Aomawa Shields: How we'll find life on other planets | TED

113,799 views ใƒป 2016-01-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
I am in search of another planet in the universe where life exists.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
00:18
I can't see this planet with my naked eyes
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืขื ืขื™ื ื™ื™
00:21
or even with the most powerful telescopes
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื
00:23
we currently possess.
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ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•.
00:25
But I know that it's there.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื.
00:27
And understanding contradictions that occur in nature
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
00:31
will help us find it.
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ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื•.
00:33
On our planet,
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ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
00:34
where there's water, there's life.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:36
So we look for planets that orbit at just the right distance
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
00:39
from their stars.
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ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
00:42
At this distance,
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื–ื”,
00:43
shown in blue on this diagram for stars of different temperatures,
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ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
00:47
planets could be warm enough for water to flow on their surfaces
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ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืžื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
00:50
as lakes and oceans
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ื›ืื’ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
00:52
where life might reside.
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.
00:54
Some astronomers focus their time and energy on finding planets
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ื›ืžื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืžืžืžืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช
00:58
at these distances from their stars.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
01:00
What I do picks up where their job ends.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื ื’ืžืจืช.
01:03
I model the possible climates of exoplanets.
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ืื ื™ ืžืžื“ืœืช ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืกื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
01:07
And here's why that's important:
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘:
01:09
there are many factors besides distance from its star
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืžืจื—ืง ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘
01:12
that control whether a planet can support life.
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ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:16
Take the planet Venus.
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื ื•ื’ื”.
01:18
It's named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty,
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ืฉืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื•ืคื™,
01:22
because of its benign, ethereal appearance in the sky.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
01:26
But spacecraft measurements revealed a different story.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื”.
01:30
The surface temperature is close to 900 degrees Fahrenheit,
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœ 900 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื ื”ื™ื™ื˜,
01:34
500 Celsius.
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500 ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
01:36
That's hot enough to melt lead.
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื ืœื”ืžื™ืก ืขื•ืคืจืช.
01:39
Its thick atmosphere, not its distance from the sun, is the reason.
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ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ืฉืœื”, ืœื ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœื” ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”.
01:42
It causes a greenhouse effect on steroids,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืืคืงื˜ ื—ืžืžื” ืขืœ ืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื,
01:46
trapping heat from the sun and scorching the planet's surface.
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ืฉืœื•ื›ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื—ื•ืจืš ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
01:50
The reality totally contradicted initial perceptions of this planet.
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:55
From these lessons from our own solar system,
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ืžื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:58
we've learned that a planet's atmosphere
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื”
02:00
is crucial to its climate and potential to host life.
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ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื” ื•ืœืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:04
We don't know what the atmospheres of these planets are like
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
02:07
because the planets are so small and dim compared to their stars
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืขืžื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื”ืŸ
02:12
and so far away from us.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
02:14
For example, one of the closest planets that could support surface water --
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื—ืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— --
02:18
it's called Gliese 667 Cc --
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ื ืงืจืืช, ื’ืœื™ืก 667 Cc --
02:22
such a glamorous name, right, nice phone number for a name --
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ื›ื–ื” ืฉื ื ื•ืฆืฅ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื --
02:26
it's 23 light years away.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 23 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ.
02:29
So that's more than 100 trillion miles.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 160 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
02:32
Trying to measure the atmospheric composition
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™
02:35
of an exoplanet passing in front of its host star is hard.
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ืฉืœ ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื” ื–ื” ืงืฉื”.
02:39
It's like trying to see a fruit fly
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืช
02:41
passing in front of a car's headlight.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืœ ืคื ืก ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
02:44
OK, now imagine that car is 100 trillion miles away,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 160 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ,
02:47
and you want to know the precise color of that fly.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘.
02:52
So I use computer models
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
02:54
to calculate the kind of atmosphere a planet would need
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืคืœื ื˜ื” ืชืฆื˜ืจืš
02:57
to have a suitable climate for water and life.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืืงืœื™ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:01
Here's an artist's concept of the planet Kepler-62f,
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ื”ื ื” ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืงืคืœืจ 62f,
03:05
with the Earth for reference.
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ืขื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื™ื—ื•ืก.
03:07
It's 1,200 light years away,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 1,200 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ,
03:09
and just 40 percent larger than Earth.
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ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืจืง ื‘ 40 ืื—ื•ื–.
03:12
Our NSF-funded work found that it could be warm enough for open water
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”NSF ื”ืžืžื•ืžื ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืžื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื
03:16
from many types of atmospheres and orientations of its orbit.
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ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื”.
03:20
So I'd like future telescopes to follow up on this planet
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•
03:23
to look for signs of life.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:26
Ice on a planet's surface is also important for climate.
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ืงืจื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืงืœื™ื.
03:29
Ice absorbs longer, redder wavelengths of light,
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ืงืจื— ืกื•ืคื’ ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ,
03:33
and reflects shorter, bluer light.
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ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืงืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:35
That's why the iceberg in this photo looks so blue.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืจืื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
03:39
The redder light from the sun is absorbed on its way through the ice.
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ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ืกืคื’ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืงืจื—ื•ืŸ.
03:42
Only the blue light makes it all the way to the bottom.
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ืจืง ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช.
03:45
Then it gets reflected back to up to our eyes
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
03:48
and we see blue ice.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืงืจื— ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
03:50
My models show that planets orbiting cooler stars
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:53
could actually be warmer than planets orbiting hotter stars.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:56
There's another contradiction --
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ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ --
03:58
that ice absorbs the longer wavelength light from cooler stars,
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ื”ืงืจื— ืกื•ืคื’ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:02
and that light, that energy, heats the ice.
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ื•ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืžื—ืžืžืช ืืช ื”ืงืจื—.
04:06
Using climate models to explore
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
04:09
how these contradictions can affect planetary climate
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืืงืœื™ื ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™
04:12
is vital to the search for life elsewhere.
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:16
And it's no surprise that this is my specialty.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉื–ื• ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
04:19
I'm an African-American female astronomer
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ืื ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืคืจื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
04:22
and a classically trained actor
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ื•ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ืงืœืืกื™ืช
04:24
who loves to wear makeup and read fashion magazines,
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ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืฉื™ื ืื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืคื ื”,
04:28
so I am uniquely positioned to appreciate contradictions in nature --
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข --
04:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:34
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:38
... and how they can inform our search for the next planet where life exists.
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... ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
04:42
My organization, Rising Stargirls,
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ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ื ืขืจื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืœื•ืช,
04:45
teaches astronomy to middle-school girls of color,
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ืžืœืžื“ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
04:48
using theater, writing and visual art.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช.
04:52
That's another contradiction -- science and art don't often go together,
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ื–ื” ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ -- ืžื“ืข ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืœืจื•ื‘,
04:56
but interweaving them can help these girls bring their whole selves
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉื–ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœืŸ
05:00
to what they learn,
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ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช,
05:01
and maybe one day join the ranks of astronomers
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช
05:05
who are full of contradictions,
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ืฉืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื,
05:06
and use their backgrounds to discover, once and for all,
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืงืข ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื•ืœืชืžื™ื“,
05:10
that we are truly not alone in the universe.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
05:14
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
05:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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