Why are we happy? Why aren't we happy? | Dan Gilbert

Translator: Matej Markota Reviewer: Miha Pelko

Ko imate 21 minut na voljo za predstavitev,

When you have 21 minutes to speak,

se dva milijona let zdi dolga doba.

two million years seems like a really long time.

Vendar sta dva milijona let evolucijsko komaj kaj.

But evolutionarily, two million years is nothing.

Kljub temu se je v tem času teža človeških možganov potrojila,

And yet, in two million years,

the human brain has nearly tripled in mass,

going from the one-and-a-quarter-pound brain of our ancestor here, Habilis,

s pol kilograma, kolikor so tehtali možgani našega prednika Habilisa,

na 1,3 kilogramsko gibanico, ki jo nosimo med ušesi.

to the almost three-pound meatloaf everybody here has between their ears.

Kaj je takšnega na velikih možganih, da jih je narava človeku priskrbela?

What is it about a big brain

that nature was so eager for every one of us to have one?

Ko se možganom potroji velikost,

Well, it turns out when brains triple in size,

they don't just get three times bigger; they gain new structures.

ne postanejo samo trikrat večji, ampak hkrati pridobijo nove strukture.

And one of the main reasons our brain got so big is because it got a new part,

Naši možgani so se tako povečali predvsem zato, ker so dobili nov del,

imenovan čelni reženj. Zlasti pa področje imenovano prefrontalna skorja.

called the "frontal lobe,"

particularly, a part called the "prefrontal cortex."

Čemu sploh služi prefrontalna skorja, da lahko upraviči

What does a prefrontal cortex do for you

that should justify the entire architectural overhaul of the human skull

celotno preobrazbo človeške lobanje v tako kratkem času?

in the blink of evolutionary time?

Izkaže se, da ima prefrontalna skorja številne naloge.

Well, it turns out the prefrontal cortex does lots of things,

Ena najpomembnejših med njmi je,

but one of the most important things it does is it's an experience simulator.

da deluje kot simulator doživljanja.

Piloti vadijo v simulatorjih,

Pilots practice in flight simulators

so that they don't make real mistakes in planes.

da ne bi naredili napak med pravimi leti.

Human beings have this marvelous adaptation

Človek je razvil to čudovito prilagoditev,

that they can actually have experiences in their heads

da lahko dejansko doživlja dogodke

before they try them out in real life.

preden jih izkusi v resničnem življenju.

This is a trick that none of our ancestors could do,

To je veščina, ki je naši predniki niso imeli

and that no other animal can do quite like we can.

in je nobena druga žival ne obvlada tako kot mi. To je čudovita prilagoditev.

It's a marvelous adaptation.

It's up there with opposable thumbs and standing upright and language

Kosa se lahko s oprijemalnim palcem, pokončno držo in govorom

as one of the things that got our species out of the trees

ter je ena tistih stvari, ki nas je z dreves spravila

and into the shopping mall.

v nakupovalna središča.

(Laughter)

- (Smeh) - To veščino vsi uporabljamo.

All of you have done this.

Na primer,

Ben and Jerry's doesn't have "liver and onion" ice cream,

ni mogoče najti sladoleda z okusom jeter in čebule.

and it's not because they whipped some up, tried it and went, "Yuck!"

Ne zato, ker bi ga kdo naredil, poizkusil in se zgrozil.

It's because, without leaving your armchair,

Ampak si lahko, ne da bi pomignili,

you can simulate that flavor and say "yuck" before you make it.

predstavljate ta okus in se zgrozite preden ga naredite.

Poglejmo, kako deluje vaš simulator doživljanja.

Let's see how your experience simulators are working.

Let's just run a quick diagnostic

Naredimo kratek preizkus, preden nadaljujem s predstavitvijo.

before I proceed with the rest of the talk.

Here's two different futures that I invite you to contemplate.

Razmislite o dveh različnih življenjskih poteh,

You can try to simulate them and tell me which one you think you might prefer.

simulirajte ju in povejte, katera pot vam je ljubša.

One of them is winning the lottery. This is about 314 million dollars.

Prva je dobitek na loteriji. Ta je vreden 314 milijonov dolarjev.

And the other is becoming paraplegic.

Druga možnost je postati paraplegik.

(Laughter)

Vzemite si trenutek za razmislek.

Just give it a moment of thought.

You probably don't feel like you need a moment of thought.

Verjetno se vam zdi, da ne potrebujete razmisleka.

Interestingly, there are data on these two groups of people,

Zanimivo je, da obstajajo podatki o teh dveh skupinah ljudi,

data on how happy they are.

o tem kako srečni so.

And this is exactly what you expected, isn't it?

In to je natančno, kar ste pričakovali, kaj ne?

But these aren't the data. I made these up!

Vendar to niso pravi podatki. Te sem si sam izmislil!

These are the data.

To so pravi podatki. Po petih minutah predstavitve ste že padli na preizkusu znanja.

You failed the pop quiz, and you're hardly five minutes into the lecture.

Because the fact is that a year after losing the use of their legs

Dejstvo je, da po enem letu od izgube sposobnosti uporabe nog

and a year after winning the lotto,

in eno leto po zmagi na lotu, so dobitniki na lotu in paraplegiki

lottery winners and paraplegics are equally happy with their lives.

enako srečni s svojim življenjem.

Naj vas ne skrbi preveč, ker ste padli na preizkusu,

Don't feel too bad about failing the first pop quiz,

because everybody fails all of the pop quizzes all of the time.

saj vsi vedno znova padejo na vseh preizkusih.

Raziskave, ki smo jih naredili v mojem laboratoriju

The research that my laboratory has been doing,

in ki jih delajo ekonomisti in psihologi po celi državi,

that economists and psychologists around the country have been doing,

so razkrile nekaj zelo vznemirljivega.

has revealed something really quite startling to us,

Nekaj, kar imenujemo vpliv nagnjenosti,

something we call the "impact bias,"

which is the tendency for the simulator to work badly,

in označuje težnjo simulatorja k napakam.

for the simulator to make you believe that different outcomes are more different

Simulator vas prepriča v to, da so različni izidi

bolj različni, kot v resnici drži.

than, in fact, they really are.

From field studies to laboratory studies,

Od opazovalnih do laboratorijskih raziskav,

we see that winning or losing an election,

vse kaže, da zmaga ali poraz na volitvah, začetek ali konec romantične zveze,

gaining or losing a romantic partner,

uspeh ali neuspeh pri napredovanju v službi in pri opravljanju izpitov

getting or not getting a promotion,

passing or not passing a college test,

on and on,

in tako dalje, imajo veliko manjši učinek, manjšo globino in so krajši,

have far less impact, less intensity and much less duration

kot ljudje pričakujejo.

than people expect them to have.

Najnovejša raziskava -- ki me zelo preseneča--

A recent study -- this almost floors me --

preučuje, kako velike travme vplivajo na ljudi,

a recent study showing how major life traumas affect people

je pokazala, da po treh mesecih,

suggests that if it happened over three months ago,

s samo nekaj izjemami,

travma nima več nikakršnega vpliva na vašo srečo.

with only a few exceptions,

Zakaj?

it has no impact whatsoever on your happiness.

Ker je srečo mogoče sintetizirati.

Why?

Because happiness can be synthesized.

Sir Thomas Brown je leta 1642 napisal, "Sem najsrečnejši človek na svetu.

Sir Thomas Brown wrote in 1642, "I am the happiest man alive.

V meni je tisto, kar spreobrne revščino v bogastvo, nesrečo v blaginjo.

I have that in me that can convert poverty to riches, adversity to prosperity.

Bolj sem neranljiv od Ahila; usoda me nima kam udariti."

I am more invulnerable than Achilles; fortune hath not one place to hit me."

Kakšno izredno mašinerijo ima ta človek v glavi?

What kind of remarkable machinery does this guy have in his head?

Izkaže se, da ima natanko enako izredno mašinerijo, kot jo imamo vsi ostali.

Well, it turns out it's precisely the same remarkable machinery that all of us have.

Človek ima nekaj, kar si lahko predstavljamo kot psihološki imunski sistem.

Human beings have something

that we might think of as a "psychological immune system,"

Sistem miselnih procesov, večinoma nezavednih,

a system of cognitive processes, largely nonconscious cognitive processes,

ki človeku pomaga spremeniti pogled na svet,

that help them change their views of the world,

zato, da se lahko bolje počuti v danih okoliščinah.

so that they can feel better about the worlds

Kot g. Thomas imate tudi v to sposobnost.

in which they find themselves.

Za razliko od g. Thomasa se je verjetno ne zavedate.

Like Sir Thomas, you have this machine.

Unlike Sir Thomas, you seem not to know it.

Srečo sintetiziramo, prepričani pa smo, da jo moramo iskati.

We synthesize happiness, but we think happiness is a thing to be found.

Ne potrebujete me, da bi vam pokazal veliko primerov, kako ljudje sintetizirajo srečo.

Now, you don't need me to give you

too many examples of people synthesizing happiness, I suspect,

Čeprav vam bom pokazal nekaj eksperimentalnih dokazov,

jih ni potrebno iskati daleč.

though I'm going to show you some experimental evidence.

Kot izziv samemu sebi, to namreč občasno rečem med predavanji,

You don't have to look very far for evidence.

I took a copy of the "New York Times"

sem vzel izvod New York Timesa in poizkusil najti primere, ko ljudje sintetizirajo srečo.

and tried to find some instances of people synthesizing happiness.

Tukaj so trije, ki so sintetitzirali srečo.

Here are three guys synthesizing happiness.

"Bolje sem fizično, finančno, emocionalno, mentalno

"I'm better off physically, financially, mentally ..."

"I don't have one minute's regret. It was a glorious experience."

in na skoraj vseh ostalih področjih." "Niti malo mi ni žal.

"I believe it turned out for the best."

To je bila veličastna izkušnja". "Verjamem, da se je izšlo najbolje."

Who are these characters who are so damn happy?

Kdo so te osebe, ki so tako prekleto srečne?

The first one is Jim Wright.

Some of you are old enough to remember:

Prvi je Jim Wright.

he was the chairman of the House of Representatives,

Nekateri ste dovolj stari, da se ga spomnite: bil je predsednik spodnjega doma ameriškega kongresa.

and he resigned in disgrace

when this young Republican named Newt Gingrich found out about

Nečastno je odstopil, ko je mlad republikanec z imenom Newt Gingrich

a shady book deal that he had done.

He lost everything.

razkril njegove sumljive posle.

The most powerful Democrat in the country lost everything:

Vse je izgubil. Najvplivnejši demokrat v državi,

he lost his money, he lost his power.

je izgubil vse.

What does he have to say all these years later about it?

Izgubil je denar, izgubil je moč.

"I am so much better off physically, financially, mentally

Kaj ima za povedati po vseh teh letih?

"Toliko sem bolje fizično, finančno, mentalno

and in almost every other way."

What other way would there be to be better off?

in na skoraj vseh ostalih področjih."

Vegetably? Minerally? Animally?

Na katerih področjih je sploh lahko bolje?

He's pretty much covered them there.

Zelenjavno? Mineralno? Živalno? Je kar pokrit.

Moreese Bickham is somebody you've never heard of.

Moreese Bickham uttered these words upon being released.

Za Moreesea Bickhama še niste slišali.

Ko je bil izpuščen, je povedal naslednje.

He was 78 years old.

He'd spent 37 years in Louisiana State Penitentiary

Star je bil 78 let. 37 let je preživel

for a crime he didn't commit.

v Louisianskem zaporu za zločin, ki ga ni zagrešil.

He was ultimately [released for good behavior halfway through his sentence.]

Na koncu je bil osvobojen,

What did he have to say about his experience?

pri 78ih, zaradi DNK dokazov.

"I don't have one minute's regret. It was a glorious experience."

Kaj je povedal o svoji izkušnji?

Glorious!

"Niti malo mi ni žal. To je bila veličastna izkušnja."

This guy's not saying, "There were some nice guys. They had a gym."

Veličastna! Ni rekel:

"Glorious" -- a word we usually reserve for something like a religious experience.

"Spoznal sem par prijaznih ljudi. Imeli so telovadnico."

"Veličastna",

beseda, ki jo navadno uporabljamo za na primer religiozna doživetja.

Harry S. Langerman uttered these words.

He's somebody you might have known but didn't,

Harry S. Langerman je nekdo, ki bi ga lahko poznali

because in 1949, he read a little article in the paper

ampak ga ne. Leta 1949 je prebral članek

about a hamburger stand owned by these two brothers named McDonald.

o stojnici s hamburgerji v lasti nekih dveh bratov z imenom McDonalds.

And he thought, "That's a really neat idea!"

So he went to find them.

Mislil si je, "to je kar dobro zamisel!"

They said, "We can give you a franchise on this for 3,000 bucks."

Poiskal jih je. Odgovorili so mu,

Harry went back to New York, asked his brother, an investment banker,

"Franšizo ti lahko damo za 3000 dolarjev."

Harry se je vrnil v New York in prosil brata, ki je delal kot investicijski bankir,

to loan him 3,000 dollars, and his brother's immortal words were,

"You idiot, nobody eats hamburgers."

naj mu posodi 3000 dolarjev.

Nesmrtne besede brata so bile:

He wouldn't lend him the money.

Of course, six months later, Ray Kroc had exactly the same idea.

"Ti bebec, nihče ne je hamburgerjev."

Denarja mu ni posodil in seveda šest mesecev kasneje

It turns out, people do eat hamburgers,

je imel Ray Croc povsem enako zamisel.

and Ray Kroc, for a while, became the richest man in America.

Izkazalo se je, da ljudje jedo hamburgerje

in Ray Croc je za nekaj časa postal najbogatejši Američan.

And then, finally,

some of you recognize this young photo of Pete Best,

Na koncu --najboljša možnost--

who was the original drummer for the Beatles,

nekateri boste prepoznali to sliko mladega Petea Besta,

until they, you know, sent him out on an errand and snuck away

and picked up Ringo on a tour.

ki je bil prvi bobnar Beatlesov,

Well, in 1994, when Pete Best was interviewed --

dokler ga niso "poslali po opravkih" in skrivaj pobegnili

yes, he's still a drummer; yes, he's a studio musician --

ter na turi pobrali Ringa.

he had this to say: "I'm happier than I would have been with the Beatles."

Ko so imeli leta 1994 intervju s Pete Bestom

-- da, še vedno je bobnar in glasbenik v studiu--

OK, there's something important to be learned from these people,

je povedal sledeče: "Srečnejši sem, kot bi bil z Beatlesi."

and it is the secret of happiness.

Here it is, finally to be revealed.

Dobro. Nekaj pomembnega se lahko naučimo od teh ljudi

First: accrue wealth, power and prestige,

in to je skrivnost sreče.

then lose it.

Tukaj je, končno bo razkrita.

(Laughter)

Prvo: pridobite si bogastvo, moč in ugled,

Second: spend as much of your life in prison as you possibly can.

nato jih izgubite. (Smeh)

(Laughter)

Third: make somebody else really, really rich.

Drugo: preživite čim daljši del življenja v zaporu.

(Smeh) Tretje: Nekoga drugega naredite zelo bogatega. (Smeh)

And finally: never, ever join the Beatles.

(Laughter)

Yeah, right.

Because when people synthesize happiness,

In končno: nikoli se ne pridružite Beatlesom. (Smeh)

as these gentlemen seem to have done,

OK. Tako kot Ze Frank, lahko tudi jaz predvidim kaj si mislite,

we all smile at them, but we kind of roll our eyes and say,

"Yeah, right, you never really wanted the job."

to je: "Ja, seveda." Ko

"Oh yeah, right -- you really didn't have that much in common with her,

ljudje sintetizirajo srečo, kakor ti gospodje,

and you figured that out just about the time

se jim nasmehnemo, hkrati pa zavijamo z očmi in si mislimo,

she threw the engagement ring in your face."

We smirk,

"Ja, seveda, nikoli si res nisi želel te službe."

because we believe that synthetic happiness is not of the same quality

"Ja, seveda. Saj res nisi

imel dosti skupnega z njo

as what we might call "natural happiness."

in to si odkril ravno, ko ti je

What are these terms?

Natural happiness is what we get when we get what we wanted,

vrgla zaročni prstan v obraz."

Zaničljivo se nasmehnemo, ker verjamemo, da sintetizirana sreča

and synthetic happiness is what we make when we don't get what we wanted.

ni iste kakovosti kot tako imenovana naravna sreča.

And in our society, we have a strong belief

Kakšni so to izrazi?

Naravna sreča je tisto, kar dobimo, ko dosežemo željeno.

that synthetic happiness is of an inferior kind.

Sintetizirana sreča je tisto, kar naredimo, ko ne dobimo željenega.

Why do we have that belief?

Well, it's very simple.

What kind of economic engine would keep churning

In v naši družbi prevladuje prepričanje,

if we believed that not getting what we want

da je sintetična sreča manjvredna.

could make us just as happy as getting it?

Zakaj to verjamemo?

To je enostavno. Kakšen ekonomski sistem

With all apologies to my friend Matthieu Ricard,

bi še deloval,

a shopping mall full of Zen monks

če bi verjeli, da bomo enako srečni, če dobimo ali ne dobimo željenega?

is not going to be particularly profitable,

because they don't want stuff enough.

(Laughter)

Z vsem spoštovanjem do prijatelja Matthieu Ricarda,

I want to suggest to you

that synthetic happiness is every bit as real and enduring

nakupovalno središče polno Zen menihov

ne bo posebej dobičkonosno,

as the kind of happiness you stumble upon

ker si le ti ne želijo stvari zadosti.

when you get exactly what you were aiming for.

Now, I'm a scientist, so I'm going to do this not with rhetoric,

Skušal vam bom pokazati, da je sintetizirana sreča

but by marinating you in a little bit of data.

povsem enako resnična in trajna

Let me first show you an experimental paradigm

kot tista sreča, ki jo najdete,

that's used to demonstrate the synthesis of happiness

ko dobite natanko to, kar ste si želeli.

among regular old folks.

Kot znanstvenik ne bom leporečil,

This isn't mine,

ampak vas bom namočil v nekaj podatkov.

it's a 50-year-old paradigm called the "free choice paradigm."

Najprej vam bom predstavil eksperimentalno paradigmo

It's very simple.

You bring in, say, six objects,

za prikaz sintetiziranja sreče

and you ask a subject to rank them from the most to the least liked.

med starostniki. To ni moje delo.

In this case, because this experiment uses them,

To je 50 let stara paradigma, imenovana paradigma svobodne izbire.

these are Monet prints.

Zelo je enostavna.

Everybody ranks these Monet prints from the one they like the most

Prinesete recimo šest predmetov,

to the one they like the least.

preiskovanec pa jih razvrsti od najbolj do najmanj zaželjenega.

Now we give you a choice:

V tem primeru, ker jih uporabljamo tudi v naslednjem poizkusu,

"We happen to have some extra prints in the closet.

We're going to give you one as your prize to take home.

so to Monetove slike.

Vsak lahko razvrsti te Monetove slike

We happen to have number three and number four," we tell the subject.

po vrsti, glede na to, koliko so mu všeč.

Zdaj vam damo na izbiro:

This is a bit of a difficult choice,

"Slučajno imamo nekaj dodatnih slik v shrambi.

because neither one is preferred strongly to the other,

but naturally, people tend to pick number three,

Za nagrado lahko eno vzamete domov.

Slučajno imamo številko tri in štiri,"

because they liked it a little better than number four.

jim povemo. To ni povsem lahko odločitev,

Sometime later -- it could be 15 minutes, it could be 15 days --

ker so slike preiskovancem podobno všeč,

the same stimuli are put before the subject,

seveda ljudje praviloma izberejo številko tri,

and the subject is asked to re-rank the stimuli.

ker se jim bolj dopade od štirice.

"Tell us how much you like them now."

What happens?

Čez nekaj časa -- lahko čez 15 minut ali čez 15 dni --

Watch as happiness is synthesized.

This is the result that's been replicated over and over again.

se preiskovancem pokaže iste dražljaje

You're watching happiness be synthesized.

in oni jih ponovno razvrstijo.

Would you like to see it again?

"Povejte, koliko so vam zdaj všeč."

Kaj se zgodi? Glejte, kako se sreča sintetizira.

Happiness!

"The one I got is really better than I thought!

To je rezultat, ki so ga ponovili znova in znova.

That other one I didn't get sucks!"

That's the synthesis of happiness.

Gledate, kako se sreča sintetizira.

(Laughter)

Bi radi še enkrat videli? Sreča!

Now, what's the right response to that?

"Yeah, right!"

"Podarjena slika je boljša, kot sem mislil!

Now, here's the experiment we did,

Tista, ki je nisem, dobil je slaba!"

and I hope this is going to convince you

(Smeh) To je sintetiziranje sreče.

that "Yeah, right!" was not the right response.

Kakšen je pravilen odgovor na to? "Ja, seveda!"

We did this experiment with a group of patients

who had anterograde amnesia.

These are hospitalized patients.

Tukaj je poizkus, ki smo ga naredili

Most of them have Korsakoff syndrome,

in upam, da vas prepriča, da

a polyneuritic psychosis.

"Ja, seveda!" ni bil pravi odgovor.

They drank way too much, and they can't make new memories.

Naredili smo poizkus s skupino bolnikov

z anterogradno amnezijo. To so bolniki v bolnišnicah.

They remember their childhood, but if you walk in and introduce yourself

Večina ima Korsakoffov sindrom,

and then leave the room,

ki je polinevritična psihoza -- veliko preveč so pili,

when you come back, they don't know who you are.

We took our Monet prints to the hospital.

in ne morejo tvoriti novih spominov.

OK? Spomnijo se svojega otroštva, če pa stopite v sobo, se jim predstavite

And we asked these patients to rank them

from the one they liked the most to the one they liked the least.

in nato odidete,

ko se boste vrnili, ne bodo vedeli kdo ste.

We then gave them the choice between number three and number four.

Vzeli smo Monetove slike v bolnišnico.

Like everybody else, they said,

In prosili smo te bolnike, naj jih razvrstijo

"Gee, thanks Doc! That's great! I could use a new print.

od tiste, ki jim je najbolj, do tiste, ki jim je najmanj všeč.

I'll take number three."

We explained we would have number three mailed to them.

Nato so se odločili med številko tri in štiri.

We gathered up our materials,

Kot vsi ostali, so rekli

and we went out of the room and counted to a half hour.

"O hvala dohtar! Čudovito! Prav bo prišla.

(Laughter)

Vzel bom številko tri."

Back into the room, we say, "Hi, we're back."

Rekli smo, da bodo dobili številko tri po pošti.

The patients, bless them, say, "Ah, Doc, I'm sorry,

Pobrali smo vse potrebščine, odšli iz sobe

I've got a memory problem; that's why I'm here.

in počakali pol ure.

If I've met you before, I don't remember."

Spet v sobi smo rekli, "Živjo, nazaj smo."

"Really, Jim, you don't remember? I was just here with the Monet prints?"

Bolniki, bog jih varuj, so rekli, "Dohtar, žal mi je,

"Sorry, Doc, I just don't have a clue."

"No problem, Jim.

Imam težave s spominom, zato sem tukaj.

All I want you to do is rank these for me,

Če smo se srečali, se ne spominim."

from the one you like the most to the one you like the least."

"Res, Jim, se ne spomnite? Ravno sem bilo tukaj z Monetovimi slikami?"

What do they do?

"Žal mi je dohtar, ne bi vedel."

Well, let's first check and make sure they're really amnesiac.

Nič hudega Jim. Prosil bi vas samo, da razvrstite te

We ask these amnesiac patients to tell us which one they own,

slike glede na to, koliko so vam všeč."

which one they chose last time, which one is theirs.

Kaj naredijo? Najprej preverimo,

And what we find is, amnesiac patients just guess.

če se res ne spomnijo. Vprašamo te

These are normal controls, where if I did this with you,

pozabljive bolnike, katero so dobili,

all of you would know which print you chose.

katero so zadnjič izbrali, katera je njihova.

But if I do this with amnesiac patients, they don't have a clue.

Opazimo lahko, da ti bolniki enostavno ugibajo.

They can't pick their print out of a lineup.

To so zdrave kontrole, če bi to poizkusil z vami,

Here's what normal controls do: they synthesize happiness. Right?

bi vsi vedeli, katero sliko ste si izbrali.

Če pa to naredim pri naših bolnikih,

This is the change in liking score,

se jim ne sanja. Med drugimi slikami ne najdejo svoje.

the change from the first time they ranked to the second time they ranked.

Normal controls show -- that was the magic I showed you;

To naredijo zdrave kontrole: sintetizirajo srečo.

now I'm showing it to you in graphical form --

"The one I own is better than I thought.

To je sprememba v oceni naklonjenosti,

The one I didn't own, the one I left behind,

sprememba od prvega do drugega ocenjevanja.

is not as good as I thought."

To so kontrole

-- to je čarovnija, ki sem jo pokazal,

Amnesiacs do exactly the same thing. Think about this result.

zdaj jo kažem v obliki diagramov--

"Podarjena slika je boljša, kot sem mislil. Tista, ki je nimam,

These people like better the one they own,

but they don't know they own it.

ki sem jo pustil, ni tako dobra, kot sem mislil."

Pozabljivi bolniki naredijo povsem isto. Razmislite o teh rezultatih.

"Yeah, right" is not the right response!

What these people did when they synthesized happiness

Ti ljudje imajo raje tisto, kar je njihovo,

čeprav ne vedo, da je njihovo.

is they really, truly changed

their affective, hedonic, aesthetic reactions to that poster.

"Ja, seveda" ni pravi odgovor!

Ko so ti ljudje sintetizirali srečo,

They're not just saying it because they own it,

because they don't know they own it.

so resnično spremenili

When psychologists show you bars,

svoj čustven, hedonističen in estetski odgovor do te slike.

you know that they are showing you averages of lots of people.

Tega ne govorijo samo zato, ker je njihova,

And yet, all of us have this psychological immune system,

saj ne vedo, da je njihova.

this capacity to synthesize happiness,

but some of us do this trick better than others.

Ko vam psihologi kažejo stolpce,

And some situations allow anybody to do it more effectively

veste, da vam kažejo povprečje množice ljudi.

Vendar imamo vsi ta psihološki imunski sistem,

than other situations do.

to sposobnost sintetiziranja sreče,

It turns out that freedom,

čeprav nekateri to delamo bolje kot drugi.

the ability to make up your mind and change your mind,

Nekatere okoliščine dovoljujejo večjo uspešnost

is the friend of natural happiness,

od drugih okoliščin.

because it allows you to choose among all those delicious futures

and find the one that you would most enjoy.

Svoboda

But freedom to choose,

-- možnost odločanja in možnost, da si premislite --

to change and make up your mind,

is the enemy of synthetic happiness,

je zaveznik naravne sreče, saj dopušča, da se odločite

and I'm going to show you why.

med vsemi krasnimi prihodnostmi in najdete najboljšo zase.

Dilbert already knows, of course.

"Dogbert's tech support. How may I abuse you?"

"My printer prints a blank page after every document."

Svoboda odločanja

"Why complain about getting free paper?"

-- da se odločate in si premislite -- pa je sovražnik sintetizirane sreče.

"Free? Aren't you just giving me my own paper?"

"Look at the quality of the free paper compared to your lousy regular paper!

Pokazal vam bom zakaj.

Dilbert seveda že ve.

Strip berete, medtem ko govorim.

Only a fool or a liar would say that they look the same!"

"Pasja tehnična pomoč. Kako lahko škodujem?"

"Now that you mention it, it does seem a little silkier!"

"Moj tiskalnik natisne prazno stran po vsakem dokumentu."

"What are you doing?"

"Zakaj bi se pritoževali, če dobivate zastonj papir?"

"I'm helping people accept the things they cannot change." Indeed.

"Zastonj? Mi ne dajate lastnega papirja?"

"Zaboga človek! Primerjaj kvaliteto zastonj papirja

The psychological immune system works best

z ušivim navadnim papirjem!

Samo bedak ali lažnivec bi rekel, da sta enaka!"

when we are totally stuck, when we are trapped.

"A! Ko ste tako rekli, se mi res zdi bolj nežen!"

This is the difference between dating and marriage.

You go out on a date with a guy,

"Kaj delaš?"

and he picks his nose; you don't go out on another date.

"Ljudem pomagam sprejeti stvari, ki jih ne morejo spremeniti." Res.

You're married to a guy and he picks his nose?

Psihološki imunski sistem deluje najbolje,

He has a heart of gold. Don't touch the fruitcake!

ko smo povsem obtičali, ko smo ujeti.

You find a way to be happy with what's happened.

To je razlika med zmenkom in zakonom, je res?

(Laughter)

Now, what I want to show you

Če greste z nekom ven

is that people don't know this about themselves,

in si ta brska po nosu; ne greste na drugi zmenek.

and not knowing this can work to our supreme disadvantage.

Če ste poročeni z nekom, ki si vrta po nosu?

Ja, saj ima veliko srce;

ne dotikaj se torte. Je res? (Smeh)

Here's an experiment we did at Harvard.

Najdete način, da ste srečni.

We created a black-and-white photography course,

and we allowed students to come in and learn how to use a darkroom.

Pokazati vam hočem, da

ljudje tega ne vedo o sebi

So we gave them cameras, they went around campus,

they took 12 pictures of their favorite professors

in to neznanje nam lahko močno škoduje.

and their dorm room and their dog,

Tukaj je naš poizkus s Harvarda.

and all the other things they wanted to have Harvard memories of.

Naredili smo fotografski tečaj, črno-beli fotografski tečaj,

They bring us the camera, we make up a contact sheet,

in študente smo učili dela v temnici.

they figure out which are the two best pictures.

Dali smo jim fotografske aparate, šli so naokoli,

We now spend six hours teaching them about darkrooms,

naredili so 12 slik svojih najljubših profesorjev, svoje sobe, svojega psa

and they blow two of them up.

They have two gorgeous 8 x 10 glossies

of meaningful things to them, and we say,

in vseh ostalih harvardskih stvari, vrednih spomina.

"Which one would you like to give up?"

Nazaj so prinesli aparate, razvili smo negative,

"I have to give one up?"

"Yes, we need one as evidence of the class project.

izbrali so dve najboljši sliki

in nato smo se 6 ur učili o temnicah,

So you have to give me one. You have to make a choice.

sliki so razvili

You get to keep one, and I get to keep one."

in dobili so dve čudoviti 8x10 podobi

pomembnih stvari. Nato smo rekli

Now, there are two conditions in this experiment.

"Kateri se boste odrekli?"

In one case, the students are told,

"Eni se moram odreči?"

"But you know, if you want to change your mind,

"Da. Eno potrebujemo kot dokaz projekta.

I'll always have the other one here,

Eno mi torej morate dati. Morate se odločiti.

and in the next four days, before I actually mail it to headquarters" --

Vi obdržite eno in jaz obdržim eno."

yeah, "headquarters" --

V poizkusu sta bila dva primera.

(Laughter)

"I'll be glad to swap it out with you.

V enem primeru študentom povemo, "veste,

In fact, I'll come to your dorm room, just give me an email.

če si premislite, bom imel drugo sliko tukaj

Better yet, I'll check with you.

in v naslednjih štirih dneh, preden jo pošljem v generalni štab,

You ever want to change your mind, it's totally returnable."

The other half of the students are told exactly the opposite:

vam jo rade volje -- (Smeh)-- da, "generalni štab"--

"Make your choice, and by the way,

"vam jo rade volje zamenjam. Celo

the mail is going out, gosh, in two minutes, to England.

v vašo sobo bom prišel

Your picture will be winging its way over the Atlantic.

-- kar dajte mi email. Bolje bo, če pri vas preverim.

You will never see it again."

Če si kdaj premislite, lahko zamenjamo."

Half of the students in each of these conditions

Drugi polovici študentov povemo ravno obratno:

are asked to make predictions

about how much they're going to come to like

"Odločite se. Pozor,

the picture that they keep

pošto moramo poslati v Anglijo že čez dve minuti.

and the picture they leave behind.

Other students are just sent back to their little dorm rooms

Vaša slika bo letela preko Atlantika.

Nikoli več je ne boste videli."

and they are measured over the next three to six days

Polovico študentov v obeh primerih

on their satisfaction with the pictures.

prosimo, naj napovedo, kako

Look at what we find.

všeč jim bo postala slika, ki jo bodo obdržali,

First of all, here's what students think is going to happen.

in slika, ki jo bodo pustili.

They think they're going to maybe come to like the picture they chose

Drugi študentje gredo nazaj v svoje študentske sobe

a little more than the one they left behind.

in v naslednjih treh do šestih dneh naredimo meritve

But these are not statistically significant differences.

glede zadovoljstva s slikami.

It's a very small increase, and it doesn't much matter

Poglejte kaj smo ugotovili.

Tukaj vidite kaj študentje mislijo, da se bo zgodilo.

whether they were in the reversible or irreversible condition.

Mislijo, da bodo verjetno vzljubili izbrano sliko

Wrong-o.

Bad simulators.

Because here's what's really happening.

malo bolj kot sliko, ki jo pustijo,

Both right before the swap and five days later,

vendar to niso statistično pomembne razlike.

people who are stuck with that picture,

who have no choice,

Porast je majhna in ni zelo važno,

who can never change their mind,

ali so v povratnem ali nepovratnem pogoju.

like it a lot.

And people who are deliberating -- "Should I return it?

Napačno. Slabi simulatorji. V resnici se zgodi sledeče.

Have I gotten the right one?

Maybe this isn't the good one. Maybe I left the good one?" --

Tako ravno pred predajo in pet dni kasneje,

have killed themselves.

tisti, ki so obtičali s sliko,

They don't like their picture.

In fact, even after the opportunity to swap has expired,

ki nimajo izbire,

ki si ne morejo premisliti, so z njo zadovoljni!

they still don't like their picture.

Why?

In ljudje, ki premišljujejo -- Naj jo vrnem?

Because the [reversible] condition is not conducive

Imam tisto pravo? Morda ta ni dobra?

to the synthesis of happiness.

Mogoče sem pustil dobro?" -- so se uničili.

So here's the final piece of this experiment.

Slike ne marajo in v resnici

tudi, ko je priložnost za zamenjavo potekla,

We bring in a whole new group of naive Harvard students

še vedno ne marajo slike. Zakaj?

and we say, "You know, we're doing a photography course,

and we can do it one of two ways.

Ker povratni pogoj ni ugoden

We could do it so that when you take the two pictures,

za sintezo sreče.

you'd have four days to change your mind,

Tukaj je zadnji del poizkusa.

or we're doing another course where you take the two pictures

Dobimo povsem novo skupino naivnih harvardskih študentov

and you make up your mind right away and you can never change it.

in rečemo, "Veste, vodimo tečaj fotografije,

Which course would you like to be in?" Duh!

Sixty-six percent of the students, two-thirds,

lahko ga naredimo na dva načina.

prefer to be in the course where they have the opportunity to change their mind.

Lahko ga naredimo tako, da vzamete dve sliki

in imate nato štiri dni za premislek.

Hello? Sixty-six percent of the students choose to be in the course

Imamo pa tudi tečaj, v katerem vzamete dve sliki,

se takoj odločite

in which they will ultimately be deeply dissatisfied with the picture --

in si ne morete več premisliti. Kam bi šli raje?

Jasno! 66 odstotkov študentov, dve tretjini,

(Laughter)

because they do not know the conditions under which synthetic happiness grows.

raje izbere tečaj kjer imajo možnost, da si premislijo.

The Bard said everything best, of course, and he's making my point here

Mislim! 66 odstotkov študentov se odloči za tečaj, v katerem bodo

but he's making it hyperbolically:

na koncu globoko nezadovoljni s sliko.

"'Tis nothing good or bad But thinking makes it so."

Ker ne poznajo pogojev, pod katerimi uspeva sintetizirana sreča.

It's nice poetry, but that can't exactly be right.

Is there really nothing good or bad?

Veliki pesnik je seveda vse povedal najbolje in tukaj podpira moje sporočilo

Is it really the case that gall bladder surgery and a trip to Paris

are just the same thing?

vendar pretirava:

(Laughter)

That seems like a one-question IQ test.

"Nič ni dobro ali slabo / to naredi razmišljanje."

They can't be exactly the same.

Lepo se sliši, vendar ne more biti čisto res.

In more turgid prose, but closer to the truth,

Res nič ni dobro ali slabo?

was the father of modern capitalism, Adam Smith, and he said this.

Je res operacija žolčnika enaka izletu v Pariz?

This is worth contemplating:

Odgovor se zdi preveč očiten.

"The great source of both the misery and disorders of human life

seems to arise from overrating the difference

To ne more biti enako.

between one permanent situation and another.

V daljši prozi, ampak bližje resnici,

Some of these situations may, no doubt, deserve to be preferred to others,

je bil oče modernega kapitalizma, Adam Smith, ki je rekel sledeče.

To je vredno razmisleka:

but none of them can deserve to be pursued

"Velik del bridkosti in motenj v človeškem življenju

with that passionate ardor which drives us to violate the rules

verjetno izhaja iz precenjevanja razlik

either of prudence or of justice,

med enim stalnim stanjem in drugim...

or to corrupt the future tranquility of our minds,

Nekatera od teh stanj si seveda zaslužijo, da jih imamo raje od drugih,

either by shame from the remembrance of our own folly,

vendar si nobeno ne zasluži, da mu sledimo

or by remorse for the horror of our own injustice."

In other words: yes, some things are better than others.

s tisto gorečo vnemo, ki nas sili, da kršimo pravila

We should have preferences that lead us into one future over another.

bodisi razumnosti bodisi pravičnosti, ali da si kvarimo spokojnost jutrišnjega dne

But when those preferences drive us too hard and too fast

zaradi sramu ob spominu na lastne norosti

because we have overrated the difference between these futures,

ali s kesanjem zaradi ostudnosti lastne nepravičnosti."

we are at risk.

Z drugimi besedami: nekatere stvari so boljše od drugih.

When our ambition is bounded, it leads us to work joyfully.

Moramo imeti nagnjenost k eni prihodnosti napram drugi.

When our ambition is unbounded,

it leads us to lie, to cheat, to steal, to hurt others,

Ko pa nas ta nagnjenja silijo v prehuda in prehitra dejanja

to sacrifice things of real value.

zato, ker smo precenili razliko med tema prihodnostima,

When our fears are bounded,

we're prudent, we're cautious,

takrat tvegamo.

we're thoughtful.

When our fears are unbounded and overblown,

Ko imajo naše želje meje, delamo z veseljem.

we're reckless, and we're cowardly.

Ko naše želje nimajo meja, takrat lažemo, varamo, krademo, prizadanemo druge

The lesson I want to leave you with, from these data,

is that our longings and our worries are both to some degree overblown,

in žrtvujemo prave vrednote. Ko imajo naši strahovi meje,

because we have within us the capacity to manufacture the very commodity

smo razumni, pazljivi in skrbni.

Ko so naši strahovi brez meja in prenaphinjeni,

we are constantly chasing when we choose experience.

smo brezobzirni in strahopetni.

Thank you.

Nauk teh raziskav, ki ga hočem prenesti,

(Applause)

je, da so naše želje in skrbi nekoliko prenapihnjene,

saj lahko v sebi ustvarimo ravno tisto

kar iščemo, ko se ženemo za doživetji.

Hvala.