Damon Horowitz: Philosophy in prison

166,600 views ใƒป 2011-11-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Meet Tony. He's my student.
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ืชื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื˜ื•ื ื™, ื”ื•ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืฉืœื™.
00:17
He's about my age,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™,
00:19
and he's in San Quentin State Prison.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœื ืกืืŸ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืŸ.
00:22
When Tony was 16 years old,
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ื›ืฉื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 16,
00:25
one day, one moment,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“,
00:28
"It was mom's gun.
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"ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืงื“ื— ืฉืœ ืืžื.
00:30
Just flash it, scare the guy. He's a punk.
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ืจืง ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื•, ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืคืจื—ื—.
00:32
He took some money; we'll take his money. That'll teach him.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืงืฆืช ื›ืกืฃ; ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื•. ื–ื” ื™ืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื•.
00:34
Then last minute, I'm thinking, 'Can't do this. This is wrong.'
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, 'ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘.'
00:37
My buddy says, 'C'mon, let's do this.'
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ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืื•ืžืจ, 'ื™ืืœืœื”, ื‘ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.'
00:39
I say, 'Let's do this.'"
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, 'ื‘ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.'"
00:44
And those three words, Tony's going to remember,
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ื•ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื˜ื•ื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ,
00:46
because the next thing he knows, he hears the pop.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืงื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืข ืงื•ืœ ื ืคืฅ.
00:48
There's the punk on the ground, puddle of blood.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”, ืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื.
00:50
And that's felony murder --
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ื•ื–ื” ืจืฆื— --
00:52
25 to life, parole at 50 if you're lucky,
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25 ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื—ื ื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 50 ืขื ืžื–ืœ,
00:54
and Tony's not feeling very lucky.
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ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ.
00:57
So when we meet in my philosophy class in his prison
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœื
01:00
and I say, "In this class, we will discuss the foundations of ethics,"
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, "ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื–ื•, ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืชื™ืงื”,"
01:04
Tony interrupts me.
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ื˜ื•ื ื™ ืงื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืชื™.
01:06
"What are you going to teach me about right and wrong?
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"ืžื” ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข?
01:08
I know what is wrong. I have done wrong.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื.
01:11
I am told every day,
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ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
01:13
by every face I see, every wall I face, that I am wrong.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื”, ื›ืœ ืงื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืœื™, ืฉื˜ืขื™ืชื™.
01:16
If I ever get out of here, there will always be a mark by my name.
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ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืืฆื ืžืคื”, ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืฉืžื™.
01:19
I'm a convict; I am branded 'wrong.'
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ืื ื™ ืืกื™ืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืข; ืื ื™ ืžืชื•ื™ื™ื’ 'ืจืข.'
01:21
What are you going to tell me about right and wrong?"
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ืžื” ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข?"
01:24
So I say to Tony,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื˜ื•ื ื™,
01:27
"Sorry, but it's worse than you think.
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"ืกืœื™ื—ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
01:30
You think you know right and wrong?
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ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืข?
01:32
Then can you tell me what wrong is?
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ืื– ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื™ ืžื” ืจืข?
01:34
No, don't just give me an example.
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ืœื, ืืœ ืชื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
01:36
I want to know about wrongness itself, the idea of wrong.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืข ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืข.
01:39
What is that idea?
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ืžื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”?
01:41
What makes something wrong?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืจืข?
01:43
How do we know that it's wrong? Maybe you and I disagree.
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืจืข? ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ื•ืืชื” ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื.
01:46
Maybe one of us is wrong about the wrong.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื•ืข.
01:48
Maybe it's you, maybe it's me -- but we're not here to trade opinions;
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืืชื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืื ื™ -- ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื“ืขื•ืช;
01:50
everyone's got an opinion.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื”.
01:52
We are here for knowledge.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข.
01:54
Our enemy is thoughtlessness. This is philosophy."
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ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ื–ื• ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”."
01:58
And something changes for Tony.
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื ื™.
02:03
"Could be I'm wrong. I'm tired of being wrong.
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"ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื”. ืื ื™ ืขื™ื™ืฃ ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขื”.
02:06
I want to know what is wrong.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืจืข.
02:08
I want to know what I know."
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข."
02:10
What Tony sees in that moment is the project of philosophy,
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ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ื–ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”,
02:13
the project that begins in wonder --
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืคืœื™ืื” --
02:15
what Kant called "admiration and awe
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ืžื” ืฉืงืื ื˜ ืงืจื ืœื• "ื”ืขืจืฆื” ื•ืคืœื™ืื”
02:17
at the starry sky above and the moral law within."
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ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื."
02:20
What can creatures like us know of such things?
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ืžื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื›ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื?
02:22
It is the project that always takes us back to the condition of existence --
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื --
02:25
what Heidegger called "the always already there."
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื“ื’ืจ ืงืจื ืœื• "ื”ืฉื ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ื›ืŸ."
02:28
It is the project of questioning what we believe and why we believe it --
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืง ื‘ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” --
02:31
what Socrates called "the examined life."
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ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ืงืจื ืœื–ื” "ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื."
02:33
Socrates, a man wise enough to know that he knows nothing.
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ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก, ืื™ืฉ ื—ื›ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืœื•ื.
02:36
Socrates died in prison,
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ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœื,
02:39
his philosophy intact.
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ื›ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉืœืžื”.
02:42
So Tony starts doing his homework.
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ืื– ื˜ื•ื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
02:44
He learns his whys and wherefores, his causes and correlations,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื”ืœืžื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื•, ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชืืžื™ื,
02:46
his logic, his fallacies.
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ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
02:48
Turns out, Tony's got the philosophy muscle.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.
02:50
His body is in prison, but his mind is free.
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ื’ื•ืคื• ื‘ื›ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ื—ื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื™.
02:52
Tony learns about the ontologically promiscuous,
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ื˜ื•ื ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™,
02:54
the epistemologically anxious,
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ื”ื—ืจื“ ื”ืืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
02:56
the ethically dubious, the metaphysically ridiculous.
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ื”ืžืคื•ืงืคืง ืืชื™ืช, ื”ืžื’ื•ื—ืš ืžื˜ืืคื™ืกื™ืช.
02:59
That's Plato, Descartes, Nietzsche
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื“ืงืืจื˜, ื ื™ื˜ืฉื”
03:01
and Bill Clinton.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ.
03:03
So when he gives me his final paper,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื•,
03:06
in which he argues that the categorical imperative
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ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื• ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™
03:08
is perhaps too uncompromising
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืคืฉืจ
03:10
to deal with the conflict that affects our everyday
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ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•
03:12
and challenges me to tell him
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ื•ืžืืชื’ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื•
03:14
whether therefore we are condemned to moral failure,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™,
03:16
I say, "I don't know.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข.
03:18
Let us think about that."
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ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”."
03:20
Because in that moment, there's no mark by Tony's name;
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื”ื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื ื™;
03:22
it's just the two of us standing there.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื.
03:24
It is not professor and convict,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื•ืืกื™ืจ,
03:26
it is just two minds ready to do philosophy.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.
03:28
And I say to Tony,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื˜ื•ื ื™,
03:30
"Let's do this."
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"ื‘ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”!"
03:33
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
03:35
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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