The psychology of your future self | Dan Gilbert

830,537 views ใƒป 2014-06-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Yael BST
00:12
At every stage of our lives
0
12668
1950
ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
00:14
we make decisions that will profoundly influence
1
14618
3568
ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืžืื“
00:18
the lives of the people we're going to become,
2
18186
1886
ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื•ื›ืฉืื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื,
00:20
and then when we become those people,
3
20072
1620
00:21
we're not always thrilled with the decisions we made.
4
21692
2418
ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื•.
00:24
So young people pay good money
5
24110
2514
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ
00:26
to get tattoos removed that teenagers
6
26624
2704
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืงืขืงื•ืขื™ื ืฉืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืขืงืข.
00:29
paid good money to get.
7
29328
1370
00:30
Middle-aged people rushed to divorce people
8
30698
2508
ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ืžืื ืฉื™ื
00:33
who young adults rushed to marry.
9
33206
2617
ืฉืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื”ืจื• ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœื”ื.
00:35
Older adults work hard to lose
10
35823
2637
ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ
00:38
what middle-aged adults worked hard to gain.
11
38460
2700
ืžืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขื‘ื“ื• ืงืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ,
00:41
On and on and on.
12
41160
1116
ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
00:42
The question is, as a psychologist, that fascinates me is,
13
42276
3032
ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืกื™ืงืจื ื” ืื•ืชื™, ื›ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’, ื”ื™ื, ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช
00:45
why do we make decisions
14
45308
1752
00:47
that our future selves so often regret?
15
47060
3696
ืฉืขืฆืžื ื• ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืœื”ืชื—ืจื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ?
00:50
Now, I think one of the reasons --
16
50756
1852
ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื -- ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ืกื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื ื‘ื›ืš --
00:52
I'll try to convince you today โ€”
17
52608
1452
00:54
is that we have a fundamental misconception
18
54060
2560
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:56
about the power of time.
19
56620
2832
00:59
Every one of you knows that the rate of change
20
59452
2480
ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื,
01:01
slows over the human lifespan,
21
61932
1922
01:03
that your children seem to change by the minute
22
63854
2858
ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืžืจื’ืข ืœืจื’ืข,
01:06
but your parents seem to change by the year.
23
66712
2754
ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื›ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื”.
01:09
But what is the name of this magical point in life
24
69466
3420
ืืš ืžื”ื• ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืงืกื•ืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
01:12
where change suddenly goes
25
72886
2036
ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืคืชืข ืžื“ื”ื™ืจื” ืœื–ื—ื™ืœื”?
01:14
from a gallop to a crawl?
26
74922
1782
01:16
Is it teenage years? Is it middle age?
27
76704
2736
ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื? ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”? ื”ื–ื™ืงื ื”? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืš ืžืชื‘ืจืจ,
01:19
Is it old age? The answer, it turns out,
28
79440
2670
01:22
for most people, is now,
29
82110
2530
ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
01:24
wherever now happens to be.
30
84640
2951
ื™ื”ื™ื” "ืขื›ืฉื™ื•" ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื”.
01:27
What I want to convince you today
31
87591
2002
ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืืฉืœื™ื”
01:29
is that all of us are walking around with an illusion,
32
89593
3019
01:32
an illusion that history, our personal history,
33
92612
3218
ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืงื™ืฆื”,
01:35
has just come to an end,
34
95830
1614
01:37
that we have just recently become
35
97444
1607
ืฉืžืžืฉ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
01:39
the people that we were always meant to be
36
99051
3155
01:42
and will be for the rest of our lives.
37
102206
2446
ื•ืฉื ื™ืฉืืจ ื›ืืœื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
01:44
Let me give you some data to back up that claim.
38
104652
2104
ืืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื•.
01:46
So here's a study of change in people's
39
106756
3154
ื–ื”ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
01:49
personal values over time.
40
109910
2032
ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:51
Here's three values.
41
111942
1199
ื”ื ื” 3 ืขืจื›ื™ื. ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืœื,
01:53
Everybody here holds all of them,
42
113141
1515
01:54
but you probably know that as you grow,
43
114656
2158
ืื‘ืœ ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื’ื“ืœื™ื,
01:56
as you age, the balance of these values shifts.
44
116814
3359
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:00
So how does it do so?
45
120173
1909
ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
02:02
Well, we asked thousands of people.
46
122082
2008
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉืืœื ื• ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื ืœื”ืชื ื‘ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•
02:04
We asked half of them to predict for us
47
124090
1787
02:05
how much their values would change in the next 10 years,
48
125877
3010
ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื™ืฉืชื ื• ืขืจื›ื™ื”ื ื‘-10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
02:08
and the others to tell us
49
128887
1376
ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•
02:10
how much their values had changed in the last 10 years.
50
130263
3250
ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืจื›ื™ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื‘-10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
02:13
And this enabled us to do a really interesting kind of analysis,
51
133513
3467
ื•ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
02:16
because it allowed us to compare the predictions
52
136980
2211
ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช
02:19
of people, say, 18 years old,
53
139191
1994
ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 18, ื ื ื™ื—,
02:21
to the reports of people who were 28,
54
141185
2112
ืขื ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ 28,
02:23
and to do that kind of analysis throughout the lifespan.
55
143297
2620
ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:25
Here's what we found.
56
145917
1331
ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื•. ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ, ืืชื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื.
02:27
First of all, you are right,
57
147248
1293
02:28
change does slow down as we age,
58
148541
2848
ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื›ืŸ ืžืื™ื˜ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื,
02:31
but second, you're wrong,
59
151389
1892
ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ืช, ืืชื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื,
02:33
because it doesn't slow nearly as much as we think.
60
153281
3398
ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืื˜ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•.
02:36
At every age, from 18 to 68 in our data set,
61
156679
3863
ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœ, ืž-18 ื•ืขื“ 68 ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
02:40
people vastly underestimated how much change
62
160542
3710
ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืชื ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
02:44
they would experience over the next 10 years.
63
164252
2919
ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื•ื• ื‘-10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
02:47
We call this the "end of history" illusion.
64
167171
2934
ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช "ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”".
02:50
To give you an idea of the magnitude of this effect,
65
170105
2383
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:52
you can connect these two lines,
66
172488
1222
ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:53
and what you see here is that 18-year-olds
67
173710
2764
ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”-18
02:56
anticipate changing only as much
68
176474
2469
ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ 50 ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
02:58
as 50-year-olds actually do.
69
178943
2985
03:01
Now it's not just values. It's all sorts of other things.
70
181928
3554
ื•ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:05
For example, personality.
71
185482
1818
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช.
03:07
Many of you know that psychologists now claim
72
187300
2666
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
03:09
that there are five fundamental dimensions of personality:
73
189966
3294
ืฉื™ืฉื ื 5 ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช:
03:13
neuroticism, openness to experience,
74
193260
2267
ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
03:15
agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness.
75
195527
3848
ืชื•ืืžื•ึผืช, ื”ื—ืฆื ื” ื•ืžืฆืคื•ื ื™ื•ึผืช.
03:19
Again, we asked people how much they expected
76
199375
2247
ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉืืœื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื ืžืฆืคื™ื
03:21
to change over the next 10 years,
77
201622
1576
ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘-10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
03:23
and also how much they had changed over the last 10 years,
78
203198
3361
ื•ื’ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื‘-10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
03:26
and what we found,
79
206559
916
ื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•,
03:27
well, you're going to get used to seeing this diagram over and over,
80
207475
2555
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
03:30
because once again the rate of change
81
210030
2039
ื›ื™, ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื›ืŸ ืžืื™ื˜ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื,
03:32
does slow as we age,
82
212069
1610
03:33
but at every age, people underestimate
83
213679
3888
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœ, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืขื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”
03:37
how much their personalities will change
84
217567
2333
ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
03:39
in the next decade.
85
219900
1784
03:41
And it isn't just ephemeral things
86
221684
2321
ื•ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื—ืœื•ืฃ
03:44
like values and personality.
87
224005
1854
ื›ืžื• ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช.
03:45
You can ask people about their likes and dislikes,
88
225859
3015
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื,
03:48
their basic preferences.
89
228874
1454
ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:50
For example, name your best friend,
90
230328
2802
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœื ืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:53
your favorite kind of vacation,
91
233130
1416
ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ, ื”ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™, ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘.
03:54
what's your favorite hobby,
92
234546
1766
03:56
what's your favorite kind of music.
93
236312
1811
03:58
People can name these things.
94
238123
1437
ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:59
We ask half of them to tell us,
95
239560
2360
ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื:
04:01
"Do you think that that will change over the next 10 years?"
96
241920
3393
"ื”ืื ืœื“ืขืชืš ื–ื” ื™ืฉืชื ื” ื‘-10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช?"
04:05
and half of them to tell us,
97
245313
1154
ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื:
04:06
"Did that change over the last 10 years?"
98
246467
2691
"ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘-10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช?"
04:09
And what we find, well, you've seen it twice now,
99
249158
2583
ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
04:11
and here it is again:
100
251741
1842
ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘:
04:13
people predict that the friend they have now
101
253583
3080
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื
04:16
is the friend they'll have in 10 years,
102
256663
1548
ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
04:18
the vacation they most enjoy now is the one
103
258211
2105
ืฉื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ื ื” ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื•ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื”
04:20
they'll enjoy in 10 years,
104
260316
1332
ืžืžื ื” ื™ื™ื”ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
04:21
and yet, people who are 10 years older all say,
105
261648
2742
ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื”ื ื‘-10 ืฉื ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื•ืœื:
04:24
"Eh, you know, that's really changed."
106
264390
2929
"ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”? ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืฉืชื ื”."
04:27
Does any of this matter?
107
267319
1156
ื”ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
04:28
Is this just a form of mis-prediction that doesn't have consequences?
108
268475
3160
ื”ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืกืชื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช?
04:31
No, it matters quite a bit, and I'll give you an example of why.
109
271635
2922
ืœื. ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™, ื•ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš.
04:34
It bedevils our decision-making in important ways.
110
274557
3465
ื–ื” ืžืฉื’ืข ืืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
04:38
Bring to mind right now for yourself
111
278022
1705
ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘-ื ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ืจื’ืข
04:39
your favorite musician today
112
279727
2273
ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื™ื•ื,
04:42
and your favorite musician 10 years ago.
113
282000
2368
ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ ืฉืื”ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
04:44
I put mine up on the screen to help you along.
114
284368
2559
ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืœื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื.
04:46
Now we asked people
115
286927
1603
ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืชื ื‘ืื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ืœื ื•
04:48
to predict for us, to tell us
116
288530
2237
04:50
how much money they would pay right now
117
290767
2887
ื›ืžื” ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ื›ืจื’ืข
04:53
to see their current favorite musician
118
293654
2336
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื
04:55
perform in concert 10 years from now,
119
295990
2517
ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
04:58
and on average, people said they would pay
120
298507
2047
ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
05:00
129 dollars for that ticket.
121
300554
2717
129 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ื–ื”.
05:03
And yet, when we asked them how much they would pay
122
303271
2927
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื
05:06
to see the person who was their favorite
123
306198
2321
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื
05:08
10 years ago perform today,
124
308519
2039
ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ื,
05:10
they say only 80 dollars.
125
310558
1842
ื”ื ืืžืจื•, 80 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
05:12
Now, in a perfectly rational world,
126
312400
1838
ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉืœื
05:14
these should be the same number,
127
314238
2114
ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ื,
05:16
but we overpay for the opportunity
128
316352
2511
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
05:18
to indulge our current preferences
129
318863
2103
ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช,
05:20
because we overestimate their stability.
130
320966
3320
ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืžื’ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชืŸ.
05:24
Why does this happen? We're not entirely sure,
131
324286
2448
ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”? ื–ื” ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื•,
05:26
but it probably has to do
132
326734
1546
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืงืฉื•ืจ
05:28
with the ease of remembering
133
328280
2179
ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืงืœ ืžืื“ ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ
05:30
versus the difficulty of imagining.
134
330459
2521
ื•ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
05:32
Most of us can remember who we were 10 years ago,
135
332980
2469
ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
05:35
but we find it hard to imagine who we're going to be,
136
335449
2739
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ื ื”ื™ื”,
05:38
and then we mistakenly think that because it's hard to imagine,
137
338188
3005
ื•ืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ,
05:41
it's not likely to happen.
138
341193
2074
ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”.
05:43
Sorry, when people say "I can't imagine that,"
139
343267
3255
ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”",
05:46
they're usually talking about their own lack of imagination,
140
346522
2948
ื”ื ื‘ื“"ื› ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
05:49
and not about the unlikelihood
141
349470
1492
ื•ืœื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ-ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื”ื ืžืชืืจื™ื.
05:50
of the event that they're describing.
142
350962
2990
05:53
The bottom line is, time is a powerful force.
143
353952
3567
ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘-ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
05:57
It transforms our preferences.
144
357519
1643
ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื ื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•.
05:59
It reshapes our values.
145
359162
2118
06:01
It alters our personalities.
146
361280
1343
ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื ื•.
06:02
We seem to appreciate this fact,
147
362623
2567
ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• - ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
06:05
but only in retrospect.
148
365190
1561
06:06
Only when we look backwards do we realize
149
366751
2495
ืจืง ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ืื ื• ืชื•ืคืฉื™ื
06:09
how much change happens in a decade.
150
369246
3272
ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
06:12
It's as if, for most of us,
151
372518
1679
ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ื•, ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืกื•ืžื”.
06:14
the present is a magic time.
152
374197
2169
06:16
It's a watershed on the timeline.
153
376366
2017
ื–ื”ื• ืงื• ืคืจืฉืช-ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:18
It's the moment at which we finally
154
378383
2344
ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื•, ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ,
06:20
become ourselves.
155
380727
2503
ืื ื• ื ื”ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื•.
06:23
Human beings are works in progress
156
383230
2693
ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช,
06:25
that mistakenly think they're finished.
157
385923
2923
ืฉืกื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื’ืžื•ืจื•ืช.
06:28
The person you are right now
158
388846
1790
ื”ืื“ื ืฉืืชื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืืจืขื™, ื‘ืŸ-ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื•ื–ืžื ื™
06:30
is as transient, as fleeting and as temporary
159
390636
3702
06:34
as all the people you've ever been.
160
394338
2659
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื.
06:36
The one constant in our life is change.
161
396997
3548
ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
06:40
Thank you.
162
400545
2096
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
06:42
(Applause)
163
402641
1753
[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7