Aditi Shankardass: A second opinion on learning disorders

62,473 views ・ 2010-06-24

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: John Mo 校对人员: Chunlei Chang
00:16
When I was 10 years old,
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我十岁的时候,
00:19
a cousin of mine took me on a tour of his medical school.
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我的一个表兄带我参观了他上的医学院。
00:22
And as a special treat,
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作为一次特别优待
00:24
he took me to the pathology lab
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他带我去了病理学实验室
00:26
and took a real human brain
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拿出一个真正的人脑
00:28
out of the jar
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从一个罐子里
00:30
and placed it in my hands.
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把它放在了我手里。
00:32
And there it was,
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就是这
00:34
the seat of human consciousness,
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这里就是人们意识的载体
00:36
the powerhouse of the human body,
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人们身体的司令部
00:38
sitting in my hands.
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它就在我手中
00:40
And that day I knew that when I grew up,
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这一天我知道当我长大
00:42
I was going to become a brain doctor,
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我会成为一名研究大脑的医生
00:44
scientist, something or the other.
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科学家,或者是其他的什么,
00:47
Years later, when I finally grew up,
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几年之后,当我真地长大了,
00:50
my dream came true.
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我的梦想实现了。
00:52
And it was while I was doing my Ph.D.
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就在我做
00:54
on the neurological causes
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关于儿童阅读障碍的神经学起因
00:56
of dyslexia in children
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的博士论文时
00:58
that I encountered a startling fact
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我发现了一个令人吃惊的现象
01:00
that I'd like to share with you all today.
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今天我想以此与你们分享。
01:04
It is estimated that one in six children,
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据估计有六分之一的儿童,
01:06
that's one in six children,
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六分之一呀,
01:09
suffer from some developmental disorder.
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受发展障碍的影响。
01:13
This is a disorder that
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这是一种
01:15
retards mental development in the child
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妨碍儿童智力发展,
01:17
and causes permanent mental impairments.
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甚至导致智力永久损伤的疾病。
01:21
Which means that each and every one of you here today
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这意味着今天在座的各位中每六个人中就有一个人
01:24
knows at least one child that is suffering
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知道至少一个孩子正在受
01:27
from a developmental disorder.
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发展障碍疾病的折磨。
01:30
But here's what really perplexed me.
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但是困扰我的还不是这个。
01:32
Despite the fact that each
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尽管每一种
01:34
and every one of these disorders
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每一种疾病
01:36
originates in the brain,
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都可以在大脑中找到根源,
01:39
most of these disorders
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但大部分
01:41
are diagnosed solely on the basis
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只能通过可观察到的
01:43
of observable behavior.
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行为来确诊。
01:46
But diagnosing a brain disorder
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诊断一种脑部疾病
01:48
without actually looking at the brain
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却不直接查看大脑
01:51
is analogous to treating a patient with a heart problem
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就像是治疗心脏病人
01:54
based on their physical symptoms,
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根据他们的身体症状,
01:56
without even doing an ECG or a chest X-ray
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而不做心电图或者胸部X-光片
01:59
to look at the heart.
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来查看心脏。
02:01
It seemed so intuitive to me.
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我凭直觉感到
02:04
To diagnose and treat a brain disorder accurately,
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要准确地诊断治疗脑部疾病
02:07
it would be necessary to look at the brain directly.
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直接查看大脑是很必要的。
02:10
Looking at behavior alone
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直接观察行为本身
02:12
can miss a vital piece of the puzzle
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就可能错过至关重要的信息
02:15
and provide an incomplete, or even a misleading,
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而仅仅提供一种不完整,
02:18
picture of the child's problems.
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甚至能让人误解的构想。
02:21
Yet, despite all the advances in medical technology,
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但是,尽管有先进的医疗技术,
02:24
the diagnosis of brain disorders
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要诊断出六分之一
02:26
in one in six children
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患病儿童的病因
02:28
still remained so limited.
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依然不是件容易的事。
02:32
And then I came across a team at Harvard University
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之后我便遇到了哈佛大学的一个小组,
02:35
that had taken one such advanced medical technology
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他们已经研发出了先进的医疗技术
02:38
and finally applied it,
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并最终把这种技术
02:40
instead of in brain research,
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应用到了诊断儿童脑部疾病中
02:42
towards diagnosing brain disorders in children.
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而不是应用到脑部研究。
02:46
Their groundbreaking technology
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他们极具创造力的技术
02:48
records the EEG, or the electrical activity
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记录下了脑电图或实时的
02:51
of the brain, in real time,
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脑部电波活动,
02:54
allowing us to watch the brain
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这可以让我们观察大脑
02:56
as it performs various functions
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在它履行各种功能时
02:59
and then detect even the slightest abnormality
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然后就我们就可以发现一些轻微的反常之处
03:01
in any of these functions:
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在下面的这些功能中,
03:03
vision, attention, language, audition.
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视觉,注意力,语言,听觉。
03:06
A program called Brain Electrical
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有一项叫做大脑电波
03:08
Activity Mapping
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活动图谱的工程
03:10
then triangulates the source
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会找出大脑中的
03:12
of that abnormality in the brain.
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反常的地方
03:14
And another program called
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另一项叫做
03:16
Statistical Probability Mapping
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统计概率图谱的工程
03:18
then performs mathematical calculations
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用数学计算的办法
03:21
to determine whether any of these abnormalities
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来算出这些反常是否
03:23
are clinically significant,
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在临床上有用,
03:25
allowing us to provide a much more accurate
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如果有用就给我们提供了一种更准确的
03:27
neurological diagnosis
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神经诊断方法
03:29
of the child's symptoms.
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对儿童的症状。
03:31
And so I became the head of neurophysiology
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就这样我成为了这个团队中
03:34
for the clinical arm of this team,
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临床分支的领导者。
03:36
and we're finally able to use this technology
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最终我们可以用这种技术
03:38
towards actually helping
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来帮助那些有大脑障碍的
03:40
children with brain disorders.
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儿童。
03:42
And I'm happy to say that I'm now in the process
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我很高兴现在我正在
03:44
of setting up this technology here in India.
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将这项技术在印度建立起来。
03:48
I'd like to tell you about one such child,
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我想告诉你这样一个孩子,
03:51
whose story was also covered by ABC News.
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他的故事也被ABC新闻报道过。
03:55
Seven-year-old Justin Senigar
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七岁的查斯丁 西尼加
03:57
came to our clinic with this diagnosis
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来到我们诊所
03:59
of very severe autism.
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他被诊断患有严重的自闭症。
04:01
Like many autistic children,
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像许多自闭症儿童一样
04:03
his mind was locked inside his body.
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他的思想被禁闭在身体中。
04:06
There were moments when he would
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就曾出现过他经常
04:08
actually space out for seconds at a time.
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独自发呆几秒钟的情况。
04:11
And the doctors told his parents
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医生告诉他的父母
04:13
he was never going to be able
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他再也不能
04:15
to communicate or interact socially,
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与人交流了,
04:17
and he would probably never have too much language.
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他可能不太会说话了。
04:21
When we used this groundbreaking EEG technology
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当我们用这种创造性的脑电图技术
04:24
to actually look at Justin's brain,
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查看查斯丁的大脑时
04:27
the results were startling.
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结果令人吃惊。
04:30
It turned out that Justin was almost
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它显示查斯丁几乎没有自闭症。
04:32
certainly not autistic.
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他正在受癫痫的折磨
04:34
He was suffering from brain seizures
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他正在受癫痫的折磨
04:37
that were impossible to see with the naked eye,
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而这几乎不可能用肉眼发现,
04:40
but that were actually causing symptoms
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却引起了像自闭症
04:42
that mimicked those of autism.
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一样的症状。
04:45
After Justin was given anti-seizure medication,
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在治疗查斯丁的癫痫时,
04:48
the change in him was amazing.
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他的变化很惊人。
04:51
Within a period of 60 days,
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60天之内,
04:53
his vocabulary went from two to three words
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他的词汇量从两三个单词
04:56
to 300 words.
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提高到300个单词。
04:58
And his communication and social interaction
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他的沟通和社交能力
05:00
were improved so dramatically
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也得到了极大地提高,
05:02
that he was enrolled into a regular school
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因而他入学了
05:05
and even became a karate super champ.
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并成为了空手道超级冠军。
05:09
Research shows that 50 percent of children,
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研究表明一半
05:11
almost 50 percent of children
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几乎一半
05:13
diagnosed with autism
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被诊断患有自闭症的儿童
05:15
are actually suffering from hidden brain seizures.
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实际上是受着隐秘的癫痫的折磨。
05:20
These are the faces of the children
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这是一些我检测过的
05:22
that I have tested
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儿童的脸。
05:24
with stories just like Justin.
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有着像查斯丁一样故事的
05:27
All these children
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所有这些孩子
05:29
came to our clinic with a diagnosis
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被诊断
05:31
of autism, attention deficit disorder,
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患有自闭症,注意力缺失,
05:34
mental retardation, language problems.
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智力障碍,语言问题来到我们的诊所。
05:38
Instead, our EEG scans revealed
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而我们脑电图扫描显示
05:41
very specific problems hidden within their brains
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他们的大脑中隐藏着一些问题
05:44
that couldn't possibly have been detected
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这些问题很可能不会通过
05:46
by their behavioral assessments.
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对他们行为的估测来发现。
05:49
So these EEG scans
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因此这些脑电图扫描
05:51
enabled us to provide these children
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让我们对这些孩子做出了
05:53
with a much more accurate neurological diagnosis
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更为准确的精神诊断
05:56
and much more targeted treatment.
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更具针对性的治疗。
06:00
For too long now, children with developmental disorders
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有发展障碍的儿童被误诊
06:03
have suffered from misdiagnosis
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而他们真正的问题却没有被发现
06:05
while their real problems have gone undetected
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并变得更严重,
06:07
and left to worsen.
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这种情况持续太久了。
06:09
And for too long, these children and their parents
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这些孩子和他们的父母受挫折和绝望的折磨
06:12
have suffered undue frustration and desperation.
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太久了。
06:15
But we are now in a new era of neuroscience,
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但现在我们处在一个神经科学的新时代,
06:18
one in which we can finally look
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在这个时代我们可以
06:21
directly at brain function in real time
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实时地直接查看大脑的功能状态
06:24
with no risks and no side effects, non-invasively,
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这不会有危险或副作用,没有侵害性,
06:27
and find the true source
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并找到如此
06:29
of so many disabilities in children.
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这些儿童智力障碍的真正原因。
06:32
So if I could inspire
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如果今天我可以
06:34
even a fraction of you in the audience today
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通过与一位孩子患有发展障碍的父母分享
06:37
to share this pioneering diagnostic approach
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这种先进的诊断办法
06:40
with even one parent whose child
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让在座的各位中一小部分人
06:42
is suffering from a developmental disorder,
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感到备受鼓舞的话
06:45
then perhaps one more puzzle
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那也许又一个人脑中的疑惑
06:47
in one more brain will be solved.
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会被消除。
06:49
One more mind will be unlocked.
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又一个思想会被解放。
06:51
And one more child who has been misdiagnosed
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又一个被误诊的或是
06:53
or even undiagnosed by the system
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没有被该系统诊断的孩子
06:56
will finally realize his or her true potential
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会意识到他或她的潜力
06:59
while there's still time
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那就是这仍然还有时间
07:01
for his or her brain to recover.
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让他或她的大脑恢复正常。
07:03
And all this by simply watching the child's brainwaves.
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所有这些只需通过观察这个孩子的脑电波。
07:06
Thank you.
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谢谢。
07:08
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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