Aditi Shankardass: A second opinion on learning disorders

62,411 views ・ 2010-06-24

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Marta Jimenez Reviewer: Lluis Vilardell
00:16
When I was 10 years old,
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Quan tenia 10 anys,
00:19
a cousin of mine took me on a tour of his medical school.
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un cosí em va portar a la seva facultat de Medicina.
00:22
And as a special treat,
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Com a colofó,
00:24
he took me to the pathology lab
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em va dur al laboratori de patologies
00:26
and took a real human brain
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i va treure un cervell humà de debò
00:28
out of the jar
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d'un recipient
00:30
and placed it in my hands.
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i me'l va posar a les mans.
00:32
And there it was,
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Allà hi era,
00:34
the seat of human consciousness,
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la seu de la consciència humana,
00:36
the powerhouse of the human body,
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el centre neuràlgic del cos humà,
00:38
sitting in my hands.
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plantat a les meves mans.
00:40
And that day I knew that when I grew up,
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Aquell dia vaig saber que, quan creixés,
00:42
I was going to become a brain doctor,
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em convertiria en neuròloga
00:44
scientist, something or the other.
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o científica, l'una o l'altra.
00:47
Years later, when I finally grew up,
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Anys després, quan vaig créixer finalment,
00:50
my dream came true.
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el meu somni es va fer realitat.
00:52
And it was while I was doing my Ph.D.
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I mentre feia el meu doctorat
00:54
on the neurological causes
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sobre les causes neurològiques
00:56
of dyslexia in children
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de la dislèxia en nens,
00:58
that I encountered a startling fact
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em vaig trobar davant d'un fet esbalaïdor
01:00
that I'd like to share with you all today.
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que m'agradaria compartir avui amb tots vosaltres.
01:04
It is estimated that one in six children,
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Es calcula que un de cada sis nens,
01:06
that's one in six children,
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un de cada sis nens,
01:09
suffer from some developmental disorder.
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pateix algun tipus de trastorn de desenvolupament.
01:13
This is a disorder that
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Es tracta d'un trastorn
01:15
retards mental development in the child
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que retarda el desenvolupament mental de l'infant
01:17
and causes permanent mental impairments.
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i provoca discapacitats mentals permanents.
01:21
Which means that each and every one of you here today
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Això significa que cadascun de vosaltres aquí i ara
01:24
knows at least one child that is suffering
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coneix com a mínim un nen que pateix
01:27
from a developmental disorder.
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un trastorn de desenvolupament.
01:30
But here's what really perplexed me.
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Però el que realment em va deixar sorpresa va ser el següent:
01:32
Despite the fact that each
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Malgrat que
01:34
and every one of these disorders
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cada un d'aquests trastorns
01:36
originates in the brain,
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s'origina al cervell,
01:39
most of these disorders
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la majoria d'ells
01:41
are diagnosed solely on the basis
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es diagnostiquen exclusivament basant-se
01:43
of observable behavior.
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en la conducta observable.
01:46
But diagnosing a brain disorder
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Però el diagnòstic d'un trastorn cerebral
01:48
without actually looking at the brain
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sense ni tan sols observar el cervell
01:51
is analogous to treating a patient with a heart problem
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és equivalent a tractar un pacient amb problemes cardíacs
01:54
based on their physical symptoms,
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basant-se en els símptomes físics que presenta,
01:56
without even doing an ECG or a chest X-ray
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sense fer ni tan sols un electrocardiograma (ECG) o una radiografia del tòrax
01:59
to look at the heart.
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per tal de mirar el cor.
02:01
It seemed so intuitive to me.
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Em va semblar tant intuitiu.
02:04
To diagnose and treat a brain disorder accurately,
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Per tal de diagnosticar i tractar amb precisió un trastorn cerebral,
02:07
it would be necessary to look at the brain directly.
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seria necessari mirar el cervell directament.
02:10
Looking at behavior alone
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Si només observem la conducta
02:12
can miss a vital piece of the puzzle
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podem passar per alt una peça vital del trencaclosques
02:15
and provide an incomplete, or even a misleading,
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i proporcionar una imatge incompleta,
02:18
picture of the child's problems.
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o fins i tot errònia, dels problemes de l'infant.
02:21
Yet, despite all the advances in medical technology,
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Tot i els avenços en tecnologia mèdica,
02:24
the diagnosis of brain disorders
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el diagnòstic dels trastorns cerebrals
02:26
in one in six children
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en un de cada sis nens
02:28
still remained so limited.
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era encara molt limitat.
02:32
And then I came across a team at Harvard University
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Aleshores vaig topar amb un equip a la Universitat de Harvard
02:35
that had taken one such advanced medical technology
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que havia agafat una tecnologia mèdica molt avançada
02:38
and finally applied it,
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i finalment l'havia aplicada
02:40
instead of in brain research,
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en comptes de cap a la investigació del cervell,
02:42
towards diagnosing brain disorders in children.
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cap al diagnòstic de trastorns cerebrals en infants.
02:46
Their groundbreaking technology
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La seva tecnologia innovadora
02:48
records the EEG, or the electrical activity
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enregistra l'EEG o l'activitat elèctrica
02:51
of the brain, in real time,
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del cervell en temps real,
02:54
allowing us to watch the brain
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de forma que ens permet observar el cervell
02:56
as it performs various functions
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mentre duu a terme diverses funcions
02:59
and then detect even the slightest abnormality
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i detectar fins i tot la més petita anomalia
03:01
in any of these functions:
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en qualsevol d'aquestes funcions,
03:03
vision, attention, language, audition.
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visió, atenció, llenguatge, audició.
03:06
A program called Brain Electrical
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Un programa que s'anomena Mapa d'Activitat
03:08
Activity Mapping
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Elèctrica Cerebral
03:10
then triangulates the source
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triangula aleshores la font
03:12
of that abnormality in the brain.
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de l'anomalia en el cervell.
03:14
And another program called
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I un altre programa anomenat
03:16
Statistical Probability Mapping
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Mapa de Probabilitat Estadística
03:18
then performs mathematical calculations
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realitza uns càlculs matemàtics
03:21
to determine whether any of these abnormalities
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per tal de determinar si qualsevol d'aquestes anomalies
03:23
are clinically significant,
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és significant des del punt de vista clínic,
03:25
allowing us to provide a much more accurate
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la qual cosa ens permet de proveir un diagnòstic
03:27
neurological diagnosis
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neurològic molt més precís
03:29
of the child's symptoms.
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dels símptomes del nen.
03:31
And so I became the head of neurophysiology
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I així em vaig convertir en la cap de neurofisiologia
03:34
for the clinical arm of this team,
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de la branca clínica d'aquest equip.
03:36
and we're finally able to use this technology
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I per fi, som capaços de fer servir aquesta tecnologia
03:38
towards actually helping
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per tal de veritablement ajudar
03:40
children with brain disorders.
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els nens amb trastorns cerebrals.
03:42
And I'm happy to say that I'm now in the process
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Em fa feliç anunciar que estic en camí
03:44
of setting up this technology here in India.
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d'instal·lar aquesta tecnologia aquí, a l'Índia.
03:48
I'd like to tell you about one such child,
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M'agradaria parlar-vos d'un nen,
03:51
whose story was also covered by ABC News.
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la història del qual va publicar la cadena ABC News.
03:55
Seven-year-old Justin Senigar
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En Justin Senigar, de set anys,
03:57
came to our clinic with this diagnosis
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va venir a la clínica amb un diagnòstic
03:59
of very severe autism.
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d'autisme greu.
04:01
Like many autistic children,
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Com molts altres nens autistes,
04:03
his mind was locked inside his body.
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la seva ment estava tancada dins del seu cos.
04:06
There were moments when he would
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Hi havia moments en els quals
04:08
actually space out for seconds at a time.
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estava absent durant segons sencers.
04:11
And the doctors told his parents
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Els metges van dir als pares
04:13
he was never going to be able
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que en Justin mai no seria capaç
04:15
to communicate or interact socially,
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de comunicar-se o interactuar en un entorn social
04:17
and he would probably never have too much language.
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i que, amb probabilitat, mai no tindria un llenguatge gaire desenvolupat.
04:21
When we used this groundbreaking EEG technology
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Quan vam fer servir aquesta innovadora tecnologia de l'EEG
04:24
to actually look at Justin's brain,
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per tal de d'observar el cervell d'en Justin,
04:27
the results were startling.
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els resultats van ser sorprenents.
04:30
It turned out that Justin was almost
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Va resultar que, gairebé segur,
04:32
certainly not autistic.
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en Justin no era autista.
04:34
He was suffering from brain seizures
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Patia de convulsions cerebrals
04:37
that were impossible to see with the naked eye,
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impossibles de detectar a simple vista,
04:40
but that were actually causing symptoms
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però que causaven uns símptomes
04:42
that mimicked those of autism.
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molt semblants als de l'autisme.
04:45
After Justin was given anti-seizure medication,
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Després de donar en Justin un medicament contra aquestes convulsions,
04:48
the change in him was amazing.
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el canvi va ser impactant.
04:51
Within a period of 60 days,
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Al cap de 60 dies,
04:53
his vocabulary went from two to three words
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el seu vocabulari va passar de dues o tres paraules
04:56
to 300 words.
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a 300.
04:58
And his communication and social interaction
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A més, la seva comunicació i interacció social
05:00
were improved so dramatically
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van millorar de forma tan espectacular
05:02
that he was enrolled into a regular school
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que va ser matriculat en una escola normal
05:05
and even became a karate super champ.
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i, fins i tot, va arribar a ser un supercampió de karate.
05:09
Research shows that 50 percent of children,
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Les investigacions mostren que el 50% del nens,
05:11
almost 50 percent of children
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gairebé el 50% dels nens,
05:13
diagnosed with autism
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diagnosticats amb autisme
05:15
are actually suffering from hidden brain seizures.
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en realitat pateixen convulsions cerebrals ocultes.
05:20
These are the faces of the children
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Aquestes són les cares dels infants
05:22
that I have tested
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que he examinat
05:24
with stories just like Justin.
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i que tenen històries com la d'en Justin.
05:27
All these children
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Tots aquests nens
05:29
came to our clinic with a diagnosis
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van venir a la nostra clínica amb un diagnòstic
05:31
of autism, attention deficit disorder,
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d'autisme, de trastorn de dèficit d'atenció,
05:34
mental retardation, language problems.
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retard mental, problemes de llenguatge.
05:38
Instead, our EEG scans revealed
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En canvi, els nostres escàners d'EEG van posar al descobert
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very specific problems hidden within their brains
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problemes molt específics amagats dins el cervell
05:44
that couldn't possibly have been detected
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que no haurien pogut ser detectats
05:46
by their behavioral assessments.
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per mitjà de les avaluacions de conducta.
05:49
So these EEG scans
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Així doncs, aquests escàners d'EEG
05:51
enabled us to provide these children
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ens van permetre de proporcionar els infants
05:53
with a much more accurate neurological diagnosis
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un diagnòstic neurològic molt més exacte
05:56
and much more targeted treatment.
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i un tractament molt més acurat.
06:00
For too long now, children with developmental disorders
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Durant massa temps, els infants amb trastorns de desenvolupament
06:03
have suffered from misdiagnosis
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han patit de diagnòstics erronis
06:05
while their real problems have gone undetected
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mentre que els veritables problemes han passat desapercebuts
06:07
and left to worsen.
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i s'ha deixat que empitjoressin.
06:09
And for too long, these children and their parents
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I durant massa temps, aquests nens i els seus pares
06:12
have suffered undue frustration and desperation.
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han patit desesperació i frustració indegudes.
06:15
But we are now in a new era of neuroscience,
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Ara ens trobem en una nova era de la neurociència,
06:18
one in which we can finally look
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una era en la qual podem per fi observar
06:21
directly at brain function in real time
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directament el funcionament del cervell en temps real
06:24
with no risks and no side effects, non-invasively,
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sense córrer riscos ni patir efectes secundaris, de forma no invasiva,
06:27
and find the true source
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i trobar l'origen real
06:29
of so many disabilities in children.
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de tantes discapacitats en els infants.
06:32
So if I could inspire
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Així doncs, si pogués promoure
06:34
even a fraction of you in the audience today
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ni que fos una petita part de tots vosaltres
06:37
to share this pioneering diagnostic approach
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que compartissiu aquesta visió pionera del diagnòstic
06:40
with even one parent whose child
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amb tan sols un pare el fill del qual
06:42
is suffering from a developmental disorder,
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pateixi un trastorn de desenvolupament,
06:45
then perhaps one more puzzle
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aleshores, potser, es podria resoldre
06:47
in one more brain will be solved.
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un misteri més d'un altre cervell.
06:49
One more mind will be unlocked.
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Una altra ment seria alliberada.
06:51
And one more child who has been misdiagnosed
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I un altre nen que el sistema ha diagnosticat de forma errònia
06:53
or even undiagnosed by the system
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o que ni tan sols ha diagnosticat
06:56
will finally realize his or her true potential
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podria finalment desenvolupar el seu veritable potencial
06:59
while there's still time
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mentre encara hi hagi temps
07:01
for his or her brain to recover.
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perquè el seu cervell es recuperi.
07:03
And all this by simply watching the child's brainwaves.
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I tot això es pot aconseguir només observant les ones cerebrals de l'infant.
07:06
Thank you.
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Gràcies.
07:08
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
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