Hans Rosling: Global population growth, box by box

1,714,404 views ・ 2010-07-09

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG Recezent: Predrag Pale
00:16
I still remember the day in school
0
16260
2000
Još uvijek se sjećam dana u školi
00:18
when our teacher told us
1
18260
3000
kada nam je učiteljica rekla
00:21
that the world population had become
2
21260
2000
da je svjetska populacija dostigla
00:23
three billion people,
3
23260
2000
tri milijarde ljudi.
00:25
and that was in 1960.
4
25260
3000
A to je bilo 1960.
00:29
I'm going to talk now about
5
29260
2000
A ja ću sada govoriti o
00:31
how world population has changed from that year
6
31260
2000
tome kako se svjetska populacija mijenjala od te godine
00:33
and into the future,
7
33260
2000
pa sve do u budućnost.
00:35
but I will not use digital technology,
8
35260
3000
Ali neću koristiti digitalnu tehnologiju
00:38
as I've done during my first five TEDTalks.
9
38260
3000
kao što sam radio u svojih prvih pet TED govora.
00:41
Instead, I have progressed,
10
41260
3000
Umjesto toga, ja sam napredovao.
00:44
and I am, today, launching
11
44260
2000
I ja, danas, objavljujem
00:46
a brand new analog teaching technology
12
46260
3000
sasvim novu analognu tehnologiju za poučavanje
00:49
that I picked up from IKEA:
13
49260
2000
koji sam našao u IKEA-i:
00:51
this box.
14
51260
2000
ovu kutiju.
00:53
This box contains one billion people.
15
53260
2000
Ova kutija sadrži jednu milijardu ljudi.
00:55
And our teacher told us
16
55260
2000
A naša učiteljica nam je rekla
00:57
that the industrialized world, 1960,
17
57260
3000
da je industrijalizirani svijet, 1960.,
01:00
had one billion people.
18
60260
2000
imao jednu milijardu ljudi.
01:02
In the developing world, she said,
19
62260
2000
A svijet u razvoju, rekla je,
01:04
they had two billion people.
20
64260
2000
ima dvije milijarde ljudi.
01:06
And they lived away then.
21
66260
2000
I oni su onda živjeli daleko.
01:08
There was a big gap between
22
68260
2000
Bio je veliki jaz između
01:10
the one billion in the industrialized world
23
70260
2000
jedne milijarde industrijaliziranog svijeta
01:12
and the two billion in the developing world.
24
72260
3000
i dvije milijarde svijeta u razvoju.
01:15
In the industrialized world,
25
75260
2000
U industrijaliziranom svijetu,
01:17
people were healthy,
26
77260
2000
ljudi su bili zdravi,
01:19
educated, rich,
27
79260
2000
obrazovani, bogati,
01:21
and they had small families.
28
81260
2000
i imali su male obitelji.
01:23
And their aspiration
29
83260
2000
A njihova ambicija
01:25
was to buy a car.
30
85260
2000
je bila kupiti automobil.
01:27
And in 1960, all Swedes were saving
31
87260
3000
I u 1960-im svi Šveđani su štedjeli
01:30
to try to buy a Volvo like this.
32
90260
3000
kako bi mogli kupiti Volvo poput ovog.
01:33
This was the economic level at which Sweden was.
33
93260
3000
To je bila ekonomska razina na kojoj se nalazila Švedska.
01:36
But in contrast to this,
34
96260
2000
A u suprotnosti s time,
01:38
in the developing world, far away,
35
98260
2000
u svijetu u razvoju, negdje daleko,
01:40
the aspiration of the average family there
36
100260
3000
ambicija prosječne obitelji
01:43
was to have food for the day.
37
103260
3000
je bila da se prehrane taj dan.
01:46
They were saving
38
106260
2000
I oni su štedjeli
01:48
to be able to buy a pair of shoes.
39
108260
3000
kako bi mogli kupiti par cipela.
01:51
There was an enormous gap in the world
40
111260
2000
Postojao je enorman jaz u svijetu
01:53
when I grew up.
41
113260
2000
kada sam ja odrastao.
01:55
And this gap between the West and the rest
42
115260
3000
A taj jaz između Zapada i ostatka svijeta
01:58
has created a mindset of the world,
43
118260
3000
je stvarao mentalni sklop svijeta
02:01
which we still use linguistically
44
121260
2000
koji još lingvistički koristimo
02:03
when we talk about "the West"
45
123260
2000
kada govorimo o "Zapadu"
02:05
and "the Developing World."
46
125260
2000
i "Svijetu u razvoju".
02:07
But the world has changed,
47
127260
2000
Ali svijet se promijenio,
02:09
and it's overdue to upgrade that mindset
48
129260
3000
i odavno je trebalo promijeniti taj mentalni sklop,
02:12
and that taxonomy of the world, and to understand it.
49
132260
3000
tu klasifikaciju svijeta, i razumjeti ga kakav je sada.
02:15
And that's what I'm going to show you,
50
135260
2000
A to je ono što ću vam pokazati.
02:17
because since 1960
51
137260
3000
Jer od 1960.
02:20
what has happened in the world up to 2010
52
140260
3000
ono što se do 2010. dogodilo svijetu
02:23
is that a staggering
53
143260
2000
jest da je vrtoglavih
02:25
four billion people
54
145260
2000
četiri milijarde ljudi
02:27
have been added to the world population.
55
147260
2000
dodano svijetskoj populaciji.
02:29
Just look how many.
56
149260
2000
Pogledajte samo koliko.
02:31
The world population has doubled
57
151260
2000
Svjetska populacija se udvostručila
02:33
since I went to school.
58
153260
2000
od kada sam ja išao u školu.
02:37
And of course, there's been economic growth in the West.
59
157260
3000
I naravno, na Zapadu se dogodio ekonomski rast.
02:40
A lot of companies have happened to grow the economy,
60
160260
3000
Veliki broj poduzeća je pomogao rastu gospodarstva,
02:43
so the Western population moved over to here.
61
163260
3000
tako se populacija sa zapada pomaknula ovdje.
02:46
And now their aspiration is not only to have a car.
62
166260
3000
I sada njihova ambicija nije da samo imaju automobil.
02:49
Now they want to have a holiday on a very remote destination
63
169260
3000
Sada žele provesti praznike negdje daleko
02:52
and they want to fly.
64
172260
2000
i žele tamo letjeti.
02:54
So this is where they are today.
65
174260
2000
Evo gdje su danas.
02:56
And the most successful of the developing countries,
66
176260
3000
A najuspješnije zemlje u razvoju,
02:59
they have moved on, you know,
67
179260
2000
su se pomaknule, također.
03:01
and they have become emerging economies, we call them.
68
181260
3000
Zovemo ih "nova, rastuća gospodarstva".
03:04
They are now buying cars.
69
184260
2000
I sada oni kupuju automobile.
03:06
And what happened a month ago
70
186260
2000
I ono što se dogodilo prije mjesec dana
03:08
was that the Chinese company, Geely,
71
188260
2000
jest da je kineska kompanija, Geely,
03:10
they acquired the Volvo company,
72
190260
3000
preuzela kompaniju Volvo.
03:13
and then finally the Swedes understood that
73
193260
2000
I konačno su Šveđani shvatili da
03:15
something big had happened in the world.
74
195260
2000
se nešto veliko događa u svijetu.
03:17
(Laughter)
75
197260
3000
(Smijeh)
03:20
So there they are.
76
200260
2000
Eto tu su oni.
03:22
And the tragedy is that the two billion over here
77
202260
3000
I tragedija je što se dvije milijarde ovih ovdje
03:25
that is struggling for food and shoes,
78
205260
3000
[još uvijek] bori za hranu i cipele,
03:28
they are still almost as poor
79
208260
2000
oni su gotovo jednako siromišni
03:30
as they were 50 years ago.
80
210260
2000
kao što su bili prije 50 godina.
03:32
The new thing is that
81
212260
2000
Nova stvar je da
03:34
we have the biggest pile of billions, the three billions here,
82
214260
3000
imamo najveću gomilu milijardi, tri milijarde ovdje,
03:37
which are also becoming emerging economies,
83
217260
3000
koji također postaju ekonomije u razvoju,
03:40
because they are quite healthy, relatively well-educated,
84
220260
3000
jer su prilično zdravi, relativno dobro obrazovani,
03:43
and they already also have two to three children
85
223260
2000
i oni jednako tako imaju dvoje ili troje djece
03:45
per woman, as those [richer also] have.
86
225260
3000
po ženi, kao i oni bogatiji.
03:48
And their aspiration now
87
228260
2000
I njihova ambicija sada
03:50
is, of course, to buy a bicycle,
88
230260
3000
je, naravno, kupiti bicikl,
03:53
and then later on they would like to have a motorbike also.
89
233260
3000
a onda bi kasnije željeli imati i motor, također.
03:56
But this is the world
90
236260
3000
Ali to je svijet
03:59
we have today,
91
239260
2000
koji imamo danas.
04:01
no longer any gap.
92
241260
2000
Nema više jazova.
04:03
But the distance from the poorest here, the very poorest,
93
243260
3000
Ali je razlika između siromašnih ovdje, najsiromašnijih,
04:06
to the very richest over here is wider than ever.
94
246260
3000
do najbogatijih ovdje, veća nego ikada.
04:09
But there is a continuous world
95
249260
2000
Međutim postoji kontinuitet u svijetu
04:11
from walking, biking,
96
251260
2000
od hodanja, vožnje biciklom,
04:13
driving, flying --
97
253260
2000
voženje automobilom do letenja --
04:15
there are people on all levels,
98
255260
2000
postoje ljudi na svim razinama.
04:17
and most people tend to be somewhere in the middle.
99
257260
3000
A većina ljudi je negdje u sredini.
04:21
This is the new world we have today
100
261260
2000
Ovo je novi svijet kakav imamo danas
04:23
in 2010.
101
263260
2000
u 2010.
04:26
And what will happen in the future?
102
266260
3000
A što će se dogoditi u budućnosti?
04:30
Well, I'm going to project
103
270260
2000
Pokušati ću predvidjeti
04:32
into 2050.
104
272260
2000
do 2050.
04:34
I was in Shanghai recently,
105
274260
3000
Bio sam u Šangaju nedavno.
04:37
and I listened to what's happening in China,
106
277260
2000
I slušao sam što se događa u Kini.
04:39
and it's pretty sure that they will catch up,
107
279260
3000
I prilično je sigurno kako će nas sustignuti,
04:42
just as Japan did.
108
282260
2000
kao što je i Japan učinio.
04:44
All the projections [say that] this one [billion] will [only] grow with
109
284260
2000
Sve projekcije kažu da će ovi ovdje rasti samo
04:46
one to two or three percent.
110
286260
2000
jedan do dva ili tri posto.
04:48
[But this second] grows with seven, eight percent, and then they will end up here.
111
288260
3000
Ali ovi drugi rastu sa sedam, osam posto. I onda će oni završiti ovdje.
04:51
They will start flying.
112
291260
2000
Oni će početi letjeti.
04:53
And these
113
293260
2000
A ove
04:55
lower or middle income countries, the emerging income countries,
114
295260
3000
zemlje s nižim ili srednjim primanjima, zemlje u razvoju,
04:58
they will also forge forwards economically.
115
298260
3000
one će također krenuti ekonomski naprijed.
05:01
And if,
116
301260
2000
I ako,
05:03
but only if,
117
303260
2000
ali samo ako,
05:05
we invest in the right green technology --
118
305260
3000
investiramo u prave zelene tehnologije --
05:08
so that we can avoid severe climate change,
119
308260
2000
tako da izbjegnemo ozbiljne klimatske promjene,
05:10
and energy can still be relatively cheap --
120
310260
3000
i da energija može biti još uvijek relativno jeftina --
05:13
then they will move all the way up here.
121
313260
3000
onda će se oni pomaknuti skroz ovamo.
05:16
And they will start to buy
122
316260
2000
I oni će početi kupovati
05:18
electric cars.
123
318260
2000
električne automobile.
05:20
This is what we will find there.
124
320260
3000
To ćemo pronaći ovdje.
05:23
So what about the poorest two billion?
125
323260
2000
A što je s najsiromašnije dvije milijarde?
05:25
What about the poorest two billion here?
126
325260
3000
Što je s najsiromašnije dvije milijarde ovdje?
05:28
Will they move on?
127
328260
2000
Hoće li se pomaknuti?
05:30
Well, here population [growth] comes in
128
330260
2000
Ovdje je rast stanovništva
05:32
because there [among emerging economies] we already have two to three children per woman,
129
332260
3000
jer tu [među ekonomijama u razvoju] već imamo samo dvoje do troje djece po ženi,
05:35
family planning is widely used,
130
335260
2000
planiranje obitelji se naširoko koristi,
05:37
and population growth is coming to an end.
131
337260
2000
i populacijski rast dolazi svom kraju.
05:39
Here [among the poorest], population is growing.
132
339260
3000
[Ali ovdje među najsiromašnijima], populacija raste.
05:42
So these [poorest] two billion will, in the next decades,
133
342260
3000
Tako će se ove [najsiromašnije] dvije milijarde, u slijedeća dva desetljeća,
05:45
increase to three billion,
134
345260
2000
povećati na tri milijarde.
05:47
and they will thereafter
135
347260
2000
I onda će se nakon toga
05:49
increase to four billion.
136
349260
2000
povećati na četiri milijarde.
05:51
There is nothing --
137
351260
2000
Ne postoji ništa --
05:53
but a nuclear war of a kind we've never seen --
138
353260
3000
osim nuklearnog rata kakvog svijet još nije vidjeo --
05:56
that can stop this [growth] from happening.
139
356260
3000
što može zaustaviti taj rast.
05:59
Because we already have this [growth] in process.
140
359260
3000
Jer taj rast već imamo u procesu.
06:02
But if, and only if,
141
362260
2000
Ali ako, i jedino ako,
06:04
[the poorest] get out of poverty,
142
364260
2000
najsiromašniji izađu iz siromaštva,
06:06
they get education, they get improved child survival,
143
366260
2000
dobiju obrazovanje, smanje smrtnost djece,
06:08
they can buy a bicycle and a cell phone and come [to live] here,
144
368260
3000
mogu kupiti bicikl i mobitel i doći [živjeti] ovdje,
06:11
then population growth
145
371260
2000
onda će rast stanovništva
06:13
will stop in 2050.
146
373260
3000
stati 2050.
06:16
We cannot have people on this level
147
376260
2000
Ne možemo imati ljude na ovoj razini
06:18
looking for food and shoes
148
378260
2000
koji traže hranu i cipele,
06:20
because then we get continued population growth.
149
380260
3000
jer ćemo onda imati stalan rast populacije.
06:23
And let me show you why
150
383260
2000
I dozvolite da vam pokažem zašto
06:25
by converting back to the old-time
151
385260
3000
korištenjem starinske
06:28
digital technology.
152
388260
2000
digitalne tehnologije.
06:30
Here I have on the screen
153
390260
2000
Ovdje na ekranu imam
06:32
my country bubbles.
154
392260
2000
svoje balone zemalja.
06:34
Every bubble is a country. The size is population.
155
394260
2000
Svaki balon je zemlja. Veličina je broj stanovnika.
06:36
The colors show the continent.
156
396260
2000
Boje pokazuju kontinente.
06:38
The yellow on there is the Americas;
157
398260
2000
Žuta predstavlja Amerike;
06:40
dark blue is Africa; brown is Europe;
158
400260
2000
tamno plava Afriku; smeđa je Europa;
06:42
green is the Middle East
159
402260
3000
zelena Bliski Istok;
06:45
and this light blue is South Asia.
160
405260
2000
a ova svijetlo plava je Južna Azija.
06:47
That's India and this is China. Size is population.
161
407260
2000
Ovo je Indija, a ovo je Kina. Veličina je populacija.
06:49
Here I have children per woman:
162
409260
3000
Ovdje imam broj djece po ženi,
06:52
two children, four children, six children, eight children --
163
412260
2000
dvoje djece, četvero djece, šestero djece, osmero djece --
06:54
big families, small families.
164
414260
3000
velike obitelji [nasuprot] malih obitelji.
06:57
The year is 1960.
165
417260
2000
Godina je 1960.
06:59
And down here, child survival,
166
419260
2000
I ovdje dolje, preživljavanje djece,
07:01
the percentage of children surviving childhood
167
421260
2000
postotak djece koja prežive djetinjstvo
07:03
up to starting school:
168
423260
2000
do početka škole.
07:05
60 percent, 70 percent, 80 percent, 90,
169
425260
3000
60%, 70%, 80%, 90,
07:08
and almost 100 percent, as we have today
170
428260
2000
i gotovo 100%, kao što imamo danas
07:10
in the wealthiest and healthiest countries.
171
430260
2000
u najbogatijim i najzdravijim zemljama.
07:12
But look, this is the world my teacher talked about in 1960:
172
432260
3000
Ali pogledajte, ovo je svijet o kojem je moj učitelj pričao 1960.
07:15
one billion Western world here --
173
435260
3000
Jedna milijarda zapadnjaka ovdje,
07:18
high child-survival, small families --
174
438260
3000
visoko preživljavanje djece, male obitelji.
07:21
and all the rest,
175
441260
2000
I svi ostali,
07:23
the rainbow of developing countries,
176
443260
2000
duga zemalja u razvoju,
07:25
with very large families
177
445260
2000
s velikim obiteljima
07:27
and poor child survival.
178
447260
2000
i slabim preživljavanjem djece.
07:29
What has happened? I start the world. Here we go.
179
449260
3000
Što se dogodilo? Pokrećem svijet. Idemo.
07:32
Can you see, as the years pass by, child survival is increasing?
180
452260
3000
Možete li vidjeti, kako godine prolaze, preživljavanje djece se povećava?
07:35
They get soap, hygiene, education,
181
455260
2000
Oni dobivaju sapun, higijenu, obrazovanje,
07:37
vaccination, penicillin
182
457260
2000
cijepljenje i penicilin.
07:39
and then family planning. Family size is decreasing.
183
459260
3000
I onda planiranje obitelji. Veličina obitelji se smanjuje.
07:42
[When] they get up to 90-percent child survival, then families decrease,
184
462260
3000
Kad dođu do 90% preživljavanja djece, obitelji se počnu smanjivati.
07:45
and most of the Arab countries in the Middle East
185
465260
2000
I većina arapskih zemlja na Bliskom Istoku
07:47
is falling down there [to small families].
186
467260
2000
pada ovdje dolje [do malenih obitelji].
07:49
Look, Bangladesh catching up with India.
187
469260
2000
Pogledajte, Bangladeš sustiže Indiju.
07:51
The whole emerging world
188
471260
3000
[Sve] rastuće ekonomije [u] svijetu
07:54
joins the Western world
189
474260
2000
pridružuju se zapadnom svijetu
07:56
with good child survival
190
476260
2000
s dobrom stopom djece koja preživljavaju
07:58
and small family size,
191
478260
2000
i malim obiteljima.
08:00
but we still have the poorest billion.
192
480260
2000
Ali još uvijek imamo najsiromašniju milijardu.
08:02
Can you see the poorest billion,
193
482260
2000
Vidite li najsiromašniju milijardu,
08:04
those [two] boxes I had over here?
194
484260
3000
ove [dvije] kutije koje sam imao ovdje?
08:07
They are still up here.
195
487260
2000
Oni su još uvijek ovdje gore.
08:09
And they still have a child survival
196
489260
2000
I oni još uvijek imaju stopu preživljavanja djece
08:11
of only 70 to 80 percent,
197
491260
2000
od samo 70 do 80%,
08:13
meaning that if you have six children born,
198
493260
2000
što znači da ako rodite šestero djece,
08:15
there will be at least four who survive
199
495260
2000
najmanje četvero će preživjeti
08:17
to the next generation.
200
497260
2000
do slijedeće generacije.
08:19
And the population will double in one generation.
201
499260
3000
A populacija će se udvostručiti unutar jedne generacije.
08:22
So the only way
202
502260
2000
Tako je jedini način
08:24
of really getting world population [growth] to stop
203
504260
3000
za zaustavljanje rasta svjetskog stanovništva
08:27
is to continue to improve child survival
204
507260
2000
kontinuirano poboljšavanje stope preživljavanja djece
08:29
to 90 percent.
205
509260
2000
do 90%.
08:31
That's why investments by Gates Foundation,
206
511260
2000
Zato su [zdravstvene] investicije fondacije Gates,
08:33
UNICEF and aid organizations,
207
513260
2000
UNICEF-a i drugih organizacija za pomoć,
08:35
together with national government in the poorest countries,
208
515260
2000
zajedno s nacionalnim vladama najsiromašnijih zemalja,
08:37
are so good;
209
517260
2000
tako dobre.
08:39
because they are actually
210
519260
2000
Jer one nam u stvari
08:41
helping us to reach
211
521260
2000
pomažu dosegnuti
08:43
a sustainable population size of the world.
212
523260
2000
održivu veličinu svjetske populacije.
08:45
We can stop at nine billion if we do the right things.
213
525260
3000
Možemo se zaustaviti na devet milijardi ako napravimo prave stvari.
08:48
Child survival is the new green.
214
528260
3000
Preživljavanje djece je nova obveza.
08:51
It's only by child survival
215
531260
2000
Jedino kroz preživljavanje djece
08:53
that we will stop population growth.
216
533260
3000
zaustaviti ćemo rast populacije.
08:56
And will it happen?
217
536260
2000
A hoće li se dogoditi?
08:58
Well, I'm not an optimist,
218
538260
3000
Ja nisam optimist,
09:01
neither am I a pessimist.
219
541260
2000
niti sam pesimist.
09:03
I'm a very serious "possibilist."
220
543260
3000
Ja sam jako ozbiljni "mogućnoist".
09:06
It's a new category where we take emotion apart,
221
546260
3000
To je nova kategorija u kojoj emocije stavljamo po strani,
09:09
and we just work analytically with the world.
222
549260
2000
i jednostavno analitički pristupamo svijetu.
09:11
It can be done.
223
551260
3000
Može se napraviti.
09:14
We can have a much more just world.
224
554260
3000
Možemo imati puno pravedniji svijet.
09:17
With green technology
225
557260
2000
Sa zelenim tehnologijama
09:19
and with investments to alleviate poverty,
226
559260
2000
i investicijama koje iskorjenjuju siromaštvo,
09:21
and global governance,
227
561260
2000
i s dobrim globalnim vladanjem,
09:23
the world can become like this.
228
563260
2000
svijet može postati ovakav.
09:25
And look at the position of the old West.
229
565260
3000
I pogledajte položaj starog Zapada.
09:28
Remember when this blue box was all alone,
230
568260
3000
Sjetite se kad je ova plava kutija bila sama,
09:31
leading the world, living its own life.
231
571260
3000
vodeći svijet, živeći vlastiti život.
09:34
This will not happen [again].
232
574260
2000
To se neće ponoviti.
09:36
The role of the old West in the new world
233
576260
3000
Uloga starog Zapada u novom svijetu
09:39
is to become the foundation
234
579260
2000
jest da postane temeljem
09:41
of the modern world --
235
581260
2000
modernog svijeta --
09:43
nothing more, nothing less.
236
583260
2000
ništa više, ništa manje.
09:45
But it's a very important role.
237
585260
2000
Ali to je jako važna uloga.
09:47
Do it well and get used to it.
238
587260
2000
Radite je dobro i naviknite se na nju.
09:49
Thank you very much.
239
589260
2000
Hvala vam puno.
09:51
(Applause)
240
591260
4000
(Pljesak)
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7