Don't eat the marshmallow! | Joachim de Posada

1,013,161 views ใƒป 2009-08-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yifat Adler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Roi Shpaner
00:18
I'm here because I have a very important message:
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ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“.
00:21
I think we have found
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืฆืื ื•
00:23
the most important factor for success.
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ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
00:26
And it was found close to here, Stanford.
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ืžืฆืื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“.
00:31
Psychology professor took kids that were four years old
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืงื— ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืืจื‘ืข
00:35
and put them in a room all by themselves.
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ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื‘ื“ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ.
00:39
And he would tell the child, a four-year-old kid,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ืœื“, ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืข,
00:42
"Johnny, I am going to leave you here with a marshmallow
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"ื’'ื•ื ื™, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชืš ื›ืืŸ ืขื ืžืจืฉืžืœื•
00:45
for 15 minutes.
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ืœ-15 ื“ืงื•ืช.
00:47
If, after I come back, this marshmallow is here,
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ืื ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจืฉืžืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ,
00:51
you will get another one. So you will have two."
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ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“. ื•ืื– ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืš ืฉื ื™ื™ื."
00:55
To tell a four-year-old kid to wait 15 minutes
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ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืœื—ื›ื•ืช 15 ื“ืงื•ืช
00:58
for something that they like,
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘,
01:00
is equivalent to telling us, "We'll bring you coffee in two hours."
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื•, "ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœื›ื ืชื•ืš ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื."
01:04
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:05
Exact equivalent.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
01:07
So what happened when the professor left the room?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงืจื” ื›ืฉื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ืฆื ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ?
01:12
As soon as the door closed...
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื“ืœืช ื ืกื’ืจื”...
01:16
two out of three ate the marshmallow.
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืจืฉืžืœื•.
01:18
Five seconds, 10 seconds, 40 seconds, 50 seconds,
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ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, 10 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, 40 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, 50 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
01:21
two minutes, four minutes, eight minutes.
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ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช, ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ืงื•ืช.
01:23
Some lasted 14-and-a-half minutes.
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ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืžืขืžื“ 14 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื“ืงื•ืช.
01:26
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:27
Couldn't do it. Could not wait.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื›ื•ืช.
01:31
What's interesting is that one out of three
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื”
01:34
would look at the marshmallow and go like this ...
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืฉืžืœื• ื•ืื– ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ื›ื”...
01:39
Would look at it.
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ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื•.
01:41
Put it back.
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
01:43
They would walk around. They would play with their skirts and pants.
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ื”ื ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ. ื”ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ืขื ื”ื—ืฆืื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื ื”ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:48
That child already, at four, understood
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืข, ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
01:51
the most important principle for success,
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ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”,
01:54
which is the ability to delay gratification.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืงื™ื.
01:58
Self-discipline:
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ืžืฉืžืขืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช,
02:00
the most important factor for success.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
02:03
15 years later, 14 or 15 years later,
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15 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, 14 ืื• 15 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ -
02:06
follow-up study.
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืขืงื‘.
02:08
What did they find?
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ืžื” ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื•?
02:10
They went to look for these kids who were now 18 and 19.
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ื”ื ืื™ืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ 18 ื•-19.
02:13
And they found that 100 percent
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืžืื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
02:16
of the children that had not eaten the marshmallow were successful.
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ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืจืฉืžืœื• ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
02:20
They had good grades. They were doing wonderful.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืžืื•ื“.
02:22
They were happy. They had their plans.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:24
They had good relationships with the teachers, students.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.
02:27
They were doing fine.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
02:28
A great percentage of the kids that ate the marshmallow,
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ืื—ื•ื– ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืจืฉืžืœื•,
02:31
they were in trouble.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช.
02:32
They did not make it to university.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.
02:34
They had bad grades. Some of them dropped out.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื ืฉืจื•.
02:36
A few were still there with bad grades.
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ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืžืขืžื“ ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื.
02:38
A few had good grades.
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ืœืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
02:40
I had a question in my mind: Would Hispanic kids
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ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™ ืฉืืœื”: ื”ืื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืกืคื ื™ื
02:42
react the same way as the American kids?
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ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื?
02:45
So I went to Colombia. And I reproduced the experiment.
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ืื– ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”. ื•ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
02:48
And it was very funny. I used four, five and six years old kids.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฆื—ื™ืง. ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืืจื‘ืข, ื—ืžืฉ ื•ืฉืฉ.
02:51
And let me show you what happened.
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ื•ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืžื” ืงืจื”.
03:09
(Spanish) (Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
04:50
So what happened in Colombia?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”?
04:52
Hispanic kids, two out of three ate the marshmallow;
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืกืคื ื™ื - ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืจืฉืžืœื•.
04:55
one out of three did not.
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ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœื ืื›ืœ.
04:57
This little girl was interesting;
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
04:59
she ate the inside of the marshmallow.
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ื”ื™ื ืื›ืœื” ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืฉืžืœื•.
05:01
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:02
In other words, she wanted us to think that she had not eaten it, so she would get two.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืจืฆืชื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืื›ืœื” ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
05:06
But she ate it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืื›ืœื” ืื•ืชื•.
05:08
So we know she'll be successful. But we have to watch her.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืฆืœื™ื—. ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœื™ื”.
05:11
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:12
She should not go into banking, for example,
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ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ,
05:15
or work at a cash register.
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ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืคืื™ืช.
05:17
But she will be successful.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืชืฆืœื™ื—.
05:19
And this applies for everything. Even in sales.
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ื•ื–ื” ืชืงืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช.
05:21
The sales person that --
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ืื ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื–ื”."
05:25
the customer says, "I want that." And the person says, "Okay, here you are."
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ื•ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื•ืงื™, ื”ื ื” ื–ื”." -
05:27
That person ate the marshmallow.
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ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืจืฉืžืœื•.
05:29
If the sales person says, "Wait a second.
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ืื ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื’ื™ื“, "ื—ื›ื” ืจื’ืข.
05:31
Let me ask you a few questions to see if this is a good choice."
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ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชืš ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื”."
05:34
Then you sell a lot more.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:35
So this has applications in all walks of life.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:40
I end with -- the Koreans did this.
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ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ื–ื” ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•:
05:43
You know what? This is so good
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"ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”? ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘
05:45
that we want a marshmallow book for children.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืกืคืจ ืžืจืฉืžืœื• ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื."
05:47
We did one for children. And now it is all over Korea.
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ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืงื•ืจื™ืื”.
05:50
They are teaching these kids exactly this principle.
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ื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
05:52
And we need to learn that principle here in the States,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
05:54
because we have a big debt.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
05:56
We are eating more marshmallows than we are producing.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืฉืžืœื•ืื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื.
05:58
Thank you so much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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