Hans Rosling: Global population growth, box by box

1,707,053 views ・ 2010-07-09

TED


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Prevoditelj: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG Recezent: Predrag Pale
00:16
I still remember the day in school
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Još uvijek se sjećam dana u školi
00:18
when our teacher told us
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kada nam je učiteljica rekla
00:21
that the world population had become
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da je svjetska populacija dostigla
00:23
three billion people,
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tri milijarde ljudi.
00:25
and that was in 1960.
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A to je bilo 1960.
00:29
I'm going to talk now about
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A ja ću sada govoriti o
00:31
how world population has changed from that year
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tome kako se svjetska populacija mijenjala od te godine
00:33
and into the future,
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pa sve do u budućnost.
00:35
but I will not use digital technology,
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Ali neću koristiti digitalnu tehnologiju
00:38
as I've done during my first five TEDTalks.
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kao što sam radio u svojih prvih pet TED govora.
00:41
Instead, I have progressed,
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Umjesto toga, ja sam napredovao.
00:44
and I am, today, launching
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I ja, danas, objavljujem
00:46
a brand new analog teaching technology
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sasvim novu analognu tehnologiju za poučavanje
00:49
that I picked up from IKEA:
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koji sam našao u IKEA-i:
00:51
this box.
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ovu kutiju.
00:53
This box contains one billion people.
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Ova kutija sadrži jednu milijardu ljudi.
00:55
And our teacher told us
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A naša učiteljica nam je rekla
00:57
that the industrialized world, 1960,
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da je industrijalizirani svijet, 1960.,
01:00
had one billion people.
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imao jednu milijardu ljudi.
01:02
In the developing world, she said,
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A svijet u razvoju, rekla je,
01:04
they had two billion people.
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ima dvije milijarde ljudi.
01:06
And they lived away then.
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I oni su onda živjeli daleko.
01:08
There was a big gap between
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Bio je veliki jaz između
01:10
the one billion in the industrialized world
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jedne milijarde industrijaliziranog svijeta
01:12
and the two billion in the developing world.
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i dvije milijarde svijeta u razvoju.
01:15
In the industrialized world,
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U industrijaliziranom svijetu,
01:17
people were healthy,
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ljudi su bili zdravi,
01:19
educated, rich,
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obrazovani, bogati,
01:21
and they had small families.
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i imali su male obitelji.
01:23
And their aspiration
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A njihova ambicija
01:25
was to buy a car.
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je bila kupiti automobil.
01:27
And in 1960, all Swedes were saving
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I u 1960-im svi Šveđani su štedjeli
01:30
to try to buy a Volvo like this.
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kako bi mogli kupiti Volvo poput ovog.
01:33
This was the economic level at which Sweden was.
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To je bila ekonomska razina na kojoj se nalazila Švedska.
01:36
But in contrast to this,
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A u suprotnosti s time,
01:38
in the developing world, far away,
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u svijetu u razvoju, negdje daleko,
01:40
the aspiration of the average family there
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ambicija prosječne obitelji
01:43
was to have food for the day.
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je bila da se prehrane taj dan.
01:46
They were saving
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I oni su štedjeli
01:48
to be able to buy a pair of shoes.
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kako bi mogli kupiti par cipela.
01:51
There was an enormous gap in the world
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Postojao je enorman jaz u svijetu
01:53
when I grew up.
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kada sam ja odrastao.
01:55
And this gap between the West and the rest
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A taj jaz između Zapada i ostatka svijeta
01:58
has created a mindset of the world,
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je stvarao mentalni sklop svijeta
02:01
which we still use linguistically
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koji još lingvistički koristimo
02:03
when we talk about "the West"
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kada govorimo o "Zapadu"
02:05
and "the Developing World."
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i "Svijetu u razvoju".
02:07
But the world has changed,
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Ali svijet se promijenio,
02:09
and it's overdue to upgrade that mindset
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i odavno je trebalo promijeniti taj mentalni sklop,
02:12
and that taxonomy of the world, and to understand it.
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tu klasifikaciju svijeta, i razumjeti ga kakav je sada.
02:15
And that's what I'm going to show you,
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A to je ono što ću vam pokazati.
02:17
because since 1960
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Jer od 1960.
02:20
what has happened in the world up to 2010
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ono što se do 2010. dogodilo svijetu
02:23
is that a staggering
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jest da je vrtoglavih
02:25
four billion people
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četiri milijarde ljudi
02:27
have been added to the world population.
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dodano svijetskoj populaciji.
02:29
Just look how many.
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Pogledajte samo koliko.
02:31
The world population has doubled
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Svjetska populacija se udvostručila
02:33
since I went to school.
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od kada sam ja išao u školu.
02:37
And of course, there's been economic growth in the West.
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I naravno, na Zapadu se dogodio ekonomski rast.
02:40
A lot of companies have happened to grow the economy,
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Veliki broj poduzeća je pomogao rastu gospodarstva,
02:43
so the Western population moved over to here.
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tako se populacija sa zapada pomaknula ovdje.
02:46
And now their aspiration is not only to have a car.
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I sada njihova ambicija nije da samo imaju automobil.
02:49
Now they want to have a holiday on a very remote destination
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Sada žele provesti praznike negdje daleko
02:52
and they want to fly.
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i žele tamo letjeti.
02:54
So this is where they are today.
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Evo gdje su danas.
02:56
And the most successful of the developing countries,
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A najuspješnije zemlje u razvoju,
02:59
they have moved on, you know,
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su se pomaknule, također.
03:01
and they have become emerging economies, we call them.
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Zovemo ih "nova, rastuća gospodarstva".
03:04
They are now buying cars.
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I sada oni kupuju automobile.
03:06
And what happened a month ago
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I ono što se dogodilo prije mjesec dana
03:08
was that the Chinese company, Geely,
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jest da je kineska kompanija, Geely,
03:10
they acquired the Volvo company,
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preuzela kompaniju Volvo.
03:13
and then finally the Swedes understood that
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I konačno su Šveđani shvatili da
03:15
something big had happened in the world.
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se nešto veliko događa u svijetu.
03:17
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:20
So there they are.
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Eto tu su oni.
03:22
And the tragedy is that the two billion over here
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I tragedija je što se dvije milijarde ovih ovdje
03:25
that is struggling for food and shoes,
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[još uvijek] bori za hranu i cipele,
03:28
they are still almost as poor
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oni su gotovo jednako siromišni
03:30
as they were 50 years ago.
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kao što su bili prije 50 godina.
03:32
The new thing is that
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Nova stvar je da
03:34
we have the biggest pile of billions, the three billions here,
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imamo najveću gomilu milijardi, tri milijarde ovdje,
03:37
which are also becoming emerging economies,
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koji također postaju ekonomije u razvoju,
03:40
because they are quite healthy, relatively well-educated,
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jer su prilično zdravi, relativno dobro obrazovani,
03:43
and they already also have two to three children
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i oni jednako tako imaju dvoje ili troje djece
03:45
per woman, as those [richer also] have.
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po ženi, kao i oni bogatiji.
03:48
And their aspiration now
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I njihova ambicija sada
03:50
is, of course, to buy a bicycle,
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je, naravno, kupiti bicikl,
03:53
and then later on they would like to have a motorbike also.
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a onda bi kasnije željeli imati i motor, također.
03:56
But this is the world
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Ali to je svijet
03:59
we have today,
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koji imamo danas.
04:01
no longer any gap.
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Nema više jazova.
04:03
But the distance from the poorest here, the very poorest,
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Ali je razlika između siromašnih ovdje, najsiromašnijih,
04:06
to the very richest over here is wider than ever.
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do najbogatijih ovdje, veća nego ikada.
04:09
But there is a continuous world
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Međutim postoji kontinuitet u svijetu
04:11
from walking, biking,
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od hodanja, vožnje biciklom,
04:13
driving, flying --
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voženje automobilom do letenja --
04:15
there are people on all levels,
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postoje ljudi na svim razinama.
04:17
and most people tend to be somewhere in the middle.
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A većina ljudi je negdje u sredini.
04:21
This is the new world we have today
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Ovo je novi svijet kakav imamo danas
04:23
in 2010.
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u 2010.
04:26
And what will happen in the future?
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A što će se dogoditi u budućnosti?
04:30
Well, I'm going to project
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Pokušati ću predvidjeti
04:32
into 2050.
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do 2050.
04:34
I was in Shanghai recently,
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Bio sam u Šangaju nedavno.
04:37
and I listened to what's happening in China,
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I slušao sam što se događa u Kini.
04:39
and it's pretty sure that they will catch up,
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I prilično je sigurno kako će nas sustignuti,
04:42
just as Japan did.
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kao što je i Japan učinio.
04:44
All the projections [say that] this one [billion] will [only] grow with
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Sve projekcije kažu da će ovi ovdje rasti samo
04:46
one to two or three percent.
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jedan do dva ili tri posto.
04:48
[But this second] grows with seven, eight percent, and then they will end up here.
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Ali ovi drugi rastu sa sedam, osam posto. I onda će oni završiti ovdje.
04:51
They will start flying.
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Oni će početi letjeti.
04:53
And these
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A ove
04:55
lower or middle income countries, the emerging income countries,
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zemlje s nižim ili srednjim primanjima, zemlje u razvoju,
04:58
they will also forge forwards economically.
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one će također krenuti ekonomski naprijed.
05:01
And if,
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I ako,
05:03
but only if,
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ali samo ako,
05:05
we invest in the right green technology --
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investiramo u prave zelene tehnologije --
05:08
so that we can avoid severe climate change,
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tako da izbjegnemo ozbiljne klimatske promjene,
05:10
and energy can still be relatively cheap --
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i da energija može biti još uvijek relativno jeftina --
05:13
then they will move all the way up here.
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onda će se oni pomaknuti skroz ovamo.
05:16
And they will start to buy
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I oni će početi kupovati
05:18
electric cars.
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električne automobile.
05:20
This is what we will find there.
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To ćemo pronaći ovdje.
05:23
So what about the poorest two billion?
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A što je s najsiromašnije dvije milijarde?
05:25
What about the poorest two billion here?
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Što je s najsiromašnije dvije milijarde ovdje?
05:28
Will they move on?
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Hoće li se pomaknuti?
05:30
Well, here population [growth] comes in
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Ovdje je rast stanovništva
05:32
because there [among emerging economies] we already have two to three children per woman,
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jer tu [među ekonomijama u razvoju] već imamo samo dvoje do troje djece po ženi,
05:35
family planning is widely used,
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planiranje obitelji se naširoko koristi,
05:37
and population growth is coming to an end.
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i populacijski rast dolazi svom kraju.
05:39
Here [among the poorest], population is growing.
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[Ali ovdje među najsiromašnijima], populacija raste.
05:42
So these [poorest] two billion will, in the next decades,
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Tako će se ove [najsiromašnije] dvije milijarde, u slijedeća dva desetljeća,
05:45
increase to three billion,
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povećati na tri milijarde.
05:47
and they will thereafter
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I onda će se nakon toga
05:49
increase to four billion.
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povećati na četiri milijarde.
05:51
There is nothing --
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Ne postoji ništa --
05:53
but a nuclear war of a kind we've never seen --
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osim nuklearnog rata kakvog svijet još nije vidjeo --
05:56
that can stop this [growth] from happening.
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što može zaustaviti taj rast.
05:59
Because we already have this [growth] in process.
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Jer taj rast već imamo u procesu.
06:02
But if, and only if,
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Ali ako, i jedino ako,
06:04
[the poorest] get out of poverty,
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najsiromašniji izađu iz siromaštva,
06:06
they get education, they get improved child survival,
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dobiju obrazovanje, smanje smrtnost djece,
06:08
they can buy a bicycle and a cell phone and come [to live] here,
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mogu kupiti bicikl i mobitel i doći [živjeti] ovdje,
06:11
then population growth
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onda će rast stanovništva
06:13
will stop in 2050.
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stati 2050.
06:16
We cannot have people on this level
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Ne možemo imati ljude na ovoj razini
06:18
looking for food and shoes
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koji traže hranu i cipele,
06:20
because then we get continued population growth.
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jer ćemo onda imati stalan rast populacije.
06:23
And let me show you why
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I dozvolite da vam pokažem zašto
06:25
by converting back to the old-time
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korištenjem starinske
06:28
digital technology.
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digitalne tehnologije.
06:30
Here I have on the screen
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Ovdje na ekranu imam
06:32
my country bubbles.
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svoje balone zemalja.
06:34
Every bubble is a country. The size is population.
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Svaki balon je zemlja. Veličina je broj stanovnika.
06:36
The colors show the continent.
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Boje pokazuju kontinente.
06:38
The yellow on there is the Americas;
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Žuta predstavlja Amerike;
06:40
dark blue is Africa; brown is Europe;
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tamno plava Afriku; smeđa je Europa;
06:42
green is the Middle East
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zelena Bliski Istok;
06:45
and this light blue is South Asia.
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a ova svijetlo plava je Južna Azija.
06:47
That's India and this is China. Size is population.
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Ovo je Indija, a ovo je Kina. Veličina je populacija.
06:49
Here I have children per woman:
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Ovdje imam broj djece po ženi,
06:52
two children, four children, six children, eight children --
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dvoje djece, četvero djece, šestero djece, osmero djece --
06:54
big families, small families.
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velike obitelji [nasuprot] malih obitelji.
06:57
The year is 1960.
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Godina je 1960.
06:59
And down here, child survival,
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I ovdje dolje, preživljavanje djece,
07:01
the percentage of children surviving childhood
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postotak djece koja prežive djetinjstvo
07:03
up to starting school:
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do početka škole.
07:05
60 percent, 70 percent, 80 percent, 90,
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60%, 70%, 80%, 90,
07:08
and almost 100 percent, as we have today
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i gotovo 100%, kao što imamo danas
07:10
in the wealthiest and healthiest countries.
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u najbogatijim i najzdravijim zemljama.
07:12
But look, this is the world my teacher talked about in 1960:
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Ali pogledajte, ovo je svijet o kojem je moj učitelj pričao 1960.
07:15
one billion Western world here --
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Jedna milijarda zapadnjaka ovdje,
07:18
high child-survival, small families --
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visoko preživljavanje djece, male obitelji.
07:21
and all the rest,
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I svi ostali,
07:23
the rainbow of developing countries,
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duga zemalja u razvoju,
07:25
with very large families
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s velikim obiteljima
07:27
and poor child survival.
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i slabim preživljavanjem djece.
07:29
What has happened? I start the world. Here we go.
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Što se dogodilo? Pokrećem svijet. Idemo.
07:32
Can you see, as the years pass by, child survival is increasing?
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Možete li vidjeti, kako godine prolaze, preživljavanje djece se povećava?
07:35
They get soap, hygiene, education,
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Oni dobivaju sapun, higijenu, obrazovanje,
07:37
vaccination, penicillin
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cijepljenje i penicilin.
07:39
and then family planning. Family size is decreasing.
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I onda planiranje obitelji. Veličina obitelji se smanjuje.
07:42
[When] they get up to 90-percent child survival, then families decrease,
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Kad dođu do 90% preživljavanja djece, obitelji se počnu smanjivati.
07:45
and most of the Arab countries in the Middle East
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I većina arapskih zemlja na Bliskom Istoku
07:47
is falling down there [to small families].
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pada ovdje dolje [do malenih obitelji].
07:49
Look, Bangladesh catching up with India.
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Pogledajte, Bangladeš sustiže Indiju.
07:51
The whole emerging world
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[Sve] rastuće ekonomije [u] svijetu
07:54
joins the Western world
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pridružuju se zapadnom svijetu
07:56
with good child survival
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s dobrom stopom djece koja preživljavaju
07:58
and small family size,
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i malim obiteljima.
08:00
but we still have the poorest billion.
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Ali još uvijek imamo najsiromašniju milijardu.
08:02
Can you see the poorest billion,
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Vidite li najsiromašniju milijardu,
08:04
those [two] boxes I had over here?
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ove [dvije] kutije koje sam imao ovdje?
08:07
They are still up here.
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Oni su još uvijek ovdje gore.
08:09
And they still have a child survival
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I oni još uvijek imaju stopu preživljavanja djece
08:11
of only 70 to 80 percent,
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od samo 70 do 80%,
08:13
meaning that if you have six children born,
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što znači da ako rodite šestero djece,
08:15
there will be at least four who survive
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najmanje četvero će preživjeti
08:17
to the next generation.
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do slijedeće generacije.
08:19
And the population will double in one generation.
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A populacija će se udvostručiti unutar jedne generacije.
08:22
So the only way
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Tako je jedini način
08:24
of really getting world population [growth] to stop
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za zaustavljanje rasta svjetskog stanovništva
08:27
is to continue to improve child survival
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kontinuirano poboljšavanje stope preživljavanja djece
08:29
to 90 percent.
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do 90%.
08:31
That's why investments by Gates Foundation,
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Zato su [zdravstvene] investicije fondacije Gates,
08:33
UNICEF and aid organizations,
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UNICEF-a i drugih organizacija za pomoć,
08:35
together with national government in the poorest countries,
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zajedno s nacionalnim vladama najsiromašnijih zemalja,
08:37
are so good;
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tako dobre.
08:39
because they are actually
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Jer one nam u stvari
08:41
helping us to reach
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pomažu dosegnuti
08:43
a sustainable population size of the world.
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održivu veličinu svjetske populacije.
08:45
We can stop at nine billion if we do the right things.
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Možemo se zaustaviti na devet milijardi ako napravimo prave stvari.
08:48
Child survival is the new green.
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Preživljavanje djece je nova obveza.
08:51
It's only by child survival
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Jedino kroz preživljavanje djece
08:53
that we will stop population growth.
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zaustaviti ćemo rast populacije.
08:56
And will it happen?
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A hoće li se dogoditi?
08:58
Well, I'm not an optimist,
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Ja nisam optimist,
09:01
neither am I a pessimist.
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niti sam pesimist.
09:03
I'm a very serious "possibilist."
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Ja sam jako ozbiljni "mogućnoist".
09:06
It's a new category where we take emotion apart,
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To je nova kategorija u kojoj emocije stavljamo po strani,
09:09
and we just work analytically with the world.
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i jednostavno analitički pristupamo svijetu.
09:11
It can be done.
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Može se napraviti.
09:14
We can have a much more just world.
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Možemo imati puno pravedniji svijet.
09:17
With green technology
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Sa zelenim tehnologijama
09:19
and with investments to alleviate poverty,
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i investicijama koje iskorjenjuju siromaštvo,
09:21
and global governance,
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i s dobrim globalnim vladanjem,
09:23
the world can become like this.
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svijet može postati ovakav.
09:25
And look at the position of the old West.
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I pogledajte položaj starog Zapada.
09:28
Remember when this blue box was all alone,
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Sjetite se kad je ova plava kutija bila sama,
09:31
leading the world, living its own life.
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vodeći svijet, živeći vlastiti život.
09:34
This will not happen [again].
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To se neće ponoviti.
09:36
The role of the old West in the new world
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Uloga starog Zapada u novom svijetu
09:39
is to become the foundation
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jest da postane temeljem
09:41
of the modern world --
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modernog svijeta --
09:43
nothing more, nothing less.
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ništa više, ništa manje.
09:45
But it's a very important role.
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Ali to je jako važna uloga.
09:47
Do it well and get used to it.
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Radite je dobro i naviknite se na nju.
09:49
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
09:51
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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