The transformative power of classical music | Benjamin Zander | TED

7,896,338 views ใƒป 2008-06-27

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Galia Ozdogan
00:12
Probably a lot of you know the story of the two salesmen
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช
00:15
who went down to Africa in the 1900s.
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ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
00:18
They were sent down to find if there was any opportunity
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ื”ื ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ืขืœื™ื™ื.
00:21
for selling shoes,
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00:22
and they wrote telegrams back to Manchester.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืžื‘ืจืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ.
00:25
And one of them wrote,
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื›ืชื‘:
00:26
"Situation hopeless. Stop. They don't wear shoes."
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"ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™. ื ืงื•ื“ื”. ืœื ื ื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื ืขืœื™ื™ื."
00:30
And the other one wrote,
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ืชื‘:
00:32
"Glorious opportunity. They don't have any shoes yet."
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"ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืคื–! ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื ืขืœื™ื™ื."
00:35
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:36
Now, there's a similar situation in the classical music world,
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื•ืจืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช,
00:39
because there are some people who think that classical music is dying.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื’ื•ื•ืขืช.
00:44
And there are some of us who think you ain't seen nothing yet.
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ืืš ื›ืžื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ืจืื™ืชื ื›ืœื•ื.
00:48
And rather than go into statistics and trends,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืžื’ืžื•ืช
00:52
and tell you about all the orchestras that are closing,
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ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืกื’ืจื•ืช,
00:54
and the record companies that are folding,
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืฉืžืชืคืจืงื•ืช,
00:57
I thought we should do an experiment tonight.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื”ืขืจื‘ ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
01:01
Actually, it's not really an experiment, because I know the outcome.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:04
(Laughter)
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01:05
But it's like an experiment.
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ืืš ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™. ื›ืขืช, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉ--
01:07
Now, before we start --
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01:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:12
Before we start, I need to do two things.
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-- ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื—ื™ืœ, ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช 2 ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:14
One is I want to remind you of what a seven-year-old child
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
ืื™ืš ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ 7 ืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ.
01:18
sounds like when he plays the piano.
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01:20
Maybe you have this child at home.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื™ืœื“ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
01:22
He sounds something like this.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืข ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ื›ื”.
01:24
(Music)
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โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
01:42
(Music ends)
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01:44
I see some of you recognize this child.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื”.
01:47
Now, if he practices for a year and takes lessons, he's now eight
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ืื ื™ืชืืžืŸ ื•ื™ืœืžื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื”, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 8,
01:50
and he sounds like this.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉืžืข ื›ืš:
01:51
(Music)
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โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
01:58
(Music ends)
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01:59
He practices for another year and takes lessons -- he's nine.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืžืŸ ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 9:
02:02
(Music)
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โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
02:07
(Music ends)
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02:08
Then he practices for another year and takes lessons -- now he's 10.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืžืŸ ื•ืœื•ืžื“ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 10:
โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
02:12
(Music)
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02:16
(Music ends)
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02:18
At that point, they usually give up.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ื‘ื“"ื› ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื.
02:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:21
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
02:23
Now, if you'd waited for one more year, you would have heard this.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”:
02:27
(Music)
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โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
02:35
(Music ends)
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02:36
Now, what happened was not maybe what you thought,
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
02:39
which is, he suddenly became passionate, engaged,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืœืคืชืข ื ืœื”ื‘, ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืขื•ืจื‘,
02:42
involved, got a new teacher, he hit puberty, or whatever it is.
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ื–ื›ื” ืœืžื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”,
02:46
What actually happened was the impulses were reduced.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื”ื“ื’ืฉื•ืช ืคื—ืชื•.
02:50
You see, the first time, he was playing with an impulse on every note.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืชื•.
02:53
(Music)
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โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
02:56
And the second, with an impulse every other note.
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ื•ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื›ืœ ืชื• ืฉื ื™:
02:58
(Music)
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โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
03:01
You can see it by looking at my head.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคื™ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื™.
03:03
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
03:04
The nine-year-old put an impulse on every four notes.
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ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืฉืข ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืชื• ืจื‘ื™ืขื™
โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
03:08
(Music)
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03:10
The 10-year-old, on every eight notes.
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ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืฉืจ - ื›ืœ ืชื• ืฉืžื™ื ื™.
โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
03:12
(Music)
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03:14
And the 11-year-old, one impulse on the whole phrase.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืŸ ื”-11 ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื•ืœื•.
03:17
(Music)
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โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
03:20
I don't know how we got into this position.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืชื ื•ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:24
I didn't say, "I'm going to move my shoulder over, move my body."
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ืœื ืืžืจืชื™: "ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื–ื™ื– ืืช ื›ืชืคื™ ื•ืืช ื’ื•ืคื™."
ืœื, ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื“ื—ืคื” ืื•ืชื™,
03:28
No, the music pushed me over,
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03:29
which is why I call it one-buttock playing.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื”: "ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“."
03:31
(Music)
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โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:33
It can be the other buttock.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื”ื™ืฉื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™.
03:35
(Music)
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โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
03:38
You know, a gentleman was once watching a presentation I was doing,
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ืื“ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ืขื ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจ.
03:42
when I was working with a young pianist.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ื”ื™ื•.
03:44
He was the president of a corporation in Ohio.
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03:46
I was working with this young pianist, and said,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืื– ืขื ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืื—ื“
ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื•: "ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื™ืชืš, ืฉืืชื” ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืฉืœ 2 ื™ืฉื‘ื ื™ื.
03:48
"The trouble with you is you're a two-buttock player.
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"ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“."
03:51
You should be a one-buttock player."
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03:52
I moved his body while he was playing.
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ื•ื”ื–ื–ืชื™ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื›ืš, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ื’ืŸ,
03:54
And suddenly, the music took off. It took flight.
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ื•ืœืคืชืข ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืคืจืฉื” ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื.
03:57
The audience gasped when they heard the difference.
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ื”ืงื”ืœ ื ืื ื— ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
03:59
Then I got a letter from this gentleman.
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ืื—"ื› ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื.
04:01
He said, "I was so moved.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘: "ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™, ืขื“ ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™
04:03
I went back and I transformed my entire company
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04:05
into a one-buttock company."
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"ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“."
04:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:10
Now, the other thing I wanted to do is to tell you about you.
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ื’ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื.
ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ, ืœื“ืขืชื™, 1,600 ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:13
There are 1,600 people, I believe.
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04:15
My estimation is that probably 45 of you
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ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื™, 45 ืžื›ื ืฉืจื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช.
04:18
are absolutely passionate about classical music.
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04:21
You adore classical music. Your FM is always on that classical dial.
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ืžืชื™ื ืขืœื™ื”.
ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื›ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืชื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช.
04:26
You have CDs in your car, and you go to the symphony,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื˜ื• ื•ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื.
04:29
your children are playing instruments.
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ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช.
04:31
You can't imagine your life without classical music.
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04:33
That's the first group, quite small.
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ื–ื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืงื˜ื ื”.
04:35
Then there's another bigger group.
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ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ:
04:37
The people who don't mind classical music.
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ืืœื” ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช "ืœื ืžืคืจื™ืขื” ืœื”ื".
04:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:40
You know, you've come home from a long day,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื•ื ืืจื•ืš,
04:42
and you take a glass of wine, and you put your feet up.
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ืžื•ื–ื’ื™ื ื›ื•ืก ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืจื™ืžื™ื ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื;
04:45
A little Vivaldi in the background doesn't do any harm.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฆืช ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื‘ืจืงืข. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:48
That's the second group.
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ื–ื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
04:49
Now comes the third group:
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช:
04:50
people who never listen to classical music.
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ืืœื” ืฉืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช.
04:53
It's just simply not part of your life.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื.
04:55
You might hear it like second-hand smoke at the airport ...
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉืžืขื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”, ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืคืืกื™ื‘ื™ -
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
04:58
(Laughter)
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04:59
-- and maybe a little bit of a march from "Aida"
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืžืืจืฉ ืงื˜ืŸ ืž"ืืื™ื“ื”" ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกืชื ืœื”ืจืฆืื”...
05:01
when you come into the hall.
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05:02
But otherwise, you never hear it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืœื›ืš ืื™ื ื›ื ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”.
05:04
That's probably the largest group.
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ื–ื• ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:06
And then there's a very small group.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืื“:
05:07
These are the people who think they're tone-deaf.
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ืืœื” ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ืจืฉื™-ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
05:11
Amazing number of people think they're tone-deaf.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ืจืฉื™ื ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
05:13
Actually, I hear a lot, "My husband is tone-deaf."
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”: "ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ืจืฉ ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ื."
05:15
(Laughter)
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05:16
Actually, you cannot be tone-deaf.
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืจืฉ ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”.
05:18
Nobody is tone-deaf.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื›ืืœื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื™ื
05:20
If you were tone-deaf, you couldn't change the gears
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05:22
on your car, in a stick shift car.
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ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ืชื™ื‘ืช-ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื“ื ื™ืช.
05:24
You couldn't tell the difference between
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื˜ืงืกืก ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืจื•ืžื.
05:26
somebody from Texas and somebody from Rome.
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05:29
And the telephone. The telephone.
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ื•ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ... ืืžื ืฉืœื›ื ืžืชืงืฉืจืช
05:31
If your mother calls
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05:32
on the miserable telephone, she calls and says, "Hello,"
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ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช: "ื”ืœื•,"
05:35
you not only know who it is, you know what mood she's in.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžื™ ื–ืืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืžื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—ื”.
ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื•ื–ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื”. ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืื•ื–ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื”.
05:39
You have a fantastic ear. Everybody has a fantastic ear.
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05:42
So nobody is tone-deaf.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื™ืจืฉ ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
05:44
But I tell you what.
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ืืš ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื•: ืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ื›ื”,
05:45
It doesn't work for me to go on with this thing,
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05:48
with such a wide gulf between those who understand,
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ืขื ืคืขืจ ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช,
05:52
love and are passionate about classical music,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”.
05:55
and those who have no relationship to it at all.
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05:57
The tone-deaf people, they're no longer here.
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ืืช ื—ื™ืจืฉื™-ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืงื ื•.
06:00
But even between those three categories,
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ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื”ืคืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™.
06:02
it's too wide a gulf.
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06:03
So I'm not going to go on until every single person in this room,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืืžืฉื™ืš ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืœื,
ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืืกืคืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืฆื•ืคื”,
06:08
downstairs and in Aspen, and everybody else looking,
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06:12
will come to love and understand classical music.
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ื™ืœืžื“ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช.
06:17
So that's what we're going to do.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื”.
06:18
Now, you notice that there is not the slightest doubt in my mind
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืฆืœื™ ืฆืœ ืฉืœ ืกืคืง
06:24
that this is going to work, if you look at my face, right?
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฆืœื™ื—, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:27
It's one of the characteristics of a leader that he not doubt
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื–ื”ื• ืžื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืคืงืคืง ื•ืœื• ืœืจื’ืข
06:31
for one moment the capacity of the people he's leading
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•.
06:35
to realize whatever he's dreaming.
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06:38
Imagine if Martin Luther King had said, "I have a dream.
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ืงื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ: "ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ืœื•ื!
06:40
Of course, I'm not sure they'll be up to it."
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"ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื–ื”."
06:43
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
06:46
All right. So I'm going to take a piece of Chopin.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืืงื— ืงื˜ืข ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ.
06:48
This is a beautiful prelude by Chopin.
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ื–ื”ื• ืคืจืœื•ื“ ื™ืคื”ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื™ื–ื”ื•.
06:51
Some of you will know it.
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06:53
(Music)
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โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืื•ืœื?
07:23
Do you know what I think probably happened here?
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07:25
When I started, you thought, "How beautiful that sounds."
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™, ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื: "ื›ืžื” ื™ืคื” ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข."
07:28
(Music)
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โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
07:41
"I don't think we should go to the same place
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"...ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ื™ืกืข ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื‘ืื”."
07:43
for our summer holidays next year."
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07:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:47
It's funny, isn't it?
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ืžื•ื–ืจ, ืœื?
07:49
It's funny how those thoughts kind of waft into your head.
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ืžื•ื–ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืจื—ืคื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืืฉ.
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ -
07:54
And of course --
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
07:55
(Applause)
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07:57
Of course, if the piece is long and you've had a long day,
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-- ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื”ืงื˜ืข ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื•ืืชื ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื ืืจื•ืš,
ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื ื, (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:00
you might actually drift off.
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08:01
Then your companion will dig you in the ribs
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื™ื ืขืฆื• ืžืจืคืง ื‘ืฆืœืขื•ืชื™ื›ื ื•ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•:
08:03
and say, "Wake up! It's culture!" And then you feel even worse.
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"ืชืชืขื•ืจืจ! ื–ื” ืœื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™!" ื•ืื– ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:07
(Laughter)
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08:08
But has it ever occurred to you that the reason you feel sleepy
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ืืš ื”ืื ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื›ื ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืชื ืžืชื ืžื ืžื™ื ืœืฉืžืข ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช
08:11
in classical music is not because of you, but because of us?
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ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœื›ื, ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœื ื•?
08:13
Did anybody think while I was playing,
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ื›ืฉื ื™ื’ื ืชื™, ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื‘
08:15
"Why is he using so many impulses?"
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"ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื?"
08:17
If I'd done this with my head you certainly would have thought it.
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื ื™ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืš.
08:20
(Music)
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โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
08:26
(Music ends)
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08:27
And for the rest of your life, every time you hear classical music,
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ื•ื‘ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืชืฉืžืขื• ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช
ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช ืื ืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
08:31
you'll always be able to know if you hear those impulses.
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08:35
So let's see what's really going on here.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจืื” ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ.
08:37
We have a B. This is a B.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื™. ื–ื”ื• ืกื™. ื”ืชื• ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื•.
08:40
The next note is a C.
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08:41
And the job of the C is to make the B sad.
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ื•ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืกื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืขืฆื•ื‘.
08:44
And it does, doesn't it?
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:45
(Laughter)
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08:47
Composers know that.
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ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช. ืื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืขืฆื•ื‘ื”
08:48
If they want sad music, they just play those two notes.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืืœื”.
08:51
(Music)
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โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
08:55
But basically, it's just a B, with four sads.
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ืืš ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืกื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• 4 ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื.
08:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:00
Now, it goes down to A.
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ื›ืขืช ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืœื”. ื›ืขืช ืœืกื•ืœ, ื•ืื—ืจ ืœืคื”.
09:03
Now to G.
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09:04
And then to F.
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09:05
So we have B, A, G, F.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื™-ืœื”-ืกื•ืœ-ืคื”,
09:08
And if we have B, A, G, F,
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื™-ืœื”-ืกื•ืœ-ืคื”, ืœืžื” ื ืฆืคื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•...?
09:10
what do we expect next?
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09:11
(Music)
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โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
09:15
That might have been a fluke.
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ื”ื•... ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื™. ื ื ืกื” ืฉื•ื‘.
09:16
Let's try it again.
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09:17
(Music)
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โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ) ืื”, ื”ืžืงื”ืœื” ืฉืœ TED. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:21
Oh, the TED choir.
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09:22
(Laughter)
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ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืฉืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื™ืจืฉ-ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื? ืืฃ ืœื ืื—ื“.
09:26
And you notice nobody is tone-deaf, right?
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09:28
Nobody is.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
09:30
You know, every village in Bangladesh
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09:32
and every hamlet in China -- everybody knows:
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”: ื“ื”-ื“ื”-ื“ื”-ื“ื” ...ื“ื”.
09:36
da, da, da, da -- da.
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09:39
Everybody knows, who's expecting that E.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœ-ืžื™.
09:41
Chopin didn't want to reach the E there,
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ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื™,
09:43
because what will have happened?
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื–?
09:45
It will be over, like Hamlet. Do you remember?
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ืžืจ. ื›ืžื• ื‘"ื”ืžืœื˜".
ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘"ื”ืžืœื˜"? ืžืขืจื›ื” 1, ืชืžื•ื ื” 3:
09:48
Act One, scene three,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื“ื•ื“ื• ื”ืจื’ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•.
09:49
he finds out his uncle killed his father.
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ื• ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืชื•,
09:51
He keeps on going up to his uncle and almost killing him.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ืกื•ื’,
09:54
And then he backs away, he goes up to him again, almost kills him.
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ื•ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘.
ื•ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ื ื”ืจื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื“ืขื”,
09:57
The critics sitting in the back row there,
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09:59
they have to have an opinion, so they say, "Hamlet is a procrastinator."
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ืื– ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื”ืžืœื˜ ื”ืกืกืŸ."
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:03
Or they say, "Hamlet has an Oedipus complex."
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ืื•: "ืœื”ืžืœื˜ ื™ืฉ ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก."
10:05
No, otherwise the play would be over, stupid.
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ืœื! ืื—ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ืžืจ, ื˜ืžื‘ืœื™ื.
10:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:09
That's why Shakespeare puts all that stuff in Hamlet --
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื”ืžืœื˜.
10:11
Ophelia going mad, the play within the play,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื•ืคืœื™ื” ืฉืžืฉืชื’ืขืช ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื—ื–ื”,
10:13
and Yorick's skull, and the gravediggers.
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ื•ื’ื•ืœื’ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจื™ืง, ื•ื—ื•ืคืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื.
10:15
That's in order to delay --
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ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืขื“ ืžืขืจื›ื” 5, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื•.
10:17
until Act Five, he can kill him.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ: ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื™,
10:19
It's the same with the Chopin.
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10:21
He's just about to reach the E,
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10:23
and he says, "Oops, better go back up and do it again."
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ื•ืื– ืื•ืžืจ: "ืื•ืคึผืก! ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘."
10:26
So he does it again.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘.
10:28
Now, he gets excited.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื’ืฉ --
10:29
(Music)
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โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
10:32
That's excitement, don't worry about it.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช. ื–ื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ ืืชื›ื.
10:34
Now, he gets to F-sharp, and finally he goes down to E,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืคื” ื“ื™ืื– ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืžื™...
โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
ืืš ื–ื”ื• ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ ื”ืœื-ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
10:38
but it's the wrong chord --
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10:39
because the chord he's looking for is this one,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืคืฉ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”, โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
10:42
and instead he does ...
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”... โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
10:44
Now, we call that a deceptive cadence,
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ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืงื“ื ืฆื” ืžื˜ืขื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื•.
10:47
because it deceives us.
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10:48
I tell my students, "If you have a deceptive cadence,
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ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™: "ืื ืฉืžืขืชื ืงื“ื ืฆื” ืžื˜ืขื”,
"ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื–ื™ื”ื™ืชื ืื•ืชื”."
10:51
raise your eyebrows, and everybody will know."
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10:53
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
10:55
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
10:58
Right.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื™, ืืš ื–ื” ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ ื”ืœื-ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
11:00
He gets to E, but it's the wrong chord.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืžื™. ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
11:02
Now, he tries E again.
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11:03
That chord doesn't work.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”-ืžื™. ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—.
11:05
Now, he tries the E again. That chord doesn't work.
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11:07
Now, he tries E again, and that doesn't work.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™. ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—.
11:10
And then finally ...
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ... โ™ซโ™ซโ™ซ
11:14
There was a gentleman in the front row who went, "Mmm."
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ืื“ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืฉื”: "ืžืžืž."
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:17
(Laughter)
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11:18
It's the same gesture he makes when he comes home
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ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื ืืจื•ืš
11:21
after a long day, turns off the key in his car and says,
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ืžื“ื•ืžื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืื•ืžืจ:
11:24
"Aah, I'm home."
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"ืื”, ืื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช." ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
11:25
Because we all know where home is.
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11:27
So this is a piece which goes from away to home.
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ืื– ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
11:30
I'm going to play it all the way through and you're going to follow.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื ื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื•,
ื•ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™. ืกื™-ื“ื•-ืกื™-ื“ื•-ืกื™-ื“ื•-ืกื™ --
11:33
B, C, B, C, B, C, B --
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11:35
down to A, down to G, down to F.
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ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืœื”, ืœืกื•ืœ, ืœืคื”.
11:37
Almost goes to E, but otherwise the play would be over.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขื“ ืžื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื™ื™ื’ืžืจ.
11:39
He goes back up to B, he gets very excited.
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ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืกื™. ืžืชืจื’ืฉ ืžืื“. ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืคื” ื“ื™ืื–, ืœืžื™.
11:41
Goes to F-sharp. Goes to E.
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ื–ื” ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ ื”ืœื-ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ืœื-ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ืœื-ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
11:43
It's the wrong chord. It's the wrong chord.
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11:45
And finally goes to E, and it's home.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื™, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
11:47
And what you're going to see is one-buttock playing.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืชืจืื• ื–ื• ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“.
11:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:53
Because for me, to join the B to the E,
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ื›ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฉืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ ืขื“ ืœืžื™,
11:56
I have to stop thinking about every single note along the way,
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ืขืœื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืชื• ื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืจืš,
12:02
and start thinking about the long, long line from B to E.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืงื• ื”ืืจื•ืš-ืืจื•ืš ืžืกื™ ื•ืขื“ ืžื™.
12:07
You know, we were just in South Africa, and you can't go to South Africa
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
ื•ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื“ืจื"ืค ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ื“ืœื”,
12:12
without thinking of Mandela in jail for 27 years.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืš 27 ืฉื ื”.
12:15
What was he thinking about? Lunch?
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ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘? ืขืœ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื” ื”ื‘ืื”?
12:17
No, he was thinking about the vision for South Africa
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ืœื. ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
12:21
and for human beings.
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12:22
This is about vision. This is about the long line.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง --
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ; ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื• ื”ืืจื•ืš.
12:25
Like the bird who flies over the field
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ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืขืคื” ืžืขืœ ืœืฉื“ื”
12:27
and doesn't care about the fences underneath, all right?
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ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ืช ืžื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื˜ื”, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
12:31
So now, you're going to follow the line all the way from B to E.
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ืื– ื›ืขืช ืชืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืžืกื™ ื•ืขื“ ืžื™.
12:34
And I've one last request before I play this piece all the way through.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืข.
12:38
Would you think of somebody who you adore,
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ื“.
12:42
who's no longer there?
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12:44
A beloved grandmother, a lover --
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ืกื‘ืชื ื™ืงืจื”, ืื”ื•ื‘ ืื• ืื”ื•ื‘ื”,
12:47
somebody in your life who you love with all your heart,
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ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื™ื›ื, ืฉืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ื‘ื›ื,
ืืš ื”ืœื›ื” ืžืขื™ืžื›ื.
12:51
but that person is no longer with you.
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12:54
Bring that person into your mind,
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ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืื“ื ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ื•-ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
12:56
and at the same time,
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12:58
follow the line all the way from B to E,
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ืขื™ืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืžืกื™ ื•ืขื“ ืžื™,
13:01
and you'll hear everything that Chopin had to say.
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ื•ืื– ืชืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื•ืคืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ.
13:10
(Music)
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(ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื”)
(ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื”)
14:57
(Music ends)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
15:00
(Applause)
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15:08
Now, you may be wondering --
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื--
15:10
(Applause)
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15:15
(Applause ends)
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ืžื•ื—ื ื›ืคื™ื™ื.
15:17
You may be wondering why I'm clapping.
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15:18
Well, I did this at a school in Boston
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ
15:20
with about 70 seventh graders, 12-year-olds.
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ืขื ื›-70 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืชื” ื–'-- ื‘ื ื™ 12.
15:24
I did exactly what I did with you,
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืื™ืชื›ื,
15:26
and I explained the whole thing.
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ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื”ื, ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื”ื ื•ื”ื›ืœ.
15:28
At the end, they went crazy, clapping.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ืžื—ืื• ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ.
ืื ื™ ืžื—ืืชื™ ื›ืคื™ื™ื. ื”ื ืžื—ืื• ื›ืคื™ื™ื.
15:30
I was clapping. They were clapping.
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15:31
Finally, I said, "Why am I clapping?"
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืฉืืœืชื™: "ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ืžื•ื—ื ื›ืคื™ื™ื?"
15:33
And one of them said, "Because we were listening."
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืžืจ: "ื›ื™ ื”ืงืฉื‘ื ื•."
15:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:40
Think of it. 1,600 people, busy people,
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”. 1,600 ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืกื•ืงื™ื,
15:43
involved in all sorts of different things,
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ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื.
15:45
listening, understanding and being moved
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ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื, ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžืงื˜ืข ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ.
15:49
by a piece by Chopin.
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15:51
Now, that is something.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืฉื”ื•.
15:52
Am I sure that every single person followed that,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”,
15:55
understood it, was moved by it?
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื•ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื• ืžื–ื”. ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
15:57
Of course, I can't be sure.
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15:58
But I'll tell you what happened to me in Ireland
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ืืš ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœื™.
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
16:00
during the Troubles, 10 years ago,
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16:02
and I was working with some Catholic and Protestant kids
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ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงืชื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื
16:05
on conflict resolution.
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ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื. ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื”.
16:07
And I did this with them --
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16:09
a risky thing to do, because they were street kids.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘.
16:13
And one of them came to me the next morning
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ ืœืžื—ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืืžืจ:
16:15
and he said,
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16:16
"You know, I've never listened to classical music in my life,
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"ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช,
16:19
but when you played that shopping piece ..."
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"ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื ื™ื’ื ืช ืืช ืงื˜ืข ื”ืฉื•ืคื™ื ื’..."
16:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:23
He said, "My brother was shot last year and I didn't cry for him.
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ืืžืจ, "ืื—ื™ ื ื•ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื•.
16:27
But last night, when you played that piece,
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"ืื‘ืœ ืืžืฉ, ื›ืฉื ื™ื’ื ืช ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข,
16:29
he was the one I was thinking about.
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"ืขืœื™ื• ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™,
16:32
And I felt the tears streaming down my face.
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"ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื–ื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™.
16:34
And it felt really good to cry for my brother."
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"ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื—ื™."
16:37
So I made up my mind at that moment
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™
16:40
that classical music is for everybody.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“. ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“.
16:45
Everybody.
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16:47
Now, how would you walk --
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ืื™ืš ื ืชื ื”ื’...
16:49
my profession, the music profession doesn't see it that way.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืœื™, ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”, ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื–ืืช ื›ืš.
16:53
They say three percent of the population likes classical music.
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ืœื“ืขืชื, 3% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช.
16:57
If only we could move it to four percent, our problems would be over.
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ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-4%, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื• ื ืคืชืจื•ืช.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:00
(Laughter)
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17:01
How would you walk? How would you talk? How would you be?
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ื”ื™ื: "ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื? ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
17:05
If you thought, "Three percent of the population likes classical music,
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื: "ืจืง 3% ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช,
17:08
if only we could move it to four percent."
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"ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-4%". ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื?
17:10
How would you walk or talk? How would you be?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื? ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื
17:12
If you thought, "Everybody loves classical music --
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ืœื• ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช --
17:15
they just haven't found out about it yet."
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช.
17:17
See, these are totally different worlds.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
17:20
Now, I had an amazing experience.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 45,
17:22
I was 45 years old,
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ื ื™ืฆื—ืชื™ ื›ื‘ืจ 20 ืฉื ื”, ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืชื•ื‘ื ื”.
17:24
I'd been conducting for 20 years,
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17:25
and I suddenly had a realization.
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17:28
The conductor of an orchestra doesn't make a sound.
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ืžื ืฆื— ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืžื™ืข ืฉื•ื ืฆืœื™ืœ.
17:32
My picture appears on the front of the CD --
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจ --
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:35
(Laughter)
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17:37
But the conductor doesn't make a sound.
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-- ืื‘ืœ ืžื ืฆื— ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉืžื™ืข ืฉื•ื ืฆืœื™ืœ.
17:39
He depends, for his power,
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ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
17:41
on his ability to make other people powerful.
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17:45
And that changed everything for me.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ. ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™.
17:47
It was totally life-changing.
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17:49
People in my orchestra said,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื• ืืœื™ ื•ืืžืจื•:
17:50
"Ben, what happened?" That's what happened.
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"ื‘ืŸ, ืžื” ืงืจื”?" ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
17:53
I realized my job was to awaken possibility in other people.
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืžืฉื™ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
17:58
And of course, I wanted to know whether I was doing that.
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ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื ืื ื™ ืื›ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช.
ื•ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช? ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
18:01
How do you find out?
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18:02
You look at their eyes.
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ืื ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื” ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืš.
18:04
If their eyes are shining, you know you're doing it.
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18:08
You could light up a village with this guy's eyes.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื ืขื ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
18:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
18:11
Right. So if the eyes are shining, you know you're doing it.
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ืื– ืื ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ืช.
18:14
If the eyes are not shining, you get to ask a question.
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ืืš ืื ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช, ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืืœื”.
18:17
And this is the question:
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืฉืืœื”:
18:18
who am I being
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ืžื” ืื ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช?
18:21
that my players' eyes are not shining?
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18:23
We can do that with our children, too.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื’ื ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•.
18:25
Who am I being,
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ืžื” ืื ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ ืœื ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช?
18:28
that my children's eyes are not shining?
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18:31
That's a totally different world.
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ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
18:33
Now, we're all about to end this magical, on-the-mountain week,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข-ืขืœ-ื”ื”ืจ ื”ืงืกื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
18:38
we're going back into the world.
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ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
18:40
And I say, it's appropriate for us to ask the question,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืฉื ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”:
18:44
who are we being as we go back out into the world?
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"ืžื” ืื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื?" ื›ืฉื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
18:49
And you know, I have a definition of success.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
18:52
For me, it's very simple.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื“. ื–ื” ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ, ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื•ื›ื•ื—.
18:53
It's not about wealth and fame and power.
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18:55
It's about how many shining eyes I have around me.
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ืืœื ื›ืžื” ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™.
18:58
So now, I have one last thought,
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื:
19:00
which is that it really makes a difference what we say --
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ื‘ืข--
ืžื” ื”ืžืœื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืคื™ื ื•.
19:05
the words that come out of our mouth.
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19:07
I learned this from a woman who survived Auschwitz,
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื–ืืช ืžืื™ืฉื” ืฉืฉืจื“ื” ืืช ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ,
19:10
one of the rare survivors.
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
19:11
She went to Auschwitz when she was 15 years old.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื›ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 15,
19:16
And ...
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19:19
And her brother was eight,
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ื•ืื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 8, ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืื‘ื“ื•.
19:21
and the parents were lost.
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19:23
And she told me this, she said,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื™ ื–ืืช. ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”:
19:28
"We were in the train going to Auschwitz,
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"ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ืœืžื˜ื”,
19:30
and I looked down and saw my brother's shoes were missing.
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"ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ ื ืขืœืžื•.
19:34
I said, 'Why are you so stupid, can't you keep your things together
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"ื•ืืžืจืชื™, 'ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ื™ืคืฉ. ืœืžื” ืื™ื ืš ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš,
19:37
for goodness' sake?'"
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'ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื!'"
19:38
The way an elder sister might speak to a younger brother.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืืœ ืื—ื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ.
19:43
Unfortunately, it was the last thing she ever said to him,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืจื” ืœื•,
ื›ื™ ืœื ืจืืชื” ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื™ืฆืœ.
19:46
because she never saw him again.
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19:47
He did not survive.
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19:49
And so when she came out of Auschwitz, she made a vow.
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฆืœื” ืžืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื”ื™ื ื ื“ืจื” ื ื“ืจ.
19:52
She told me this.
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ื›ืš ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื™. ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”: "ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืžืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
19:53
She said, "I walked out of Auschwitz into life
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19:57
and I made a vow.
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"ื•ื ื“ืจืชื™ ื ื“ืจ. ื•ื”ื ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื•
19:58
And the vow was,
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20:00
"I will never say anything that couldn't stand as the last thing I ever say."
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"ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช."
20:06
Now, can we do that? No.
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช? ืœื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื ืขื•ืœืœ ืขื•ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื,
20:08
And we'll make ourselves wrong and others wrong.
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20:12
But it is a possibility to live into.
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ืืš ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœื”. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
20:15
Thank you.
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20:17
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
20:23
Shining eyes.
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ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช. ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช.
20:25
(Applause)
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20:26
Shining eyes.
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20:27
(Applause)
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20:34
Thank you, thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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