Why are we happy? Why aren't we happy? | Dan Gilbert

2,138,358 views ・ 2007-01-16

TED


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Translator: Jonada Rrapo Reviewer: Elona Toska
Kur ke vetem 21 minuta per te folur
00:26
When you have 21 minutes to speak,
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2 milion vjet te duket nje kohe shume e gjate
00:28
two million years seems like a really long time.
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Por ne kontekstin e evolucionit, 2 milion vjet nuk jane asgje
00:31
But evolutionarily, two million years is nothing.
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dhe megjithate ne 2 milion vjet, masa e trurit njerezor eshte pothuaj trefishuar
00:34
And yet, in two million years,
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00:36
the human brain has nearly tripled in mass,
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00:39
going from the one-and-a-quarter-pound brain of our ancestor here, Habilis,
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nga truri 568 grame i paraardhesit tone ketu, Habilis,
tek qoftja pothuaj 1.37 kilograme qe secili prej nesh ka mes vesheve.
00:44
to the almost three-pound meatloaf everybody here has between their ears.
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Pse kishte natyra valle kaq vrull per te na dhene nje tru kaq te madh?
00:49
What is it about a big brain
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00:52
that nature was so eager for every one of us to have one?
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Me sa duket kur truri trefishohet
00:56
Well, it turns out when brains triple in size,
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00:58
they don't just get three times bigger; they gain new structures.
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nuk rritet vetem ne mase, por ne te krijohen struktura te reja
01:02
And one of the main reasons our brain got so big is because it got a new part,
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Nje nga arsyet e rritjes se trurit tone, eshte pajisja e tij me nje pjese te re
-lobin frontal. Rendesi te vecante pati sidomos pjesa e korteksit parafrontal.
01:07
called the "frontal lobe,"
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01:08
particularly, a part called the "prefrontal cortex."
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Cfare roli te rendesishem paska korteksi parafrontal qe solli
01:11
What does a prefrontal cortex do for you
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01:14
that should justify the entire architectural overhaul of the human skull
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ristrukturimin e plote te kafkes ne nje kohe rekord?
01:18
in the blink of evolutionary time?
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Ne te vertete korteksi parafrontal ka shume funksione
01:20
Well, it turns out the prefrontal cortex does lots of things,
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por nje nga me te rendesishmit eshte se
01:23
but one of the most important things it does is it's an experience simulator.
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sherben si simulues pervoje.
Pilotet perdorin fluturim te simuluar
01:29
Pilots practice in flight simulators
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01:32
so that they don't make real mistakes in planes.
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per te mos bere gabime me vone gjate fluturimit me aeroplane.
01:34
Human beings have this marvelous adaptation
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Njerezit kane nje veti te mrekullueshme
01:37
that they can actually have experiences in their heads
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ata mund te kene nje sere pervojash ne mendje
01:41
before they try them out in real life.
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para se ti praktikojne ato ne jeten e perditshme.
01:43
This is a trick that none of our ancestors could do,
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Ky eshte nje marifet qe asnje nga paraardhesit tane nuk e bente dot,
01:46
and that no other animal can do quite like we can.
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qe asnje kafshe tjeter nuk mund ta beje ashtu sic mundemi ne. Eshte nje pershtatje e mrekullueshme.
01:49
It's a marvelous adaptation.
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01:50
It's up there with opposable thumbs and standing upright and language
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Po ashtu si gishti i madh i dores, gjuha, qendrimi drejt
01:54
as one of the things that got our species out of the trees
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Eshte nje nga gjerat qe e sollen specien tone nga
01:58
and into the shopping mall.
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maja e pemes drejt e ne mapo.
02:00
(Laughter)
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(Qeshje) - te gjithe ju e beni apo
02:02
All of you have done this.
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e dini se per cfare po flas
02:04
Ben and Jerry's doesn't have "liver and onion" ice cream,
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Ben e Jerry nuk kane kane akullore me shije melcije dhe qepesh
02:07
and it's not because they whipped some up, tried it and went, "Yuck!"
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jo sepse provuan ta gatuajne dhe ju duk e shpifur
02:11
It's because, without leaving your armchair,
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por sepse, pa u ngritur fare nga kolltuku,
02:14
you can simulate that flavor and say "yuck" before you make it.
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mund "ta provosh" ne koke shijen, dhe ta shohesh qe s'ben.
Le te shohim per nje moment se si funksionon simulatoret e eksperiencave tuaja.
02:20
Let's see how your experience simulators are working.
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02:23
Let's just run a quick diagnostic
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Le te bejme nje prove te vogel para se te vazhdoj me ligjeraten time.
02:25
before I proceed with the rest of the talk.
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02:27
Here's two different futures that I invite you to contemplate.
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Une po u kerkoj te mendoni per dy te ardhme te ndryshme,
02:31
You can try to simulate them and tell me which one you think you might prefer.
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mundohuni te simuloni ne koke skenaret dhe te me thoni ke preferoni.
02:35
One of them is winning the lottery. This is about 314 million dollars.
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Ne njerin prej tyre fitoni llotarine, rreth 314 milione dollare.
02:40
And the other is becoming paraplegic.
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Ne tjetrin jeni i paralizuar nga mesi e poshte.
02:43
(Laughter)
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Mendoni per nje moment.
02:44
Just give it a moment of thought.
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02:46
You probably don't feel like you need a moment of thought.
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Nuk besoj se do u duhej shume kohe per ta vrare mendjen.
02:49
Interestingly, there are data on these two groups of people,
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Ne fakt, ekzistojne te dhena mbi keto dy grupe njerezish,
02:53
data on how happy they are.
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Te dhena mbi sa te lumtur ndjehen ata.
02:55
And this is exactly what you expected, isn't it?
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Dhe kjo eshte tamam ajo qe prisnit apo jo?
02:58
But these aren't the data. I made these up!
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Faktet tregojne dicka tjeter. Keto i sajova vete!
03:01
These are the data.
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Keto jane te dhenat.Nuk e kaluat testin e pare rrufe qe ne pese minutat e para te leksionit.
03:02
You failed the pop quiz, and you're hardly five minutes into the lecture.
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03:06
Because the fact is that a year after losing the use of their legs
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Fakti qendron qe nje vit pas paralizimit,
03:10
and a year after winning the lotto,
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apo pas fitimit te llotarise, fituesit e llotarise dhe te paralizuarit
03:12
lottery winners and paraplegics are equally happy with their lives.
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jane njesoj te lumtur me jeten e tyre.
Mos u ndjeni keq qe nuk e kaluat testin e pare rrufe,
03:18
Don't feel too bad about failing the first pop quiz,
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03:20
because everybody fails all of the pop quizzes all of the time.
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Se te gjithe deshtojne ne testet rrufe tere kohes.
Puna kerkimore ne laboratorin tim,
03:24
The research that my laboratory has been doing,
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po dhe ajo e ekonomisteve dhe psikologeve ne te gjithe vendin,
03:27
that economists and psychologists around the country have been doing,
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na ka cuar ne zbulimin e nje gjeje te mahnitshme.
03:30
has revealed something really quite startling to us,
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ne zbulimin e efektit te paragjykimit
03:33
something we call the "impact bias,"
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03:35
which is the tendency for the simulator to work badly,
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qe eshte ne fakt tendenca e pajisjes simuluese per te keqfunksionuar.
03:38
for the simulator to make you believe that different outcomes are more different
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Per te na bere te besojme qe rezultate te ndryshme
jane me te ndryshme nga njera tjetra se sa ne realitet.
03:43
than, in fact, they really are.
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03:45
From field studies to laboratory studies,
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Nga studime ne laborator apo ne praktike,
03:47
we see that winning or losing an election,
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veme re se te fitosh apo te humbesh zgjedhjet apo nje te dashur,
03:50
gaining or losing a romantic partner,
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te ngrihesh apo jo ne pergjegjesi, te kalosh apo jo nje provim,
03:52
getting or not getting a promotion,
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03:54
passing or not passing a college test,
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03:56
on and on,
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etj etj jane ngjarje shume me pak jetegjata apo vendimtare
03:57
have far less impact, less intensity and much less duration
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sesa ne i presim ato te jene.
04:02
than people expect them to have.
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Ne fakt, nje studim i koheve te fundit arriti ne perfundimin qe per mua eshte shokues
04:05
A recent study -- this almost floors me --
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se disa nga traumat me te medha jetesore ndikojne mbi njerezit vetem
04:11
a recent study showing how major life traumas affect people
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ne 3 muajt pasardhes dhe,
04:15
suggests that if it happened over three months ago,
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me ca perjashtime te rralla,
nuk ndikojne fare ne lumturine tuaj.
04:18
with only a few exceptions,
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Pse?
04:20
it has no impact whatsoever on your happiness.
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Sepse lumturia mund te sintetizohet.
04:24
Why?
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04:26
Because happiness can be synthesized.
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Sir Thomas Brown shkruan ne 1642, "Jam njeriu me i lumtur nder te gjallet.
04:30
Sir Thomas Brown wrote in 1642, "I am the happiest man alive.
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Kam brenda meje ate cka me ndihmon te kthej varferine ne pasuri, fatkeqesine ne mbaresi
04:34
I have that in me that can convert poverty to riches, adversity to prosperity.
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Jam me i pathyeshem se Akili; fati nuk ka nje vend ku mund te me demtoje."
04:39
I am more invulnerable than Achilles; fortune hath not one place to hit me."
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C'pajisje te mahnitshme ka ky njeri ne koken e tij?
04:44
What kind of remarkable machinery does this guy have in his head?
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Po te njejten qe kemi te gjithe ne te tjeret.
04:47
Well, it turns out it's precisely the same remarkable machinery that all of us have.
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Qeniet njerezore kane nje sistem qe ne e quajme imuno-psiqik.
04:53
Human beings have something
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that we might think of as a "psychological immune system,"
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Nje sistem procesesh njohese, kryesisht te pandergjegjshme,
04:58
a system of cognitive processes, largely nonconscious cognitive processes,
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qe e ndihmojne ate te ndryshoje pikepamjet mbi boten,
05:03
that help them change their views of the world,
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ne menyre qe te ndihen me mire mbi ambjentin qe i rrethon.
05:07
so that they can feel better about the worlds
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Edhe ju si Sir Thomas keni po te njejten pajisje.
05:09
in which they find themselves.
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por ndryshe nga Sir Thomas, ju nuk jeni ne dijeni qe e keni.
05:11
Like Sir Thomas, you have this machine.
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05:14
Unlike Sir Thomas, you seem not to know it.
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Ne e "sintetizojme" lumturine, por mendojme se ajo eshte dicka qe duhet gjetur.
05:18
We synthesize happiness, but we think happiness is a thing to be found.
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Besoj, se nuk keni nevoje per shembuj te "sintetizimit" te lumturise.
05:23
Now, you don't need me to give you
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05:25
too many examples of people synthesizing happiness, I suspect,
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Megjithate do t'ju jap ca fakte nga disa eksperimente.
Nuk do u duhet te kerkoni shume per te gjetur shembuj.
05:29
though I'm going to show you some experimental evidence.
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Si nje prove per veten, me qe e perdor kete disa here ne leksionet qe jap,
05:32
You don't have to look very far for evidence.
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05:34
I took a copy of the "New York Times"
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kam marre me vete nje kopje te New York Times per te gjetur disa shembuj te "sintetizimit" te lumturise
05:36
and tried to find some instances of people synthesizing happiness.
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Ja ku jane tre burra qe e bejne kete.
05:39
Here are three guys synthesizing happiness.
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"Une ndjehem me mire fizikisht, financiarisht, emocionalisht dhe menderisht
05:41
"I'm better off physically, financially, mentally ..."
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05:43
"I don't have one minute's regret. It was a glorious experience."
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dhe pothuaj ne cdo aspekt tjeter." "Nuk kam as keqardhjen me te vogel.
05:46
"I believe it turned out for the best."
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Ishte nje eksperience e lavdishme." "Mendoj se doli keshtu per me mire"
05:48
Who are these characters who are so damn happy?
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Kush dreqin na qenkan keto personazhe kaq te lumtura?
05:51
The first one is Jim Wright.
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05:52
Some of you are old enough to remember:
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I pari eshte Jim Wright.
05:54
he was the chairman of the House of Representatives,
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Disa nga ju ndoshta e mbajne mend akoma: ai ishte kryetari i dhomes se perfaqesuesve
05:56
and he resigned in disgrace
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05:58
when this young Republican named Newt Gingrich found out about
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qe dha doreheqjen kur nje republikan i ri i quajtur Newt Gingrich
06:01
a shady book deal that he had done.
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06:02
He lost everything.
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zbuloi disa parregullsira ne lidhje me nje liber te tij
06:04
The most powerful Democrat in the country lost everything:
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Ai humbi cdo gje. Demokrati me i fuqishem ne vend,
06:06
he lost his money, he lost his power.
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humbi cdo gje.
06:08
What does he have to say all these years later about it?
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Humbi parate, pushtetin.
06:11
"I am so much better off physically, financially, mentally
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C'thote ai pas gjithe ketyre viteve mbi kete ngjarje?
"Une ndjehem me mire fizikisht, financiarisht, emocionalisht dhe menderisht
06:14
and in almost every other way."
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06:15
What other way would there be to be better off?
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dhe pothuaj ne cdo aspekt tjeter."
06:17
Vegetably? Minerally? Animally?
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Cfare aspekti tjeter ka lene jashte?
06:20
He's pretty much covered them there.
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Aspektin perimor, mineral apo shtazor? Ai i ka mbuluar te tera.
06:22
Moreese Bickham is somebody you've never heard of.
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06:24
Moreese Bickham uttered these words upon being released.
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Moreese Bickhamit mund te mos ia keni degjuar emrin.
Ai u shpreh keshtu pasi u lirua nga burgu.
06:27
He was 78 years old.
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06:28
He'd spent 37 years in Louisiana State Penitentiary
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Ishte 78 vjet dhe kish qene 37 vjet ne burgun
06:31
for a crime he didn't commit.
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e Luizianes per nje krim qe nuk e kish kryer ai.
06:33
He was ultimately [released for good behavior halfway through his sentence.]
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Me ne fund u deklarua i pafajshem,
06:37
What did he have to say about his experience?
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ne moshen 78 vjecare ne saje te proves se ADN-se.
06:39
"I don't have one minute's regret. It was a glorious experience."
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Si e komentoi ai pervojen e tij?
06:42
Glorious!
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"Nuk kam as keqardhjen me te vogel. Ishte nje eksperience e lavdishme."
06:43
This guy's not saying, "There were some nice guys. They had a gym."
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E lavdishme! Ai nuk po thote:
06:46
"Glorious" -- a word we usually reserve for something like a religious experience.
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"Epo kishte dhe atje ca djem te mire. Kishte dhe nje palester."
Ishte "e lavdishme,"
nje fjale qe ne e perdorim per nje ekperience thuaj mistike.
06:50
Harry S. Langerman uttered these words.
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06:53
He's somebody you might have known but didn't,
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Harry S. Langerman, kete ndoshta mund ta njihni, i shqiptoi keto fjale
06:55
because in 1949, he read a little article in the paper
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teksa lexoi ne 1949 nje artikull te shkurter ne gazete
06:58
about a hamburger stand owned by these two brothers named McDonald.
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mbi nje kioske te vogel hamburgerash te dy vllezerve te quajtur McDonalds.
07:01
And he thought, "That's a really neat idea!"
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07:03
So he went to find them.
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Dhe ai mendoi, "Kjo eshte vertete nje ide e lezetshme!"
07:05
They said, "We can give you a franchise on this for 3,000 bucks."
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Ai shkoi ti gjente ata. Ata i thane:
07:08
Harry went back to New York, asked his brother, an investment banker,
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"Ta japim ekskluzivitetin per 3,000 dollare."
Harry u kthye ne New York, dhe i kerkoi vellait te tij, nje bankieri
07:11
to loan him 3,000 dollars, and his brother's immortal words were,
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07:14
"You idiot, nobody eats hamburgers."
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ti jepte nje kredi prej 3,000 dollaresh.
Fjalet e pavdekshme te vellait te tij ishin:
07:16
He wouldn't lend him the money.
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07:17
Of course, six months later, Ray Kroc had exactly the same idea.
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"Ti je idiot. E kush ha hamburgera?!"
Nuk i dha borxh te vellait, dhe sic dihet 6 muaj me vone
07:20
It turns out, people do eat hamburgers,
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Ray Croc pati tamam te njejten ide.
07:22
and Ray Kroc, for a while, became the richest man in America.
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Njerezit sic duket hengerkan hamburgera,
dhe Ray Croc, per ca kohe, ishte njeriu me i pasur ne Amerike.
07:26
And then, finally,
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07:28
some of you recognize this young photo of Pete Best,
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Dhe ne fund - me e bukura!
07:31
who was the original drummer for the Beatles,
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Disa nga ju ndoshta e njohin kete foto te hershme te Pete Best,
07:33
until they, you know, sent him out on an errand and snuck away
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07:37
and picked up Ringo on a tour.
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bateristit fillestar te Beatles,
07:39
Well, in 1994, when Pete Best was interviewed --
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deri ne mometin kur ata sic e dini e "hoqen qafe"
07:41
yes, he's still a drummer; yes, he's a studio musician --
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dhe moren fshehurazi tij Ringon ne nje tur.
07:44
he had this to say: "I'm happier than I would have been with the Beatles."
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Ne 1994 kur i bene nje interviste, Pete Best,
qe ende eshte muzikant dhe baterist
07:48
OK, there's something important to be learned from these people,
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kish vetem kaq per te thene: " Jam me i lumtur sesa po te isha me Beatles."
07:51
and it is the secret of happiness.
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07:53
Here it is, finally to be revealed.
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Mire atehere. Kemi nje gje te rendesishme per te mesuar nga keta njerez -
07:55
First: accrue wealth, power and prestige,
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sekretin e lumturise.
07:58
then lose it.
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Ja pra tek eshte.
07:59
(Laughter)
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Fillimisht: grumbullo pasuri, pushtet dhe prestigj,
08:01
Second: spend as much of your life in prison as you possibly can.
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dhe pastaj humbi te gjitha. (Qeshje)
08:05
(Laughter)
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08:06
Third: make somebody else really, really rich.
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Se dyti: kalo sa me shume kohe te jete e mundur ne burg.
(Qeshje). Se treti: ndihmo dike tjeter te behet shume shume i pasur. (Qeshje)
08:10
And finally: never, ever join the Beatles.
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08:12
(Laughter)
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08:13
Yeah, right.
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08:14
Because when people synthesize happiness,
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dhe se fundi: mos u be kurre pjese e Beatles. (Qeshje)
08:16
as these gentlemen seem to have done,
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Tani, ashtu si dhe Ze Frank, une mund te parashikoj ate qe po mendoni
08:19
we all smile at them, but we kind of roll our eyes and say,
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08:22
"Yeah, right, you never really wanted the job."
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"Posi posi!" Ne momentin kur njerezit
08:25
"Oh yeah, right -- you really didn't have that much in common with her,
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"sintetizojne" lumturine, ashtu sic kane bere dhe keta zoterinjte,
08:29
and you figured that out just about the time
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te gjithe buzeqeshim, rrotullojme syte me dyshim dhe themi:
08:31
she threw the engagement ring in your face."
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08:33
We smirk,
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"Posi, ty as nuk te pelqente ajo lloj pune."
08:34
because we believe that synthetic happiness is not of the same quality
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"Posi. Ti nuk kishe aq gjera
te perbashketa me te,
08:38
as what we might call "natural happiness."
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dhe e kuptove tamam ne kohen
08:41
What are these terms?
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08:42
Natural happiness is what we get when we get what we wanted,
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kur ajo te hodhi syve unazen e fejeses."
Ne qeshim plot ironi sepse besojme se lumturia e "sintetizuar"
08:45
and synthetic happiness is what we make when we don't get what we wanted.
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nuk eshte njesoj si ajo qe ne quajme lumturi e natyrshme.
08:50
And in our society, we have a strong belief
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Cila eshte domethenia e ketyre koncepteve?
Lumturia e natyrshme eshte kur marrim ate cka duam,
08:53
that synthetic happiness is of an inferior kind.
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ndersa "sintetikja" eshte ajo qe perjetojme kur nuk marrim ate qe duam.
08:57
Why do we have that belief?
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08:58
Well, it's very simple.
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09:00
What kind of economic engine would keep churning
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Ne shoqerine tone besojme se,
09:04
if we believed that not getting what we want
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lumturia e "sintetizuar" eshte me inferiore.
09:07
could make us just as happy as getting it?
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Pse mendojme keshtu?
Eshte shume e thjeshte. Cfare lloj ekonomie do te vazhdonte
09:10
With all apologies to my friend Matthieu Ricard,
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te zhvillohej nese
09:14
a shopping mall full of Zen monks
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ne do te besonim qe edhe sikur te mos merrnim cfare donim do ishim po aq te lumtur sa ne te kunderten?
09:16
is not going to be particularly profitable,
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09:18
because they don't want stuff enough.
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09:20
(Laughter)
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Duke i kerkuar te falur shokut time Matthieu Ricard,
09:22
I want to suggest to you
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09:23
that synthetic happiness is every bit as real and enduring
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them se nje mapo plot me murgj budiste,
nuk do kishte aq fitim,
09:27
as the kind of happiness you stumble upon
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sepse ata nuk do deshironin shume gjera.
09:30
when you get exactly what you were aiming for.
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09:32
Now, I'm a scientist, so I'm going to do this not with rhetoric,
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Une dua tu propozoj tezen qe lumturia "sintetike" eshte
09:35
but by marinating you in a little bit of data.
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po aq e vertete e jetegjate
09:38
Let me first show you an experimental paradigm
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sa lumturia qe takoni rastesisht
09:40
that's used to demonstrate the synthesis of happiness
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kur gjeni tamam ate qe kerkonit.
09:44
among regular old folks.
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Une jam shkencetar dhe nuk do te perdor retoriken,
09:45
This isn't mine,
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por do ju paraqis ca te dhena per t'ju bindur.
09:46
it's a 50-year-old paradigm called the "free choice paradigm."
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Do ju tregoj fillimisht te dhenat e nje modeli eksperimenti qe perdoret
09:49
It's very simple.
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09:50
You bring in, say, six objects,
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per te treguar "sintezen" e lumturise
09:53
and you ask a subject to rank them from the most to the least liked.
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mes njerezve normale. Kete model nuk e kam krijuar une.
09:56
In this case, because this experiment uses them,
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Eshte nje paradigme 50-vjecare dhe quhet paradigma e zgjedhjes se lire.
09:59
these are Monet prints.
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Eshte shume i thjeshte.
10:00
Everybody ranks these Monet prints from the one they like the most
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Merrni per shembull 6 objekte
10:04
to the one they like the least.
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dhe kerkojini dikujt ti radhise ato sipas preferences.
10:05
Now we give you a choice:
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Ne kete rast eskperimenti bazohet ne radhitjen e
10:07
"We happen to have some extra prints in the closet.
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10:09
We're going to give you one as your prize to take home.
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6 posterave te pikturave te Monese.
Secili mund te radhise posterat e Monese,
10:12
We happen to have number three and number four," we tell the subject.
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ne baze te preferences.
Tani u japim nje zgjedhje:
10:16
This is a bit of a difficult choice,
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"Ne kemi disa postera shtese ne dollap.
10:18
because neither one is preferred strongly to the other,
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10:20
but naturally, people tend to pick number three,
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Do ju japim nje si cmim dhe mund ta merrni me vete ne shtepi.
Por kemi vetem posterat 3 dhe 4,"
10:23
because they liked it a little better than number four.
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i themi pjesemarresit ne eksperiment. Kjo zgjedhje eshte paska e veshtire
10:26
Sometime later -- it could be 15 minutes, it could be 15 days --
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sepse asnje nga dy posterat nuk eshte nder me te preferuarit,
10:30
the same stimuli are put before the subject,
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por ne menyre te natyrshme, njerezit zgjedhin 3shin
10:32
and the subject is asked to re-rank the stimuli.
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sepse u pelqente pak me shume se 4a.
10:35
"Tell us how much you like them now."
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10:37
What happens?
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Ca kohe me vone - te themi pas 15 minutash apo ditesh -
10:38
Watch as happiness is synthesized.
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10:40
This is the result that's been replicated over and over again.
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i paraqisim subjekteve te njejtet poster
10:43
You're watching happiness be synthesized.
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dhe i kerkojme atyre ti radhisin perseri
10:45
Would you like to see it again?
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"Na thoni se cilat jane preferencat tuaja."
Cfare ndodh? Vereni se si "sintetizohet" lumturia.
10:48
Happiness!
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10:49
"The one I got is really better than I thought!
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Rezultati i meposhtem eshte dicka qe perseritet cdo here.
10:51
That other one I didn't get sucks!"
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10:54
That's the synthesis of happiness.
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Tani do shihni se si "sintetizohet" lumturia.
10:55
(Laughter)
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A doni ta shihni perseri? Lumturi!
10:57
Now, what's the right response to that?
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10:59
"Yeah, right!"
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"Ajo poster qe mora une eshte me e mire sec mendoja!
11:02
Now, here's the experiment we did,
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Tjetra eshte kot fare!"
11:04
and I hope this is going to convince you
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(Qeshje) Kjo eshte "sinteza" e lumturise.
11:06
that "Yeah, right!" was not the right response.
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Cili do ishte reagimi juaj? "Posi posi!"
11:08
We did this experiment with a group of patients
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11:10
who had anterograde amnesia.
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11:12
These are hospitalized patients.
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Tani te shohim eksperimentin qe beme,
11:14
Most of them have Korsakoff syndrome,
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dhe shpresoj qe ky do t'ju binde qe
11:16
a polyneuritic psychosis.
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"Posi posi!" nuk eshte pergjigjia e duhur.
11:18
They drank way too much, and they can't make new memories.
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Ne beme nje eksperiment me nje grup pacientesh
qe kishin amnezi anterograde. Keta jane paciente te shtruar ne spital.
11:22
They remember their childhood, but if you walk in and introduce yourself
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Shumica e tyre kane sindromen e Korsakovit,
11:26
and then leave the room,
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nje psikoze polineurotike - kane pire shume alkol ne te shkuaren,
11:27
when you come back, they don't know who you are.
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11:31
We took our Monet prints to the hospital.
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dhe nuk mund te krijojne kujtese te re.
Huh? Ata mbajne mend femijerine e tyre po nese i prezantohesh per here te pare,
11:34
And we asked these patients to rank them
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11:37
from the one they liked the most to the one they liked the least.
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dhe pastaj largohesh,
kur kthehesh perseri nuk te mbajne mend.
11:41
We then gave them the choice between number three and number four.
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Sollem posterat e Monese ne spital.
11:44
Like everybody else, they said,
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I kerkuam pacienteve ti radhisnin ato
11:46
"Gee, thanks Doc! That's great! I could use a new print.
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sipas preferences.
11:49
I'll take number three."
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11:50
We explained we would have number three mailed to them.
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U dhame atyre me pas zgjedhjen mes posterit 3 dhe 4
11:54
We gathered up our materials,
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Po ashtu si ne rastin e subjekteve normale, ata thane,
11:56
and we went out of the room and counted to a half hour.
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"Eh doktor! Fantastike! Do me pelqente te kisha nje poster.
11:58
(Laughter)
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Po marr treshin."
12:00
Back into the room, we say, "Hi, we're back."
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I thame qe do ua postonim posterin tre.
12:03
The patients, bless them, say, "Ah, Doc, I'm sorry,
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I mblodhem materialet, dolem nga dhoma,
12:07
I've got a memory problem; that's why I'm here.
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dhe qendruam gjysem ore.
12:09
If I've met you before, I don't remember."
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Hyme ne dhomes perseri dhe thame,"Ckemi, u kthyem."
12:11
"Really, Jim, you don't remember? I was just here with the Monet prints?"
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Pacientet, sic pritej thane, "Ah, me vjen keq, doktor,
12:14
"Sorry, Doc, I just don't have a clue."
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12:17
"No problem, Jim.
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une kam problem me kujtesen, prandaj jam ketu.
12:18
All I want you to do is rank these for me,
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Nese te kam takuar me pare, nuk e mbaj mend."
12:20
from the one you like the most to the one you like the least."
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"Vertet, Jim, nuk te kujtohet? Une sapo isha ketu me posterat e Monese."
12:24
What do they do?
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"Me vjen keq. Nuk e kam idene."
12:26
Well, let's first check and make sure they're really amnesiac.
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"S'ka problem Jim. Ajo qe dua eshte te rradhitesh keto postera
12:29
We ask these amnesiac patients to tell us which one they own,
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sipas preferences, nga ai qe te pelqen me shume tek ai me pak."
12:32
which one they chose last time, which one is theirs.
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E c'bene ata? Ne fillim le te kontrollojme ne se jane vertet
12:36
And what we find is, amnesiac patients just guess.
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amneziake. I pyetem ata te na thoshin,
12:39
These are normal controls, where if I did this with you,
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se cili prej posterave ishte i tyre,
12:42
all of you would know which print you chose.
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ke zgjodhen radhen e kaluar.
12:44
But if I do this with amnesiac patients, they don't have a clue.
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Ne vume re qe ata vetem hamendesojne.
12:48
They can't pick their print out of a lineup.
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Ky eshte grupi i kontrollit, sepse nese e beja kete me ju,
12:51
Here's what normal controls do: they synthesize happiness. Right?
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te gjithe do te dinit se ke poster zgjodhet.
Po me amneziaket eshte ndryshe,
12:56
This is the change in liking score,
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ata nuk e kane idene. As foton e tyre nuk e dallojne dot.
12:58
the change from the first time they ranked to the second time they ranked.
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13:01
Normal controls show -- that was the magic I showed you;
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Grupi i kontrollit ben tamam "sintetizimin" e lumturise.
13:04
now I'm showing it to you in graphical form --
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13:06
"The one I own is better than I thought.
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Vertet? Ky eshte ndryshimi ne preference
13:08
The one I didn't own, the one I left behind,
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nga hera e pare ne te dyten.
13:11
is not as good as I thought."
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Grupi i kontrollit demonstron
- ate magjine qe une u tregova -
13:13
Amnesiacs do exactly the same thing. Think about this result.
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tani po jua tregoj ne menyre me grafike -
"E imja eshte me mire sec mendova. Ajo qe nuk zgjodha
13:18
These people like better the one they own,
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13:20
but they don't know they own it.
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nuk eshte aq e mire sa mendoja."
Amneziaket bejne po te njejten gje. Mendoni per nje cast.
13:24
"Yeah, right" is not the right response!
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13:28
What these people did when they synthesized happiness
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Keta njerez preferojne ate qe cka zoterojne,
paveresisht se nuk e dine qe eshte e tyrja.
13:32
is they really, truly changed
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13:34
their affective, hedonic, aesthetic reactions to that poster.
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"Posi, posi" nuk eshte pergjigjia e duhur!
Teksa "sintetizuan" lumturine keta njerez,
13:40
They're not just saying it because they own it,
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13:42
because they don't know they own it.
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ndryshuan realisht reagimet e tyre
13:45
When psychologists show you bars,
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reagimet e tyre emocionale, hedonike dhe estetike ndaj posterit.
13:48
you know that they are showing you averages of lots of people.
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Ata nuk po reagojne ashtu sepse e zoterojne gjene,
13:51
And yet, all of us have this psychological immune system,
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sepse kete fakt nuk e dine.
13:55
this capacity to synthesize happiness,
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13:57
but some of us do this trick better than others.
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Kur psikologet u tregojne histograma,
14:00
And some situations allow anybody to do it more effectively
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e dini qe ata po u tregojne mesataren e disa njerezve.
e megjithate te gjithe ne e kemi kete sistem imuno-psiqik
14:04
than other situations do.
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kapacitetin per te "sintetizuar" lumturine
14:08
It turns out that freedom,
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por disa nga ne ia dalin me mire se te tjeret.
14:11
the ability to make up your mind and change your mind,
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Disa situata na lejojne ta bejme kete me mire
14:14
is the friend of natural happiness,
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sesa disa te tjera.
14:17
because it allows you to choose among all those delicious futures
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14:20
and find the one that you would most enjoy.
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Me sa duket liria -
14:23
But freedom to choose,
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pra aftesia per ta bere mendjen te nderroje mendje -
14:25
to change and make up your mind,
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14:26
is the enemy of synthetic happiness,
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eshte nje shok i mire i lumturise natyrore, sepse na lejon te zgjedhim
14:29
and I'm going to show you why.
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mes disa skenareve te kendshem te se ardhmes ate me te pelqyeshmin.
14:31
Dilbert already knows, of course.
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14:32
"Dogbert's tech support. How may I abuse you?"
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14:35
"My printer prints a blank page after every document."
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2614
Por liria per te zgjedhur
14:37
"Why complain about getting free paper?"
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877643
1976
per te ndryshuar apo ndare mendje - eshte armiku i lumturise "sintetike."
14:39
"Free? Aren't you just giving me my own paper?"
309
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2276
14:41
"Look at the quality of the free paper compared to your lousy regular paper!
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Tani do ju them pse.
Dilbert e di kete sigurisht.
Po e lexoni kete nderkohe qe une flas.
14:45
Only a fool or a liar would say that they look the same!"
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"Dogbert, asistenca teknike. Si mund t'ju abuzoj?"
14:48
"Now that you mention it, it does seem a little silkier!"
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"Printeri me nxjerr nje faqe te zeze pas cdo dokumenti qe printoj."
14:51
"What are you doing?"
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"E pse ankohesh kur merr leter qyl?"
14:52
"I'm helping people accept the things they cannot change." Indeed.
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"Qyl? A nuk po marr thjesht letren time?"
"Egad, te lutem! Shih pak cilesine e letres qyl
14:56
The psychological immune system works best
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dhe krahasoje me letren normale qe eshte kot fare!
Vetem nje budalla apo genjeshtar do thoshte se jane njesoj!"
14:59
when we are totally stuck, when we are trapped.
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"Hm! Tani qe po ma thua, kjo sikur eshte ca si e mendafshte!"
15:02
This is the difference between dating and marriage.
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2519
15:04
You go out on a date with a guy,
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1555
"Cpo ben?"
15:06
and he picks his nose; you don't go out on another date.
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2644
"Po mundohem te ndihmoj njerezit te pranojne qe gjerat mund te ndryshojne" Tamam.
15:09
You're married to a guy and he picks his nose?
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Sistemi imuno-psiqik punon me mire
15:11
He has a heart of gold. Don't touch the fruitcake!
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kur ne jemi te paralizuar, pa rrugedalje.
15:13
You find a way to be happy with what's happened.
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3421
Ky eshte dhe ndryshimi mes nje takimi dashurie dhe marteses. Apo jo?
15:17
(Laughter)
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1001
15:18
Now, what I want to show you
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1389
Dua te them kur del ne nje takim te pare dashurie,
15:19
is that people don't know this about themselves,
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2603
dhe djali kruan hundet; thjesht nuk e takon ate perseri.
15:22
and not knowing this can work to our supreme disadvantage.
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4278
Nese je i martuar me nje djale qe krruan hunden?
Eh, po ai e ka zemren flori ama;
mos e prek kekun e frutave. Apo jo? (Qeshje)
15:26
Here's an experiment we did at Harvard.
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1977
E gjen nje menyre per tu kenaqur me cka ndodhur.
15:28
We created a black-and-white photography course,
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3028
15:31
and we allowed students to come in and learn how to use a darkroom.
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Ajo qe dua tu tregoj tani eshte se
njerezit nuk e dine kete cilesi te tyren,
15:35
So we gave them cameras, they went around campus,
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2343
15:37
they took 12 pictures of their favorite professors
331
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2361
dhe kjo padituri mund te shkaktoje nje dizavantazh te madh.
15:40
and their dorm room and their dog,
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2055
Ja nje eksperiment qe zhvilluam ne Harvard.
15:42
and all the other things they wanted to have Harvard memories of.
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Ofruam nje kurs fotografie bardh e zi,
15:45
They bring us the camera, we make up a contact sheet,
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dhe i lejuam nxenesit te vinin dhe te mesonin si perdorej dhoma e erret.
15:47
they figure out which are the two best pictures.
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I dhame atyre aparate fotografike, ata u verdallosen neper kompleksin studentor,
15:50
We now spend six hours teaching them about darkrooms,
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bene 12 fotografi te profesoreve te preferuar, te dhomes se tyre, qenit,
15:52
and they blow two of them up.
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15:54
They have two gorgeous 8 x 10 glossies
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1866
15:56
of meaningful things to them, and we say,
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2021
dhe te subjekteve te tjere qe donin ti ruanin ne kujtese,
15:58
"Which one would you like to give up?"
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Na sollen aparatet, beme nje printim te te gjithe negativeve
16:00
"I have to give one up?"
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1151
16:01
"Yes, we need one as evidence of the class project.
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3112
per te pare se cilat ishin 2 fotot me te mira,
dhe harxhuam rreth 6 ore per tu mesuar ne dhomen e erret,
16:04
So you have to give me one. You have to make a choice.
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2618
se si ti zmadhonin dy fotot,
16:07
You get to keep one, and I get to keep one."
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Ata bene dy foto me shkelqim 8-me-10
te subjekteve te rendesishme per ta dhe ne u thame,
16:10
Now, there are two conditions in this experiment.
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2976
"Ke do na jepni ne?"
16:13
In one case, the students are told,
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2278
Ata pergjigjen, "Me duhet tu jap nje?"
16:15
"But you know, if you want to change your mind,
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2356
"Po patjeter. Na duhet nje si prove per projektin ne klase."
16:18
I'll always have the other one here,
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Keshtu duhet te me japesh nje prej tyre. Zgjidh.
16:19
and in the next four days, before I actually mail it to headquarters" --
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4475
Ti mban nje dhe une mbaj ate tjetren."
16:24
yeah, "headquarters" --
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1933
Ne kete eksperiment pati dy grupe
16:26
(Laughter)
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1005
16:27
"I'll be glad to swap it out with you.
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1849
Ne te parin, u thame studenteve:"Nese e nderron mendjen
16:29
In fact, I'll come to your dorm room, just give me an email.
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3053
une e kam akoma foton tjeter
16:32
Better yet, I'll check with you.
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1991
dhe brenda kater diteve, para se ta postoj per ne qender
16:34
You ever want to change your mind, it's totally returnable."
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2888
16:37
The other half of the students are told exactly the opposite:
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2897
nuk do kisha problem" - (Qeshje) - po do postohej ne "qender"-
16:40
"Make your choice, and by the way,
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1730
ta nderroja me ty. Ne fakt
16:41
the mail is going out, gosh, in two minutes, to England.
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2890
une mund te vij tek dhoma jote dhe te ta jap -
16:44
Your picture will be winging its way over the Atlantic.
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2645
vetem me jep emailin. Ose me mire do vihem vete ne kontakt.
16:47
You will never see it again."
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1747
Nese e nderron mendjen, ska problem ta kthej."
16:49
Half of the students in each of these conditions
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2257
Pjeses tjeter te studenteve u thame te kunderten:
16:52
are asked to make predictions
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1480
16:53
about how much they're going to come to like
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2072
"Vendosni tani.
16:55
the picture that they keep
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1352
Une do ta postoj foton, per...hm 2 minuta, per ne Angli.
16:57
and the picture they leave behind.
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1687
16:58
Other students are just sent back to their little dorm rooms
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2901
Fotoja jote do fluturoje mbi Atlantik.
Nuk do ta shohesh me ate."
17:01
and they are measured over the next three to six days
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3111
Gjysmes se studenteve ne secilin nga 2 grupet
17:04
on their satisfaction with the pictures.
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1024909
1998
i kerkuam te parashikoje se sa
17:06
Look at what we find.
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1238
shume do u pelqeje foto qe mbajne
17:08
First of all, here's what students think is going to happen.
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3355
dhe sa ajo qe na japin ne.
17:11
They think they're going to maybe come to like the picture they chose
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3893
Gjysmen tjeter e derguam neper dhomat e tyre
17:15
a little more than the one they left behind.
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2516
dhe per 3-6 diten ne vijim ne matem
17:18
But these are not statistically significant differences.
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3088
preferencat, pelqimet dhe mospelqimet e tyre mbi fotot.
17:21
It's a very small increase, and it doesn't much matter
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3516
Shihni se cilat jane rezultatet.
Si fillim, te shohim se cfare parashikojne studentet.
17:24
whether they were in the reversible or irreversible condition.
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2968
Ata mendojne se do pelqejne pak me shume foton qe
17:27
Wrong-o.
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1160
17:28
Bad simulators.
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1169
17:30
Because here's what's really happening.
378
1050050
1898
zgjedhin sesa ate qe lene por,
17:31
Both right before the swap and five days later,
379
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3334
ndryshimet nuk do jene statistikisht te konsiderueshme.
17:35
people who are stuck with that picture,
380
1055330
2186
17:37
who have no choice,
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1152
Ka nje rritje shume te vogel ne preference
17:38
who can never change their mind,
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2040
dhe nuk ka rendesi se ne cilin grup do jene nxenesit.
17:40
like it a lot.
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1060780
1429
17:42
And people who are deliberating -- "Should I return it?
384
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2951
Gaabim! Simulimatore te keqinj. Kjo eshte ajo qe ndodhi ne te vertete.
17:45
Have I gotten the right one?
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1065909
1383
17:47
Maybe this isn't the good one. Maybe I left the good one?" --
386
1067316
2899
Si para zgjedhjes ashtu dhe 5 dite me vone,
17:50
have killed themselves.
387
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1200
studenteve qe "ju ngeci ne dore" fotoja,
17:51
They don't like their picture.
388
1071463
1458
17:52
In fact, even after the opportunity to swap has expired,
389
1072945
2657
ata qe nuk kishin zgjedhje,
ata qe nuk mund te nderronin mendjen, e pelqenin goxha foton e tyre!
17:55
they still don't like their picture.
390
1075626
2010
17:58
Why?
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1151
Ata qe po ngurronin - "A duhet ta nderroj?
17:59
Because the [reversible] condition is not conducive
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3308
A kam zgjedhur te duhuren? Ndoshta kjo nuk eshte foto e duhur?
18:02
to the synthesis of happiness.
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1821
Ndoshta lashe me te mire" - po torturoheshin.
18:05
So here's the final piece of this experiment.
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2903
Atyre nuk u pelqente me fotoja e tyre,
edhe pasi afati per ta nderruar ate skadoi,
18:08
We bring in a whole new group of naive Harvard students
395
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3740
gjendja nuk ndryshoi. Pse?
18:11
and we say, "You know, we're doing a photography course,
396
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3356
18:15
and we can do it one of two ways.
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1095289
1751
Sepse mundesia e kthimit prapa nuk favorizon
18:17
We could do it so that when you take the two pictures,
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2633
"sintetizimin" e lumturise.
18:20
you'd have four days to change your mind,
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1100264
2021
Tani po ju paraqes pjesen e fundit te eksperimentit.
18:22
or we're doing another course where you take the two pictures
400
1102309
2889
Sollem nje grup te ri me student naive te Harvardit
18:25
and you make up your mind right away and you can never change it.
401
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3065
dhe u thame atyre, "Ne kemi nje kurs fotografie,
18:28
Which course would you like to be in?" Duh!
402
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2024
18:30
Sixty-six percent of the students, two-thirds,
403
1110359
2418
dhe mund ta organizojme ne nje nga dy menyrat.
18:32
prefer to be in the course where they have the opportunity to change their mind.
404
1112801
4069
Ju mund te merrni dy fotot dhe
keni 4 dite per te ndryshuar mendjen,
18:36
Hello? Sixty-six percent of the students choose to be in the course
405
1116894
3562
ne kursin tjeter zgjidhni dy foto
menjehere dhe nuk keni
18:40
in which they will ultimately be deeply dissatisfied with the picture --
406
1120480
3664
mundesine ta nderroni mendjen. Cilin kurs do zgjidhnit?
"Ha! 66% e studenteve, 2/3
18:44
(Laughter)
407
1124168
1016
18:45
because they do not know the conditions under which synthetic happiness grows.
408
1125208
5901
preferuan kursin ku kishin mundesi te nderronin mendje.
18:51
The Bard said everything best, of course, and he's making my point here
409
1131747
5004
Vini re 66% e studenteve zgjodhen kursin ne te cilin
18:56
but he's making it hyperbolically:
410
1136775
1976
ata do perfundonin teper te pakenaqur me foton e tyre.
18:58
"'Tis nothing good or bad But thinking makes it so."
411
1138775
3260
Kjo ndodhi sepse ata nuk i njohin kushtet si kultivohet lumturia sintetike.
19:02
It's nice poetry, but that can't exactly be right.
412
1142059
3222
19:05
Is there really nothing good or bad?
413
1145305
2088
Poeti ka shpreshur cdo gje me mire,
19:07
Is it really the case that gall bladder surgery and a trip to Paris
414
1147417
3915
19:11
are just the same thing?
415
1151356
1537
kur edhe pse ne menyre hiperbolike thote:
19:12
(Laughter)
416
1152917
1087
19:14
That seems like a one-question IQ test.
417
1154028
3857
"Ska asgje te mire apo te keqe/Mendimi e ben ate te tille."
19:17
They can't be exactly the same.
418
1157909
1872
Poezi e lezetshme, po nuk mund te jete tamam e sakte.
19:19
In more turgid prose, but closer to the truth,
419
1159805
3080
A eshte e vertete qe gjerat nuk jane as te mira as te keqija?
19:22
was the father of modern capitalism, Adam Smith, and he said this.
420
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3374
A eshte e vertete qe nje operaction i temthit dhe nje udhetim ne Paris
19:26
This is worth contemplating:
421
1166307
1955
jane njesoj? Ky duket si nje test IQ me nje pyetje.
19:28
"The great source of both the misery and disorders of human life
422
1168286
3952
19:32
seems to arise from overrating the difference
423
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2623
Ato nuk mund te jene njesoj.
19:34
between one permanent situation and another.
424
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2976
Ne nje stil prozaik pak me te fryre, po me afer te vertetes,
19:37
Some of these situations may, no doubt, deserve to be preferred to others,
425
1177909
5297
Adam Smith, babai i kapitalizmit modern, u shpresh si me poshte.
Ia vlen te ndalemi pak tek kjo thenie:
19:43
but none of them can deserve to be pursued
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2929
"Burimi i madh i fatkeqesive dhe kaosit ne jeten njerezore
19:46
with that passionate ardor which drives us to violate the rules
427
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4570
duket se fshihet ne mbivleresimin e ndryshimit
19:50
either of prudence or of justice,
428
1190777
2469
midis nje gjendjeje te perhershme dhe nje tjetre...
19:53
or to corrupt the future tranquility of our minds,
429
1193270
2765
Disa nga keto gjendje, pa dyshim, meritojne te jene me te preferuara,
19:56
either by shame from the remembrance of our own folly,
430
1196059
3537
po asnje nga ato nuk e meriton te deshirohet
19:59
or by remorse for the horror of our own injustice."
431
1199620
4072
20:03
In other words: yes, some things are better than others.
432
1203716
4732
me pasionin e shfrenuar qe na con drejt thyerjes se rregullave
20:08
We should have preferences that lead us into one future over another.
433
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5503
te maturise ose drejtesise, drejt shkaterrimit te paqes shpirterore,
20:13
But when those preferences drive us too hard and too fast
434
1213999
3781
si pasoje e turpit tek kujtojme budallallekun tone,
20:17
because we have overrated the difference between these futures,
435
1217804
3691
ose e pendimit per padrejtesine e tmerrshme qe kemi treguar.
20:21
we are at risk.
436
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2536
E thene ndryshe: disa gjera jane me te mira se te tjerat.
20:24
When our ambition is bounded, it leads us to work joyfully.
437
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3718
Ne duhet te kemi preferenca e te zgjedhim nje te ardhme mbi tjetren.
20:27
When our ambition is unbounded,
438
1227821
1872
20:29
it leads us to lie, to cheat, to steal, to hurt others,
439
1229717
4414
Por kur keto preferenca na sforcojne shume
20:34
to sacrifice things of real value.
440
1234155
1999
pikerisht sepse kemi mbivleresuar ndryshimin mes zgjedhjeve,
20:36
When our fears are bounded,
441
1236178
2017
20:38
we're prudent, we're cautious,
442
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2135
atehere jemi duke rrezikuar.
20:40
we're thoughtful.
443
1240378
1183
20:41
When our fears are unbounded and overblown,
444
1241585
3263
Kur ambicia jone eshte e kufizuar, punojme te kenaqur.
20:44
we're reckless, and we're cowardly.
445
1244872
2210
Kur eshte e pakufizuar, genjejme, mashtrojme, vjedhim, lendojme te tjeret,
20:47
The lesson I want to leave you with, from these data,
446
1247625
3350
20:50
is that our longings and our worries are both to some degree overblown,
447
1250999
4079
sakrifikojme vlera te verteta. Kur frika ka kufi,
20:55
because we have within us the capacity to manufacture the very commodity
448
1255102
6172
ne jemi te kujdesshem e te matur.
Kur frikat tona jane te pakufishme dhe te ekzagjeruara,
21:01
we are constantly chasing when we choose experience.
449
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4419
jemi te shkujdesur dhe frikacake.
21:05
Thank you.
450
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1151
Mesimi qe une nxorra nga keto te dhena
21:06
(Applause)
451
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4925
eshte se deshirat dhe shqetesimet tona jana disi te zmadhuara,
sepse ne kemi aftesine te prodhojme pikerisht ate
pas te ciles rendim kur zgjedhim te jetojme
Faleminderit.
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