
It turns out that people who are more socially connected
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:37
to family, to friends, to community,
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ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”,
06:40
are happier, they're physically healthier, and they live longer
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ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:45
than people who are less well connected.
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:48
And the experience of loneliness turns out to be toxic.
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื”.
06:51
People who are more isolated than they want to be from others
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
06:57
find that they are less happy,
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ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื,
07:00
their health declines earlier in midlife,
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจืช ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
07:03
their brain functioning declines sooner
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ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจืช ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:05
and they live shorter lives than people who are not lonely.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
07:10
And the sad fact is that at any given time,
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ,
07:13
more than one in five Americans will report that they're lonely.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื“ื•ื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
07:19
And we know that you can be lonely in a crowd
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ
07:21
and you can be lonely in a marriage,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื,
07:24
so the second big lesson that we learned
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ืื– ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
07:26
is that it's not just the number of friends you have,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื,
07:29
and it's not whether or not you're in a committed relationship,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืื ืืชื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืœื,
07:33
but it's the quality of your close relationships that matters.
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ืืœื ื–ื” ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืฉืžืฉื ื™ื.
07:38
It turns out that living in the midst of conflict is really bad for our health.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืจืข ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
07:43
High-conflict marriages, for example, without much affection,
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ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืขื ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื‘ื”,
07:47
turn out to be very bad for our health, perhaps worse than getting divorced.
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ื”ื ืจืขื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ.
07:53
And living in the midst of good, warm relationships is protective.
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืžื’ืŸ.
07:57
Once we had followed our men all the way into their 80s,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืขืงื‘ื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื” 80 ืฉืœื”ื,
08:01
we wanted to look back at them at midlife
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
08:04
and to see if we could predict
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช
08:05
who was going to grow into a happy, healthy octogenarian
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ืžื™ ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื— ื•ื‘ืจื™ื
08:09
and who wasn't.
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ื•ืžื™ ืœื.
08:11
And when we gathered together everything we knew about them
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ื•ื›ืฉืืกืคื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืืœื™ื”ื
08:15
at age 50,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 50,
08:18
it wasn't their middle age cholesterol levels
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
08:20
that predicted how they were going to grow old.
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ืฉืฆืคื• ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ื–ื“ืงื ื•.
08:23
It was how satisfied they were in their relationships.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
08:27
The people who were the most satisfied in their relationships at age 50
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 50
08:31
were the healthiest at age 80.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 80.
08:35
And good, close relationships seem to buffer us
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•
08:38
from some of the slings and arrows of getting old.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืงืœื™ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช.
08:42
Our most happily partnered men and women
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื
08:46
reported, in their 80s,
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
08:48
that on the days when they had more physical pain,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืื‘ ืคื™ื–ื™,
08:51
their mood stayed just as happy.
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ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื ืฉืืจ ืฉืžื—.
08:54
But the people who were in unhappy relationships,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื,
08:57
on the days when they reported more physical pain,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ื›ืื‘ ืคื™ื–ื™,
09:00
it was magnified by more emotional pain.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืื‘ ืจื’ืฉื™.
09:04
And the third big lesson that we learned about relationships and our health
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
09:08
is that good relationships don't just protect our bodies,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
09:12
they protect our brains.
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
09:14
It turns out that being in a securely attached relationship
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
09:19
to another person in your 80s is protective,
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ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื–ื” ืžื’ืŸ,
09:23
that the people who are in relationships
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ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื
09:25
where they really feel they can count on the other person in times of need,
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ ืฆื•ืจืš,
09:29
those people's memories stay sharper longer.
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ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:32
And the people in relationships
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื
09:34
where they feel they really can't count on the other one,
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจ,
09:37
those are the people who experience earlier memory decline.
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ืืœื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืื‘ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื.
09:42
And those good relationships, they don't have to be smooth all the time.
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ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื”ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
09:46
Some of our octogenarian couples could bicker with each other
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ื›ืžื” ืžื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™
09:49
day in and day out,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
09:51
but as long as they felt that they could really count on the other
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจ
09:54
when the going got tough,
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ื›ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:56
those arguments didn't take a toll on their memories.
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ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
10:01
So this message,
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ืื– ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื–ื”,
10:04
that good, close relationships are good for our health and well-being,
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ืฉื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
10:10
this is wisdom that's as old as the hills.
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ื–ื• ื—ื›ืžื” ืขืชื™ืงื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช.
10:13
Why is this so hard to get and so easy to ignore?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืœ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื–ื”?
10:17
Well, we're human.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
10:19
What we'd really like is a quick fix,
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื–ื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ,
10:21
something we can get
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ
10:23
that'll make our lives good and keep them that way.
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ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืš.
10:27
Relationships are messy and they're complicated
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ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื
10:30
and the hard work of tending to family and friends,
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
10:34
it's not sexy or glamorous.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืกืงืกื™ ื•ื–ื•ื”ืจ.
10:37
It's also lifelong. It never ends.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ.
10:40
The people in our 75-year study who were the happiest in retirement
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืŸ 75 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื”
10:45
were the people who had actively worked to replace workmates with new playmates.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:51
Just like the millennials in that recent survey,
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกืงืจ ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™,
10:54
many of our men when they were starting out as young adults
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื›ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
10:58
really believed that fame and wealth and high achievement
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ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืคืจืกื•ื ื•ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืฉื’ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื
11:02
were what they needed to go after to have a good life.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
11:06
But over and over, over these 75 years, our study has shown
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืžืฉืš 75 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืจืื”
11:10
that the people who fared the best were the people who leaned in to relationships,
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ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื˜ื• ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื,
11:16
with family, with friends, with community.
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ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืขื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช.
11:21
So what about you?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื™ืชื›ื?
11:23
Let's say you're 25, or you're 40, or you're 60.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ 25, ืื• ื‘ื ื™ 40, ืื• ืฉืืชื ื‘ื ื™ 60.
11:27
What might leaning in to relationships even look like?
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ืื™ืš ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืจืื™ืช?
11:31
Well, the possibilities are practically endless.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
11:35
It might be something as simple as replacing screen time with people time
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
11:41
or livening up a stale relationship by doing something new together,
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ืื• ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื‘ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื—ื“,
11:46
long walks or date nights,
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ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช,
11:49
or reaching out to that family member who you haven't spoken to in years,
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ืื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื ืื™ืชื• ืฉื ื™ื,
11:54
because those all-too-common family feuds
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื
11:57
take a terrible toll
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ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ื•ืจืื™
12:00
on the people who hold the grudges.
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื ื”.
12:04
I'd like to close with a quote from Mark Twain.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืžืืจืง ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
12:09
More than a century ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื”,
12:11
he was looking back on his life,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•,
12:14
and he wrote this:
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ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื–ื”:
12:16
"There isn't time, so brief is life,
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"ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฆืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
12:20
for bickerings, apologies, heartburnings, callings to account.
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ืœืจื™ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืื‘ื™ ืœื‘, ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
12:26
There is only time for loving,
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืœืื”ื‘ื”,
12:29
and but an instant, so to speak, for that."
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ื•ืจืง ืจื’ืข, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ืœื–ื”."
12:34
The good life is built with good relationships.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
12:39
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
12:40
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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