Why are we happy? Why aren't we happy? | Dan Gilbert

2,141,517 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Arava Raz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Shahar Kaiser
00:26
When you have 21 minutes to speak,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš 21 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
00:28
two million years seems like a really long time.
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2,000,000 ืฉื ื” ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ
00:31
But evolutionarily, two million years is nothing.
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ืืš ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”, 2,000,000 ืฉื ื” ื”ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื.
00:34
And yet, in two million years,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘-2,000,000 ืฉื ื”
ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื™ืœืฉ ืืช ื ืคื—ื•,
00:36
the human brain has nearly tripled in mass,
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00:39
going from the one-and-a-quarter-pound brain of our ancestor here, Habilis,
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ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›-600 ื’ืจื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ, ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ืก,
ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื›-1.360 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื
00:44
to the almost three-pound meatloaf everybody here has between their ears.
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ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื.
00:49
What is it about a big brain
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ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:52
that nature was so eager for every one of us to have one?
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ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืง ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืชื ื•?
00:56
Well, it turns out when brains triple in size,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื›ืฉืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”,
00:58
they don't just get three times bigger; they gain new structures.
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ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ื”ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:02
And one of the main reasons our brain got so big is because it got a new part,
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื“ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ื—ื“ืฉ,
01:07
called the "frontal lobe,"
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ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืช.
01:08
particularly, a part called the "prefrontal cortex."
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ื•ื‘ื•, ื—ืœืง ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ื”ืคืจื”-ืคืจื•ื ื˜ืืœื™.
01:11
What does a prefrontal cortex do for you
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ื”ืคืจื”-ืคืจื•ื ื˜ืืœื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง
01:14
that should justify the entire architectural overhaul of the human skull
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ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
01:18
in the blink of evolutionary time?
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ื‘ืžืฆืžื•ืฅ ื–ืžืŸ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™?
01:20
Well, it turns out the prefrontal cortex does lots of things,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ื”ืคืจื”-ืคืจื•ื ื˜ืืœื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:23
but one of the most important things it does is it's an experience simulator.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:29
Pilots practice in flight simulators
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ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื
01:32
so that they don't make real mistakes in planes.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื.
01:34
Human beings have this marvelous adaptation
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ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ื”ื–ืืช
01:37
that they can actually have experiences in their heads
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื”ื
01:41
before they try them out in real life.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
01:43
This is a trick that none of our ancestors could do,
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ื–ื” ื˜ืจื™ืง ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
01:46
and that no other animal can do quite like we can.
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ื•ืฉืฉื•ื ื—ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
01:49
It's a marvelous adaptation.
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01:50
It's up there with opposable thumbs and standing upright and language
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ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉืกื™ื’ืœื ื•.
ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื, ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ืงื•ืคื”, ื•ื”ืฉืคื”
01:54
as one of the things that got our species out of the trees
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ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื”ืขืฆื™ื
01:58
and into the shopping mall.
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ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืงื ื™ื•ืช.
02:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:02
All of you have done this.
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืขืฉื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื”.
02:04
Ben and Jerry's doesn't have "liver and onion" ice cream,
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ืœื‘ืŸ ืื ื“ ื’'ืจื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื“ืช ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ืฆืœ.
02:07
and it's not because they whipped some up, tried it and went, "Yuck!"
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืื—ืช, ื ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื” ื•ืื– ืืžืจื•, "ื™ืืง".
02:11
It's because, without leaving your armchair,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืจืกื,
02:14
you can simulate that flavor and say "yuck" before you make it.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ 'ื™ืืง' ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
02:20
Let's see how your experience simulators are working.
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ื‘ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืื™ืš ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
02:23
Let's just run a quick diagnostic
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจื™ืฅ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื“ื™ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ืช
02:25
before I proceed with the rest of the talk.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืžืฉื™ืš ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”.
02:27
Here's two different futures that I invite you to contemplate.
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ื”ื ื” ืฉื ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
02:31
You can try to simulate them and tell me which one you think you might prefer.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืชืขื“ื™ืคื•.
02:35
One of them is winning the lottery. This is about 314 million dollars.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•. ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 314 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
02:40
And the other is becoming paraplegic.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื”ื™ื”ืคืš ืžืฉื•ืชืง ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
02:43
(Laughter)
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02:44
Just give it a moment of thought.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจืง ืชืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืœื–ื” ืจื’ืข ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
02:46
You probably don't feel like you need a moment of thought.
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืจื’ืข ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
02:49
Interestingly, there are data on these two groups of people,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
02:53
data on how happy they are.
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ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื”ื.
02:55
And this is exactly what you expected, isn't it?
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ืชื, ืœื?
02:58
But these aren't the data. I made these up!
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”!
03:01
These are the data.
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03:02
You failed the pop quiz, and you're hardly five minutes into the lecture.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
ื ื›ืฉืœืชื ื‘ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืคืชืข, ื•ืืชื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ 5 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”
03:06
Because the fact is that a year after losing the use of their legs
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ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœืš,
03:10
and a year after winning the lotto,
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ื•ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•, ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืœื•ื˜ื• ื•ืžืฉื•ืชืงื™ื
03:12
lottery winners and paraplegics are equally happy with their lives.
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ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื”ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
03:18
Don't feel too bad about failing the first pop quiz,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœ ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืจืข ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ื›ืฉืœืชื ื‘ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืคืชืข,
03:20
because everybody fails all of the pop quizzes all of the time.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื ื™ ืคืชืข ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
03:24
The research that my laboratory has been doing,
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขื•ืจื›ืช,
03:27
that economists and psychologists around the country have been doing,
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ืื•ืชื ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื,
03:30
has revealed something really quite startling to us,
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ื’ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
03:33
something we call the "impact bias,"
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”,
03:35
which is the tendency for the simulator to work badly,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืจืข.
03:38
for the simulator to make you believe that different outcomes are more different
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ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืš ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
03:43
than, in fact, they really are.
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ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช.
03:45
From field studies to laboratory studies,
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ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืขื“ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
03:47
we see that winning or losing an election,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืœื ืฆื— ืื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ\ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™,
03:50
gaining or losing a romantic partner,
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03:52
getting or not getting a promotion,
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื• ืœื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืงื™ื“ื•ื, ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”,
03:54
passing or not passing a college test,
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03:56
on and on,
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03:57
have far less impact, less intensity and much less duration
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ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื•', ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื”, ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ.
04:02
than people expect them to have.
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ืžืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื.
04:05
A recent study -- this almost floors me --
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ --
ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืžืจืื” ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืื•ืžื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:11
a recent study showing how major life traumas affect people
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ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉืื ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืงืจืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
04:15
suggests that if it happened over three months ago,
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ,
ืื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœืš.
04:18
with only a few exceptions,
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04:20
it has no impact whatsoever on your happiness.
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ืžื“ื•ืข?
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
04:24
Why?
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04:26
Because happiness can be synthesized.
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ืกืจ ืชื•ืžืืก ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-1642, "ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืื“ื ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
04:30
Sir Thomas Brown wrote in 1642, "I am the happiest man alive.
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ืœืขื•ืฉืจ, ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉืคืข.
04:34
I have that in me that can convert poverty to riches, adversity to prosperity.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื™ื“ ืžืื›ื™ืœืก, ืœืžื–ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ืชื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™."
04:39
I am more invulnerable than Achilles; fortune hath not one place to hit me."
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ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžื•ืคืœืื” ื™ืฉ ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืืฉ?
04:44
What kind of remarkable machinery does this guy have in his head?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•.
04:47
Well, it turns out it's precisely the same remarkable machinery that all of us have.
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ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื•
04:53
Human beings have something
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื• ื›ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
04:55
that we might think of as a "psychological immune system,"
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข,
04:58
a system of cognitive processes, largely nonconscious cognitive processes,
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
05:03
that help them change their views of the world,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
05:07
so that they can feel better about the worlds
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05:09
in which they find themselves.
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ื›ืžื• ืกืจ ืชื•ืžืืก, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
05:11
Like Sir Thomas, you have this machine.
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ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืกืจ ืชื•ืžืืก, ื ื“ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช.
05:14
Unlike Sir Thomas, you seem not to know it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืฉืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื•.
05:18
We synthesize happiness, but we think happiness is a thing to be found.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ืฉืจ, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—.
05:23
Now, you don't need me to give you
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05:25
too many examples of people synthesizing happiness, I suspect,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื•ืช.
05:29
though I'm going to show you some experimental evidence.
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ืืชื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื™.
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืชื’ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
05:32
You don't have to look very far for evidence.
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05:34
I took a copy of the "New York Times"
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก
05:36
and tried to find some instances of people synthesizing happiness.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืฉืจ.
05:39
Here are three guys synthesizing happiness.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ืฉืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
05:41
"I'm better off physically, financially, mentally ..."
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"ืื ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช
05:43
"I don't have one minute's regret. It was a glorious experience."
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช."
05:46
"I believe it turned out for the best."
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"ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื“ืงืช ื—ืจื˜ื”. ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืœืื”."
05:48
Who are these characters who are so damn happy?
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"ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฆื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”."
05:51
The first one is Jim Wright.
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05:52
Some of you are old enough to remember:
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ืžื™ ืืœื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ?
05:54
he was the chairman of the House of Representatives,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’'ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื˜.
05:56
and he resigned in disgrace
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ื—ืœืงื›ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ:
05:58
when this young Republican named Newt Gingrich found out about
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•"ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืฉื”
06:01
a shady book deal that he had done.
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ื›ืฉืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื ื™ื•ื˜ ื’ื™ื ื’ืจื™ืฅ'
06:02
He lost everything.
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06:04
The most powerful Democrat in the country lost everything:
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ื’ื™ืœื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืกืงืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืคื•ืงืคืงืช ืฉืขืฉื”.
06:06
he lost his money, he lost his power.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื”ื›ืœ.
ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื”ื›ืœ.
06:08
What does he have to say all these years later about it?
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืกืคื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•,
06:11
"I am so much better off physically, financially, mentally
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ื•ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™?
06:14
and in almost every other way."
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"ืื ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช
06:15
What other way would there be to be better off?
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06:17
Vegetably? Minerally? Animally?
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช."
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื•ื•ื—?
06:20
He's pretty much covered them there.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื™ืจืงื•ืชื™ืช? ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ืช? ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ืช?
06:22
Moreese Bickham is somebody you've never heard of.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืฉื ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช.
06:24
Moreese Bickham uttered these words upon being released.
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ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื‘ื™ืงืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื•.
06:27
He was 78 years old.
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06:28
He'd spent 37 years in Louisiana State Penitentiary
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ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื‘ื™ืงืžืŸ ืžื™ืœืžืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื•.
06:31
for a crime he didn't commit.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 78.
ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” 37 ืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ืœื ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ื–ื™ืื ื”
06:33
He was ultimately [released for good behavior halfway through his sentence.]
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ืขืœ ืคืฉืข ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื‘ื™ืฆืข.
[ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
06:37
What did he have to say about his experience?
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ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืืกืจ ืฉืœื•.]
06:39
"I don't have one minute's regret. It was a glorious experience."
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช?
06:42
Glorious!
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06:43
This guy's not saying, "There were some nice guys. They had a gym."
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"ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื“ืงืช ื—ืจื˜ื”. ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืœืื”." ืžื•ืคืœืื”!
06:46
"Glorious" -- a word we usually reserve for something like a religious experience.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ,
"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื. ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื—ื“ืจ ื›ื•ืฉืจ."
06:50
Harry S. Langerman uttered these words.
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"ืžื•ืคืœืื”".
ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช.
06:53
He's somebody you might have known but didn't,
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ื”ืืจื™ ืก. ืœื ื’ืจืžืŸ ืžืœืžืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
06:55
because in 1949, he read a little article in the paper
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06:58
about a hamburger stand owned by these two brothers named McDonald.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื›ืจืชื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘-1949 ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ
07:01
And he thought, "That's a really neat idea!"
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก.
07:03
So he went to find them.
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07:05
They said, "We can give you a franchise on this for 3,000 bucks."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘, "ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื“ืœื™ืง!"
ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื. ื”ื ืืžืจื•,
07:08
Harry went back to New York, asked his brother, an investment banker,
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ 3,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ."
07:11
to loan him 3,000 dollars, and his brother's immortal words were,
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ื”ืืจื™ ื—ื–ืจ ืœื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืื—ื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช
07:14
"You idiot, nobody eats hamburgers."
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ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืช ืœื• 3,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื•ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื™ื•,
07:16
He wouldn't lend him the money.
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07:17
Of course, six months later, Ray Kroc had exactly the same idea.
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"ืื“ื™ื•ื˜, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืจื™ื."
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืช ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ,
07:20
It turns out, people do eat hamburgers,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—"ื› ืœืจื™ื™ ืงืจื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
07:22
and Ray Kroc, for a while, became the richest man in America.
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ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืจื™ื,
07:26
And then, finally,
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ื•ืจื™ื™ ืงืจื•ืง, ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื ื”ืคืš ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
07:28
some of you recognize this young photo of Pete Best,
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ื•ืื– ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ -- ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื --
07:31
who was the original drummer for the Beatles,
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07:33
until they, you know, sent him out on an errand and snuck away
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ื—ืœืงื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื–ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ื˜ ื‘ืกื˜ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ,
07:37
and picked up Ringo on a tour.
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ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืคืฃ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก,
07:39
Well, in 1994, when Pete Best was interviewed --
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื—ื•
07:41
yes, he's still a drummer; yes, he's a studio musician --
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ื•ืืกืคื• ืืช ืจื™ื ื’ื• ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช.
07:44
he had this to say: "I'm happier than I would have been with the Beatles."
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘-1994 ื›ืฉืคื™ื˜ ื‘ืกื˜ ืจื•ืื™ื™ืŸ
07:48
OK, there's something important to be learned from these people,
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-- ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ืคืฃ, ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืื•ืœืคื ื™ื --
07:51
and it is the secret of happiness.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื”: "ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก."
07:53
Here it is, finally to be revealed.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
07:55
First: accrue wealth, power and prestige,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืกื•ื“ ืœืื•ืฉืจ.
07:58
then lose it.
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07:59
(Laughter)
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ื”ื ื” ื–ื”, ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืžืชื’ืœื”.
08:01
Second: spend as much of your life in prison as you possibly can.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช: ืชืจื›ืฉื• ื™ื•ืงืจื”, ื›ื•ื— ื•ืขื•ืฉืจ, ื•ืื– ืชืื‘ื“ื• ืื•ืชื.
08:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:06
Third: make somebody else really, really rich.
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ืฉื ื™ืช: ื ืกื• ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื‘ื›ืœื.
08:10
And finally: never, ever join the Beatles.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช: ืขืฉื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืฉื™ืจ.
08:12
(Laughter)
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08:13
Yeah, right.
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08:14
Because when people synthesize happiness,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ: ืืฃ ืคืขื ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืืœ ืชืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก.
08:16
as these gentlemen seem to have done,
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:19
we all smile at them, but we kind of roll our eyes and say,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™, ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืคืจื ืง, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื›ื,
08:22
"Yeah, right, you never really wanted the job."
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ืฉื”ื™ื, "ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื—."
08:25
"Oh yeah, right -- you really didn't have that much in common with her,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืฉืจ,
ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืขืฉื•,
08:29
and you figured that out just about the time
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื™ ืžื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
08:31
she threw the engagement ring in your face."
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08:33
We smirk,
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08:34
because we believe that synthetic happiness is not of the same quality
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"ื›ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื—, ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืจืฆื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”."
"ื›ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื—. ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืื™ืชื”,
08:38
as what we might call "natural happiness."
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08:41
What are these terms?
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
08:42
Natural happiness is what we get when we get what we wanted,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ืจืงื” ืœืš ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ."
08:45
and synthetic happiness is what we make when we don't get what we wanted.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื—ื›ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื ื›ื ื” ืื•ืฉืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
08:50
And in our society, we have a strong belief
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ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื•?
08:53
that synthetic happiness is of an inferior kind.
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ืื•ืฉืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื,
08:57
Why do we have that belief?
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ื•ืื•ืฉืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
08:58
Well, it's very simple.
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09:00
What kind of economic engine would keep churning
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ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืžื•ื ื” ื—ื–ืงื”
09:04
if we believed that not getting what we want
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ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืŸ ื ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:07
could make us just as happy as getting it?
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ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช?
09:10
With all apologies to my friend Matthieu Ricard,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ืข ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืคืงื“
09:14
a shopping mall full of Zen monks
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09:16
is not going to be particularly profitable,
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ืืžื ื• ืฉืœื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื
09:18
because they don't want stuff enough.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืžื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื?
09:20
(Laughter)
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09:22
I want to suggest to you
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื™ื• ืจื™ืงืจื“,
09:23
that synthetic happiness is every bit as real and enduring
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ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœื ื ื–ื™ืจื™ ื–ืŸ
09:27
as the kind of happiness you stumble upon
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ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื.
09:30
when you get exactly what you were aiming for.
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09:32
Now, I'm a scientist, so I'm going to do this not with rhetoric,
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™
09:35
but by marinating you in a little bit of data.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”
09:38
Let me first show you an experimental paradigm
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืืชื” ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื•
09:40
that's used to demonstrate the synthesis of happiness
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื•.
09:44
among regular old folks.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืžื“ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœื ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืช,
09:45
This isn't mine,
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09:46
it's a 50-year-old paradigm called the "free choice paradigm."
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ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš, ืฉืืฆื™ืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข.
09:49
It's very simple.
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ืงื•ื“ื ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
09:50
You bring in, say, six objects,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
09:53
and you ask a subject to rank them from the most to the least liked.
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09:56
In this case, because this experiment uses them,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืœื™.
ื–ื• ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื‘ืช 50 ืฉื ื”, ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช.
09:59
these are Monet prints.
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10:00
Everybody ranks these Monet prints from the one they like the most
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ื, ื ื’ื™ื“, ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื,
10:04
to the one they like the least.
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ื•ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ื‘ื“ืง ืœื“ืจื’ ืื•ืชื ืžื”ื”ื›ื™ ืื”ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื”ื•ื‘.
10:05
Now we give you a choice:
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10:07
"We happen to have some extra prints in the closet.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื,
10:09
We're going to give you one as your prize to take home.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ื“ืคืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื”.
10:12
We happen to have number three and number four," we tell the subject.
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ืื–, ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื”
ืžื–ื• ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืœื–ื• ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื•.
10:16
This is a bit of a difficult choice,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื›ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”:
10:18
because neither one is preferred strongly to the other,
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"ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ื”ื“ืคืกื™ื ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ.
10:20
but naturally, people tend to pick number three,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื”ื“ืคืก ืื—ื“ ื›ืคืจืก ืœืงื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
10:23
because they liked it a little better than number four.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืžืกืคืจ 3 ื•ืžืกืคืจ 4," ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื‘ื“ืง.
10:26
Sometime later -- it could be 15 minutes, it could be 15 days --
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ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืขื˜ ืงืฉื”,
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจ
10:30
the same stimuli are put before the subject,
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10:32
and the subject is asked to re-rank the stimuli.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ 3
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืื”ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืกืคืจ 4.
10:35
"Tell us how much you like them now."
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10:37
What happens?
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10:38
Watch as happiness is synthesized.
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ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ-- ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 15 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 15 ื™ืžื™ื--
10:40
This is the result that's been replicated over and over again.
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ืื•ืชื ื’ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง,
10:43
You're watching happiness be synthesized.
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื“ืจื’ ืื•ืชื ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช.
10:45
Would you like to see it again?
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"ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•."
10:48
Happiness!
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
10:49
"The one I got is really better than I thought!
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ืชืจืื• ืื™ืš ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
10:51
That other one I didn't get sucks!"
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ื–ื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืฉื•ื›ืคืœื” ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื.
10:54
That's the synthesis of happiness.
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10:55
(Laughter)
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ืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืš ืื•ืฉืจ ื ืจืงื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช
10:57
Now, what's the right response to that?
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ืชืจืฆื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘?
10:59
"Yeah, right!"
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ืื•ืฉืจ!
"ื–ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™!
11:02
Now, here's the experiment we did,
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื’ืจื•ืข!"
11:04
and I hope this is going to convince you
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ื–ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ืฉืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
11:06
that "Yeah, right!" was not the right response.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:08
We did this experiment with a group of patients
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื–ื”?
11:10
who had anterograde amnesia.
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"ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื—!"
11:12
These are hospitalized patients.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืขืจื›ื ื•,
11:14
Most of them have Korsakoff syndrome,
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11:16
a polyneuritic psychosis.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื
11:18
They drank way too much, and they can't make new memories.
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ืฉ"ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื—!" ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื
11:22
They remember their childhood, but if you walk in and introduce yourself
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืืžื ื–ื™ื” ืื ื˜ืจื•ื’ื“ื™ืช.
ืืœื• ื”ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืคื–ื™ื.
ืจื•ื‘ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืงืจืกืงื•ืฃ,
11:26
and then leave the room,
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11:27
when you come back, they don't know who you are.
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื–ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื˜ื™ืช
ื”ื ืฉืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™, ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
11:31
We took our Monet prints to the hospital.
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11:34
And we asked these patients to rank them
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ื”ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืœื›ื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ืชืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื,
11:37
from the one they liked the most to the one they liked the least.
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ื•ืื– ืชืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ,
ื›ืฉืชื—ื–ืจื• ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื™ ืืชื.
11:41
We then gave them the choice between number three and number four.
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
11:44
Like everybody else, they said,
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11:46
"Gee, thanks Doc! That's great! I could use a new print.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื“ืจื’ ืื•ืชื
11:49
I'll take number three."
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ืžื–ื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ืื”ื‘ื• ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื•.
11:50
We explained we would have number three mailed to them.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 3 ืœ-4
11:54
We gathered up our materials,
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11:56
and we went out of the room and counted to a half hour.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื, ื”ื ืืžืจื•,
11:58
(Laughter)
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"ื™ื, ืชื•ื“ื” ื“ื•ืง! ื–ื” ื ืคืœื! ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืœื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
12:00
Back into the room, we say, "Hi, we're back."
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ืื ื™ ืืงื— ืืช ืžืกืคืจ 3."
ื”ืกื‘ืจื ื• ืœื”ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืœื— ืœื”ื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ 3 ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ.
12:03
The patients, bless them, say, "Ah, Doc, I'm sorry,
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ืืกืคื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื™ืฆืื ื• ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ,
12:07
I've got a memory problem; that's why I'm here.
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12:09
If I've met you before, I don't remember."
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ื•ืกืคืจื ื• ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:11
"Really, Jim, you don't remember? I was just here with the Monet prints?"
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ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœื—ื“ืจ, ื•ืืžืจื ื•, "ื”ื™, ื—ื–ืจื ื•."
12:14
"Sorry, Doc, I just don't have a clue."
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ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืจื›ื•, ืืžืจื•, "ืื”ื”, ื“ื•ืง, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ,
12:17
"No problem, Jim.
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12:18
All I want you to do is rank these for me,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ.
12:20
from the one you like the most to the one you like the least."
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ืื ื ืคื’ืฉื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจ."
"ื‘ืืžืช, ื’'ื™ื, ืืชื” ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจ? ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคื” ืœืคื ื™ ืจื’ืข ืขื ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื”?"
12:24
What do they do?
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12:26
Well, let's first check and make sure they're really amnesiac.
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"ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืง, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’."
"ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื’'ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืชืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื–ื” ืฉืชื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
12:29
We ask these amnesiac patients to tell us which one they own,
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12:32
which one they chose last time, which one is theirs.
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ืžืืœื” ืฉืืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘."
12:36
And what we find is, amnesiac patients just guess.
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ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื–ื™ื”.
12:39
These are normal controls, where if I did this with you,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœื™ ื”ืืžื ื–ื™ื” ื”ืืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื,
12:42
all of you would know which print you chose.
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12:44
But if I do this with amnesiac patients, they don't have a clue.
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ืื™ื–ื” ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืคืขื ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื—ื•ืœื™ ื”ืืžื ื–ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื ื—ืฉื™ื.
12:48
They can't pick their print out of a lineup.
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12:51
Here's what normal controls do: they synthesize happiness. Right?
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ื–ื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืืชื›ื,
ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืจืชื.
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื›ื—ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื•ืฉื’.
12:56
This is the change in liking score,
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12:58
the change from the first time they ranked to the second time they ranked.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืกื“ืจ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™.
13:01
Normal controls show -- that was the magic I showed you;
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ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืขื•ืฉื”: ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืฉืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
13:04
now I'm showing it to you in graphical form --
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13:06
"The one I own is better than I thought.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื”,
13:08
The one I didn't own, the one I left behind,
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื ื“ืจื’ื• ืœืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ื“ืจื’ื•.
13:11
is not as good as I thought."
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ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงืกื ืฉื”ืจืืชื™ ืœื›ื,
13:13
Amnesiacs do exactly the same thing. Think about this result.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื’ืจืืคื™ืช--
13:18
These people like better the one they own,
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"ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™.
13:20
but they don't know they own it.
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ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™, ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ,
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™."
13:24
"Yeah, right" is not the right response!
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ื—ื•ืœื™ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื›ื—ื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื–ืืช.
13:28
What these people did when they synthesized happiness
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื,
13:32
is they really, truly changed
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื,
13:34
their affective, hedonic, aesthetic reactions to that poster.
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"ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื—", ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”!
13:40
They're not just saying it because they own it,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืฉื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื•ืฉืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™
13:42
because they don't know they own it.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•
13:45
When psychologists show you bars,
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ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” - ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
13:48
you know that they are showing you averages of lots of people.
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13:51
And yet, all of us have this psychological immune system,
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ื”ื ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืกืชื ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื,
ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื.
13:55
this capacity to synthesize happiness,
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13:57
but some of us do this trick better than others.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืœื›ื ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช,
14:00
And some situations allow anybody to do it more effectively
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ืœื›ื ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื.
14:04
than other situations do.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
14:08
It turns out that freedom,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ืืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืฉืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™,
ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืงื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
14:11
the ability to make up your mind and change your mind,
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ื•ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
14:14
is the friend of natural happiness,
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14:17
because it allows you to choose among all those delicious futures
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ืžืžื” ืฉืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช.
14:20
and find the one that you would most enjoy.
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื—ื•ืคืฉ
14:23
But freedom to choose,
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--ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ื“ืขื” ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื”--
14:25
to change and make up your mind,
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14:26
is the enemy of synthetic happiness,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ืฉืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
14:29
and I'm going to show you why.
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14:31
Dilbert already knows, of course.
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ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื
14:32
"Dogbert's tech support. How may I abuse you?"
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื• ืืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ื ื”ื ื”.
14:35
"My printer prints a blank page after every document."
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
14:37
"Why complain about getting free paper?"
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ื“ืขื” ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื”
14:39
"Free? Aren't you just giving me my own paper?"
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vื•ื ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
14:41
"Look at the quality of the free paper compared to your lousy regular paper!
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืžื”. ื“ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
14:45
Only a fool or a liar would say that they look the same!"
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ืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
"ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ื‘ืจื˜ืก, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืœืœ ื‘ืš?"
14:48
"Now that you mention it, it does seem a little silkier!"
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"ื”ืžื“ืคืกืช ืฉืœื™ ืžื“ืคื™ืกื” ื“ืฃ ืœื‘ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžืกืžืš."
14:51
"What are you doing?"
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14:52
"I'm helping people accept the things they cannot change." Indeed.
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"ืœืžื” ืฉืชืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื?"
"ื‘ื—ื™ื ื? ืืชื ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ ื“ืคื™ื ืžืฉืœื™?"
14:56
The psychological immune system works best
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"ืชืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ืžื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข!
14:59
when we are totally stuck, when we are trapped.
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ืจืง ื˜ื™ืคืฉ ืื• ืฉืงืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ!"
15:02
This is the difference between dating and marriage.
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"ืื”ื”! ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืืชื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื™ื ืžืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ!"
15:04
You go out on a date with a guy,
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"ืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”?"
15:06
and he picks his nose; you don't go out on another date.
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"ืื ื™ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช." ืื›ืŸ.
15:09
You're married to a guy and he picks his nose?
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15:11
He has a heart of gold. Don't touch the fruitcake!
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื”
15:13
You find a way to be happy with what's happened.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืชืงื•ืขื™ื, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื.
15:17
(Laughter)
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ื–ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
15:18
Now, what I want to show you
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15:19
is that people don't know this about themselves,
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ืืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœื“ื™ื™ื˜ ืขื ื‘ื—ื•ืจ,
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืืฃ; ืืช ืœื ืชืฆืื™ ืื™ืชื• ืœื“ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
15:22
and not knowing this can work to our supreme disadvantage.
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ืืช ื ืฉื•ืื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืืฃ?
ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘, ืืœ ืชื’ืข ื‘ืขื•ื’ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช!
15:26
Here's an experiment we did at Harvard.
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15:28
We created a black-and-white photography course,
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ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
15:31
and we allowed students to come in and learn how to use a darkroom.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
15:35
So we gave them cameras, they went around campus,
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ื–ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื,
15:37
they took 12 pictures of their favorite professors
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ื•ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืขื ืง.
15:40
and their dorm room and their dog,
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ื”ื ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืขืจื›ื ื• ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“.
15:42
and all the other things they wanted to have Harvard memories of.
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืงื•ืจืก ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ืงื•ืจืก ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ,
15:45
They bring us the camera, we make up a contact sheet,
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ื•ืื™ืคืฉืจื ื• ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš.
15:47
they figure out which are the two best pictures.
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15:50
We now spend six hours teaching them about darkrooms,
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ืื– ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช, ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก,
15:52
and they blow two of them up.
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ื•ืฆื™ืœืžื• 12 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
15:54
They have two gorgeous 8 x 10 glossies
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื,
15:56
of meaningful things to them, and we say,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื›ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“.
15:58
"Which one would you like to give up?"
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16:00
"I have to give one up?"
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ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ืฃ ืงื•ื ื˜ืงื˜ ืžืžื ื•,
16:01
"Yes, we need one as evidence of the class project.
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ื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
16:04
So you have to give me one. You have to make a choice.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื 6 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื—ื•ืฉืš,
16:07
You get to keep one, and I get to keep one."
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ื•ื”ื ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื 2 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ,
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ 20 ืขืœ 25
16:10
Now, there are two conditions in this experiment.
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ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœื”ื, ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื
16:13
In one case, the students are told,
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"ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืชื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ?"
16:15
"But you know, if you want to change your mind,
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื—ืช?"
"ื›ืŸ. ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืช ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื›ื™ืชืชื™.
16:18
I'll always have the other one here,
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16:19
and in the next four days, before I actually mail it to headquarters" --
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ืื– ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืชืช ืœื™ ืื—ืช. ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื—ืช."
16:24
yeah, "headquarters" --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
16:26
(Laughter)
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16:27
"I'll be glad to swap it out with you.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“, ื ืืžืจ ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜,
16:29
In fact, I'll come to your dorm room, just give me an email.
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"ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข,ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืชืš,
16:32
Better yet, I'll check with you.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจืช ื›ืืŸ,
16:34
You ever want to change your mind, it's totally returnable."
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ื•ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื˜ื”,
16:37
The other half of the students are told exactly the opposite:
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--(ืฆื—ื•ืง)-- ื›ืŸ, "ืžื˜ื”"--
16:40
"Make your choice, and by the way,
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16:41
the mail is going out, gosh, in two minutes, to England.
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"ืื ื™ ืืฉืžื— ืœื”ืชื—ืœืฃ ืืชืš.
16:44
Your picture will be winging its way over the Atlantic.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ืื‘ื•ื ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช, ืจืง ืชืฉืœื— ืœื™ ืžื™ื™ืœ.
16:47
You will never see it again."
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืชืš.
16:49
Half of the students in each of these conditions
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ืื ืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ืจื˜, ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืคืฉืจื™."
ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื”ืคืš:
16:52
are asked to make predictions
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16:53
about how much they're going to come to like
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"ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื. ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
16:55
the picture that they keep
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ื”ื“ื•ืืจ ื™ื•ืฆื, ืื•ื™, ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช, ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
16:57
and the picture they leave behind.
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16:58
Other students are just sent back to their little dorm rooms
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
17:01
and they are measured over the next three to six days
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืชืจืื• ืื•ืชื” ืฉื•ื‘."
17:04
on their satisfaction with the pictures.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
17:06
Look at what we find.
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ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช
17:08
First of all, here's what students think is going to happen.
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืชืชื—ื‘ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ
17:11
They think they're going to maybe come to like the picture they chose
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ื•ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ื™ืฉืื™ืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
17:15
a little more than the one they left behind.
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ื•ื”ื ื ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
17:18
But these are not statistically significant differences.
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17:21
It's a very small increase, and it doesn't much matter
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ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื”, ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
ื•ืชืจืื• ืžื” ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•.
17:24
whether they were in the reversible or irreversible condition.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงืจื•ืช.
17:27
Wrong-o.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืชืžื•ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ืจื•
17:28
Bad simulators.
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17:30
Because here's what's really happening.
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17:31
Both right before the swap and five days later,
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ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื• ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ,
ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
17:35
people who are stuck with that picture,
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17:37
who have no choice,
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ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™
17:38
who can never change their mind,
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17:40
like it a lot.
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ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืคื™ืš ืื• ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ืš.
17:42
And people who are deliberating -- "Should I return it?
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ื˜ืขื•ืช! ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืืžืช.
17:45
Have I gotten the right one?
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17:47
Maybe this isn't the good one. Maybe I left the good one?" --
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ื’ื ืžืžืฉ ืื—ืจื™, ื•ื’ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”,
17:50
have killed themselves.
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17:51
They don't like their picture.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชืงื•ืขื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”,
17:52
In fact, even after the opportunity to swap has expired,
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ืจื˜,
17:55
they still don't like their picture.
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ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“!
17:58
Why?
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17:59
Because the [reversible] condition is not conducive
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชืœื‘ื˜ื™ื--"ืฉืื ื™ ืื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”?
18:02
to the synthesis of happiness.
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ื”ืื ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”? ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”?
ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ?" -- ื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
18:05
So here's the final piece of this experiment.
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ื”ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
18:08
We bring in a whole new group of naive Harvard students
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืคื’ื” ืชื•ืงืฃ,
18:11
and we say, "You know, we're doing a photography course,
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
ืœืžื”?
18:15
and we can do it one of two ways.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื™ืš ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ
18:17
We could do it so that when you take the two pictures,
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ืฉืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
18:20
you'd have four days to change your mind,
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
18:22
or we're doing another course where you take the two pictures
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืชืžื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“
18:25
and you make up your mind right away and you can never change it.
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18:28
Which course would you like to be in?" Duh!
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื, "ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืงื•ืจืก ืฆื™ืœื•ื,
18:30
Sixty-six percent of the students, two-thirds,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
18:32
prefer to be in the course where they have the opportunity to change their mind.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืš ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
18:36
Hello? Sixty-six percent of the students choose to be in the course
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื 4 ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื˜,
ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืงื•ืจืก ืื—ืจ ื‘ื• ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
18:40
in which they will ultimately be deeply dissatisfied with the picture --
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ื•ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ืืชื ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
18:44
(Laughter)
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืงื•ืจืก ืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช?" ื‘ืจื•ืจ!
18:45
because they do not know the conditions under which synthetic happiness grows.
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66% ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ,
ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืชื.
18:51
The Bard said everything best, of course, and he's making my point here
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ื”ืœื•? 66% ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ื• ื”ื
18:56
but he's making it hyperbolically:
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
18:58
"'Tis nothing good or bad But thinking makes it so."
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื•ืฉืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืฆื•ืžื—.
19:02
It's nice poetry, but that can't exactly be right.
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19:05
Is there really nothing good or bad?
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19:07
Is it really the case that gall bladder surgery and a trip to Paris
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ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืคื”
19:11
are just the same thing?
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19:12
(Laughter)
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื— ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื’ื–ื
19:14
That seems like a one-question IQ test.
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,ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืข / ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ื–ื”."
19:17
They can't be exactly the same.
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ื–ื• ืฉื™ืจื” ื™ืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง.
19:19
In more turgid prose, but closer to the truth,
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ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืข?
19:22
was the father of modern capitalism, Adam Smith, and he said this.
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ื™ืก ื”ืžืจื” ื•ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืคืจื™ื–
19:26
This is worth contemplating:
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ?
19:28
"The great source of both the misery and disorders of human life
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืื™ื™ ืงื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช.
19:32
seems to arise from overrating the difference
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19:34
between one permanent situation and another.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
ื‘ืฉื™ืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื™ืฆื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืžืช,
19:37
Some of these situations may, no doubt, deserve to be preferred to others,
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ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื‘ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช', ืืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ:
19:43
but none of them can deserve to be pursued
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"ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืŸ ืœืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื
19:46
with that passionate ardor which drives us to violate the rules
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ื ื“ืžื” ื›ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืคืจื– ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
19:50
either of prudence or of justice,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ...
19:53
or to corrupt the future tranquility of our minds,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืœื™, ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง, ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื,
19:56
either by shame from the remembrance of our own folly,
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19:59
or by remorse for the horror of our own injustice."
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจื“ืฃ
20:03
In other words: yes, some things are better than others.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืงื ืื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื
20:08
We should have preferences that lead us into one future over another.
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ืื• ืฉืœ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืื• ืฆื“ืง,
ืื• ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื ื•,
20:13
But when those preferences drive us too hard and too fast
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ืœื ื‘ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื’ืจืขื•ืชื™ื ื•,
20:17
because we have overrated the difference between these futures,
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ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื˜ื”, ืขืœ ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฆื“ืง ืฉืœื ื•."
20:21
we are at risk.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช: ื›ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
20:24
When our ambition is bounded, it leads us to work joyfully.
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20:27
When our ambition is unbounded,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืžืงื“ืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขืชื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
20:29
it leads us to lie, to cheat, to steal, to hurt others,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืฉื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื“ื•ื—ืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื—ื–ืง ืžื“ื™ ืื• ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™
20:34
to sacrifice things of real value.
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20:36
When our fears are bounded,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื,
20:38
we're prudent, we're cautious,
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20:40
we're thoughtful.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
20:41
When our fears are unbounded and overblown,
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ื›ืฉื”ืืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช, ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”.
20:44
we're reckless, and we're cowardly.
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ื›ืฉื”ืืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื—ืกืจืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
20:47
The lesson I want to leave you with, from these data,
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉืงืจ, ืœืจืžื•ืช, ืœื’ื ื•ื‘, ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื,
20:50
is that our longings and our worries are both to some degree overblown,
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ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™.
20:55
because we have within us the capacity to manufacture the very commodity
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ื›ืฉื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื,
ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืงื•ืœื™ื,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
ื›ืฉื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื,
21:01
we are constantly chasing when we choose experience.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืกืจื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื ื”ืคื›ื™ื ืคื—ื“ื ื™ื™ื.
21:05
Thank you.
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21:06
(Applause)
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ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช,
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆืจืš ื”ื–ื”
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”.
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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