Let's use video to reinvent education | Salman Khan

Translator: Carme Rossell Reviewer: David Monreal

La Khan Academy és coneguda sobretot

Khan Academy is most known for its collection of videos,

per la nostra col·lecció de vídeos,

so before I go any further,

o sigui que, abans de continuar,

let me show you a little bit of a montage.

deixeu que us posi un petit muntatge.

(Video) Salman Khan: So the hypotenuse is now going to be five.

(Video) Salman Khan: Així doncs la hipotenusa serà cinc.

This animal's fossils are only found in this area of South America --

Només hi ha fòssils d'aquest animal en aquesta part de Sud-Amèrica,

una franja molt clara aquí,

a nice clean band here --

and this part of Africa.

i en aquesta part d'Àfrica.

We can integrate over the surface,

Podem fer la integral de superfície,

i la notació sol ser una sigma majúscula.

and the notation usually is a capital sigma.

National Assembly: They create the Committee of Public Safety,

Assemblea Nacional: Creació del Comitè de Seguretat Pública,

que sona bé per a un comitè.

which sounds like a very nice committee.

Noteu que això és un aldehid,

Notice, this is an aldehyde, and it's an alcohol.

i és un alcohol.

Start differentiating into effector and memory cells.

Es comencen a diferenciar les cèl·lules efectores i les de memòria.

Una galàxia. Ep, una altra galàxia.

A galaxy. Hey! There's another galaxy. Oh, look! There's another galaxy.

Mira, una altra galàxia.

And for dollars, is their 30 million,

I en dòlars, són 30 milions per a ells,

plus the 20 million dollars from the American manufacturer.

més els 20 milions del fabricant americà.

If this does not blow your mind,

Si això no us fa al·lucinar,

then you have no emotion.

és que no teniu emocions.

(Laughter)

(Rialles)

(Applause)

(Aplaudiments)

(Live) SK: We now have on the order of 2,200 videos,

SK: Ara tenim de l'ordre

de 2.200 vídeos

covering everything from basic arithmetic, all the way to vector calculus,

de tots els temes, des d'aritmètica bàsica

fins a càlcul vectorial

i altres coses com les que acabeu de veure.

and some of the stuff that you saw up there.

We have a million students a month using the site,

S'hi connecten un milió d'alumnes cada mes,

watching on the order of 100 to 200,000 videos a day.

que es miren de 100.000 a 200.000 vídeos cada dia.

But what we're going to talk about in this is how we're going to the next level.

Però ara del que vull parlar

és de com saltar al nivell següent.

But before I do that,

Però abans d'això,

I want to talk a little bit about really just how I got started.

us vull parlar una mica de com vaig començar.

And some of you all might know,

Com alguns potser ja sabeu,

about five years ago, I was an analyst at a hedge fund,

fa cinc anys jo era analista d'un fons d'inversió lliure.

and I was in Boston,

Vivia a Boston,

i feia classes als meus cosins de Nova Orleans, a distància.

and I was tutoring my cousins in New Orleans, remotely.

Vaig començar a pujar els primers vídeos de YouTube

And I started putting the first YouTube videos up,

really just as a kind of nice-to-have,

només com a extra,

just kind of a supplement for my cousins,

com a suplement per als meus cosins,

something that might give them a refresher or something.

perquè tinguessin un recordatori, i tal.

And as soon as I put those first YouTube videos up,

Tan aviat com vaig pujar els YouTubes,

va passar una cosa curiosa;

something interesting happened.

Actually, a bunch of interesting things happened.

de fet, van passar diverses coses curioses.

La primera va ser el feedback dels meus cosins.

The first was the feedback from my cousins.

They told me that they preferred me on YouTube than in person.

Em deien

que els agradava més al YouTube que en persona.

(Laughter)

(Rialles)

And once you get over the backhanded nature of that,

I un cop superat aquest revés,

vaig entendre la profunditat de la qüestió.

there was actually something very profound there.

Em deien

They were saying that they preferred the automated version of their cousin

que preferien la versió automatitzada del seu cosí

més que no el seu cosí.

to their cousin.

At first it's very unintuitive,

No s'entén a la primera,

but when you think about it from their point of view, it makes a ton of sense.

però, ben pensat, des del seu punt de vista, té molt de sentit.

Es dóna el cas

You have this situation where now they can pause and repeat their cousin,

que poden pausar i fer repetir al seu cosí

without feeling like they're wasting my time.

sense sentir que em fan perdre el temps.

Si han de revisar alguna cosa

If they have to review something

that they should have learned a couple of weeks ago,

que haurien d'haver après fa dues setmanes,

o potser fa dos anys,

or maybe a couple of years ago,

they don't have to be embarrassed and ask their cousin.

no cal que passin vergonya per preguntar-ho al cosí.

They can just watch those videos; if they're bored, they can go ahead.

Poden mirar els vídeos i prou. Si s'avorreixen, poden avançar.

Els poden mirar quan vulguin, al seu ritme.

They can watch at their own time and pace.

I probablement l'aspecte menys apreciat de tots

Probably the least-appreciated aspect of this

és la idea que la primera vegada,

is the notion that the very first time

la primeríssima vegada

that you're trying to get your brain around a new concept,

que vols entendre un concepte nou,

the very last thing you need

l'últim que necessites

is another human being saying, "Do you understand this?"

és una altra persona que et digui: "Ho entens?"

And that's what was happening

I això és el que em passava abans amb els meus cosins.

with the interaction with my cousins before,

and now they can just do it in the intimacy of their own room.

Ara ho poden fer tranquil·lament

a la intimitat de la seva habitació.

The other thing that happened is --

L'altra cosa que va passar és que

I put them on YouTube just --

els vaig penjar a YouTube i,

I saw no reason to make it private,

com que no calia cap privacitat,

so I let other people watch it,

els vaig deixar oberts a tothom.

and then people started stumbling on it,

I la gent els va començar a trobar.

and I started getting some comments and some letters

Em van començar a arribar comentaris i cartes

and all sorts of feedback

i tota mena de feedback

de gent d'arreu del món.

from random people around the world.

These are just a few.

En tinc uns quants aquí.

This is actually from one of the original calculus videos.

Aquest és d'un dels primers vídeos de càlcul.

Algú va escriure al YouTube,

Someone wrote it on YouTube, it was a YouTube comment:

era un comentari de YouTube:

"First time I smiled doing a derivative."

"És el primre cop que somric fent una derivada."

(Laughter)

(Rialles)

Parem un moment.

Let's pause here.

Aquesta persona va fer una derivada

This person did a derivative,

and then they smiled.

i després va somriure.

(Laughter)

In response to that same comment --

I com a resposta a aquest mateix comentari, al mateix fil,

this is on the thread, you can go on YouTube and look at the comments --

(podeu anar a YouTube a mirar els comentaris)

una altra persona diu: "Jo també.

someone else wrote: "Same thing here.

I actually got a natural high and a good mood for the entire day,

Se m'ha disparat el bon humor i m'ha durat tot el dia.

Quan veia això a classe

since I remember seeing all of this matrix text in class,

em semblaven lletres de "Matrix"

and here I'm all like, 'I know kung fu.'"

i ara em sento com si sapigués kung-fu."

(Laughter)

(Rialles)

We get a lot of feedback along those lines.

I ens arriba molt de feedback semblant.

This clearly was helping people.

Clarament, la gent ho trobava útil.

But then, as the viewership kept growing and kept growing,

Després, però, com més creixia i creixia l'audiència,

em van començar a arribar cartes de gent,

I started getting letters from people,

and it was starting to become clear

i cada cop estava més clar

that it was more than just a nice-to-have.

que tot plegat era més que un simple extra.

This is just an excerpt from one of those letters:

Aquest és només un fragment

d'una de les cartes.

"My 12 year-old son has autism,

"El meu fill de 12 anys és autista

and has had a terrible time with math.

i li costaven molt les mates.

Hem provat de tot,

We have tried everything,

viewed everything, bought everything.

vist de tot, comprat de tot.

We stumbled on your video on decimals, and it got through.

Vam ensopegar amb el teu vídeo de decimals, i li va calar.

Then we went on to the dreaded fractions.

Després vam passar a les fraccions. També les va entendre.

Again, he got it.

No ens ho podíem creure.

We could not believe it.

He is so excited."

Està contentíssim."

And so you can imagine,

Ja podeu comptar,

here I was, an analyst at a hedge fund --

jo, que era analista de fons d'inversió.

it was very strange for me to do something of social value.

Se'm feia molt estrany fer res amb valor social.

(Rialles)

(Laughter)

(Applause)

(Aplaudiments)

But I was excited, so I kept going.

Però estava emocionat, i vaig continuar.

And then a few other things started to dawn on me;

Em vaig començar a adonar d'altres coses.

that not only would it help my cousins right now,

No només ajudava els meus cosins en el moment,

or these people who were sending letters,

i a la gent que m'enviava cartes,

but that this content will never grow old,

sinó que aquest contingut no caduca,

que podia ajudar els seus fills

that it could help their kids or their grandkids.

o els seus néts.

If Isaac Newton had done YouTube videos on calculus,

Si Isaac Newton

hagués penjat vídeos de càlcul a YouTube,

els meus ja no caldrien.

I wouldn't have to.

(Laughter)

(Rialles)

Assuming he was good. We don't know.

Suposant que fos bo. No ho sabem.

(Laughter)

(Rialles)

The other thing that happened -- and even at this point, I said,

L'altra cosa que va passar,

que llavors encara deia: "Bé, potser és un bon suplement.

"OK, maybe it's a good supplement. It's good for motivated students.

Va bé per a estudiants motivats.

Potser és bo per a l'escolarització a casa."

It's good for maybe home-schoolers."

Però no em pensava que la cosa

But I didn't think it would somehow penetrate the classroom.

acabaria entrant a les aules.

Then I started getting letters from teachers,

Llavors vaig començar a rebre cartes de mestres.

and the teachers would write, saying,

I els mestres em deien:

"We've used your videos to flip the classroom.

"Fem servir els teus vídeos per capgirar l'aula.

You've given the lectures, so now what we do --"

Ja tenim les classes magistrals, i ara el que fem..."

And this could happen in every classroom in America tomorrow --

(i això podria passar demà a totes les aules dels Estats Units)

"what I do is I assign the lectures for homework,

"... el que faig és manar les xerrades per deures.

I el que abans eren deures,

and what used to be homework,

ara ho faig amb els alumnes a l'aula."

I now have the students doing in the classroom."

M'agradaria fer una pausa per a...

And I want to pause here --

(Applause)

(Aplaudiments)

Vull fer un incís un segon,

I want to pause here, because there's a couple of interesting things.

perquè hi ha un parell de coses interessants.

One, when those teachers are doing that,

Una, que els professors que ho fan així

there's the obvious benefit --

tenen un benefici evident;

the benefit that now their students

el benefici que ara els seus alumnes

can enjoy the videos in the way that my cousins did,

poden gaudir dels vídeos igual que els meus cosins.

Poden fer pausa i repetir-los al seu ritme

they can pause, repeat at their own pace, at their own time.

quan els va millor.

But the more interesting thing -- and this is the unintuitive thing

Però el més interessant és que,

en contra de la primera intuïció quan es parla de tecnologia a l'aula,

when you talk about technology in the classroom --

eliminant una classe de talla única a l'aula

by removing the one-size-fits-all lecture from the classroom,

i deixant que els alumnes se la mirin al seu ritme a casa,

and letting students have a self-paced lecture at home,

i llavors quan arribes a l'aula, ells fan els deures,

then when you go to the classroom,

letting them do work, having the teacher walk around,

amb el mestre al voltant,

having the peers actually be able to interact with each other,

amb companys que poden interactuar entre ells,

these teachers have used technology to humanize the classroom.

aquests mestres han fet servir la tecnologia

per humanitzar l'aula.

Han pres una experiència fonamentalment deshumanitzadora

They took a fundamentally dehumanizing experience --

30 kids with their fingers on their lips,

(30 nens i nenes en silenci,

a qui no se'ls permetia interactuar.)

not allowed to interact with each other.

Un mestre, per bo que sigui,

A teacher, no matter how good,

has to give this one-size-fits-all lecture to 30 students --

ha d'impartir una classe de talla única

a 30 alumnes,

blank faces, slightly antagonistic --

cares en blanc, mirades contradictòries,

and now it's a human experience,

i ara és una experiència humana.

now they're actually interacting with each other.

Ara interactuen entre ells de debò.

So once the Khan Academy --

Així que, un cop la Khan Academy...

Vaig deixar la feina

I quit my job,

and we turned into a real organization --

i ens vam convertir en una organització real...

we're a not-for-profit --

Som sense ànim de lucre.

the question is, how do we take this to the next level?

La qüestió és, com ho portem al nivell següent?

How do we take what those teachers were doing to its natural conclusion?

Com portem el que estan fent aquests mestres

a la seva conclusió natural?

And so, what I'm showing over here,

El que us estic ensenyant aquí

these are actual exercises

són exercicis reals

that I started writing for my cousins.

que vaig començar a escriure per als meus cosins.

The ones I started were much more primitive.

Els primers eren molt més primitius.

This is a more competent version of it.

Aquesta és la versió més competent.

But the paradigm here is, we'll generate as many questions as you need,

Però el paradigma és generar tants problemes com calgui

fins que entenguis el concepte,

until you get that concept, until you get 10 in a row.

fins que en facis 10 de seguits.

And the Khan Academy videos are there.

Amb els vídeos de la Khan Academy al costat.

You get hints, the actual steps for that problem,

Et donem pistes, passos per resoldre el problema,

if you don't know how to do it.

si no saps com es fa.

The paradigm here seems like a very simple thing:

Però el paradigma, que sembla molt simple:

10 in a row, you move on.

10 de seguits, i llavors continues.

But it's fundamentally different

És fonamentalment diferent del que passa ara mateix a les aules.

than what's happening in classrooms right now.

En una aula tradicional,

In a traditional classroom,

you have homework, lecture, homework, lecture,

hi ha un parell d'exercicis per deures,

deures, classe, deures, classe,

and then you have a snapshot exam.

i encabat es fa un control.

And that exam, whether you get a 70 percent, an 80 percent,

I després del control, tant si has tret un 7, o un 8,

o un 9, o un 9'5,

a 90 percent or a 95 percent,

the class moves on to the next topic.

la classe passa al tema següent.

And even that 95 percent student --

I fins i tot l'alumne de 9'5

what was the five percent they didn't know?

¿què era aquest 0'5 que no sabia?

Maybe they didn't know what happens when you raise something to the zeroth power.

Potser no sabia què passa quan eleves una cosa a zero.

I aquesta base es transmet al concepte següent.

Then you build on that in the next concept.

Fent una analogia,

That's analogous to -- imagine learning to ride a bicycle.

penseu que aprenem a anar en bicicleta,

potser us faig una explicació prèvia

Maybe I give you a lecture ahead of time,

and I give you a bicycle for two weeks, then I come back after two weeks,

i us deixo la bicicleta dues setmanes.

I torno al cap de dues setmanes,

and say, "Well, let's see. You're having trouble taking left turns.

i dic: "A veure. Us costa girar a l'esquerra.

No sabeu frenar bé.

You can't quite stop. You're an 80 percent bicyclist."

Sou ciclistes al 80%".

Us poso un aprovat al front

So I put a big "C" stamp on your forehead --

(Laughter)

and then I say, "Here's a unicycle."

i us dic "Ara, un monocicle."

(Laughter)

But as ridiculous as that sounds,

Encara que soni ridícul,

that's exactly what's happening in our classrooms right now.

és exactament el que està passant

a les nostres aules ara mateix.

And the idea is you fast forward

Si tirem endavant,

and good students start failing algebra all of the sudden,

de sobte els bons estudiants comencen a suspendre àlgebra,

and start failing calculus all of the sudden,

i a suspendre càlcul de sobte,

despite being smart, despite having good teachers,

encara que siguin llestos, i tinguin bons mestres.

and it's usually because they have these Swiss cheese gaps

Sol ser perquè tenen forats com un formatge gruyère

a la base de la seva formació.

that kept building throughout their foundation.

El nostre model

So our model is: learn math the way you'd learn anything,

és aprendre matemàtiques com s'aprèn tot,

igual que a anar en bicicleta.

like riding a bicycle.

Stay on that bicycle. Fall off that bicycle.

Es puja a la bici. Es cau de la bici.

Do it as long as necessary, until you have mastery.

Tants cops com calgui fins que es domina.

The traditional model,

El model tradicional

it penalizes you for experimentation and failure,

penalitza per l'assaig-error

but it does not expect mastery.

però no pretén el domini.

We encourage you to experiment. We encourage you to fail.

Nosaltres us animem a expermientar. Us animem a fracassar.

But we do expect mastery.

Però esperem que ho acabeu dominant.

Aquest és un altre dels nostres mòduls.

This is just another one of the modules.

És trigonometria.

This is trigonometry.

This is shifting and reflecting functions.

Això són funcions i representacions.

And they all fit together.

I totes encaixen.

We have about 90 of these right now.

Ara mateix en tenim uns 90.

You can go to the site right now,

Podeu entrar a la web ara mateix. És gratis. No us vull vendre res.

it's all free, not trying to sell anything.

But the general idea is that they all fit into this knowledge map.

La idea general és que tot encaixa en el mapa del coneixement.

Aquell node d'allà dalt, literalment són sumes d'un sol dígit.

That top node right there, that's literally single-digit addition,

Tipus 1 + 1 = 2

it's like one plus one is equal to two.

The paradigm is, once you get 10 in a row on that,

I el paradigma és fer-ne bé 10 seguides,

it keeps forwarding you to more and more advanced modules.

per anar passant a mòduls cada cop més avançats.

Si baixem pel mapa del coneixement,

Further down the knowledge map,

entrem en aritmètica més avançada.

we're getting into more advanced arithmetic.

Further down, you start getting into pre-algebra and early algebra.

Més avall, comencem a tenir pre-àlgebra i àlgebra inicial.

Further down, you start getting into algebra one, algebra two,

Més avall, hi tenim àlgebra 1, àlgebra 2,

a little bit of precalculus.

i una mica de pre-càlcul.

And the idea is, from this we can actually teach everything --

I la idea és que a partir d'aquí ho podem ensenyar tot.

well, everything that can be taught in this type of a framework.

Bé, tot el que es pot ensenyar

en aquesta mena de marc de treball.

So you can imagine -- and this is what we are working on --

Ja us podeu imaginar (i en això estem treballant)

que al mapa del coneixement

from this knowledge map, you have logic, you have computer programming,

hi ha lògica, programació informàtica,

you have grammar, you have genetics,

gramàtica, genètica,

all based off of that core of, if you know this and that,

totes a partir d'aquest nucli de,

si sabeu això i allò altre,

now you're ready for this next concept.

ja esteu a punt per al concepte següent.

Now that can work well for an individual learner,

Això pot anar molt bé per a un autodidacta,

and I encourage you to do it with your kids,

i us animo que ho proveu amb els vostres fills,

but I also encourage everyone in the audience to do it yourself.

però també animo tothom del públic a provar-ho directament.

Canviarà el panorama de l'hora de sopar.

It'll change what happens at the dinner table.

But what we want to do

Però el que volem

is use the natural conclusion of the flipping of the classroom

és fer servir la conclusió natural d'haver capgirat l'aula

that those early teachers had emailed me about.

que em deien aquells primers mestres per email.

And so what I'm showing you here,

El que us estic mostrant

this is data from a pilot in the Los Altos school district,

són dades reals d'un programa pilot al districte escolar de Los Altos,

where they took two fifth-grade classes and two seventh-grade classes,

en què van agafar dues classes de cinquè i dues de setè

i van capgirar el curs de matemàtiques tradicional.

and completely gutted their old math curriculum.

Aquests nens i nenes no fan servir llibres de text,

These kids aren't using textbooks, or getting one-size-fits-all lectures.

no van a classes de talla única.

They're doing Khan Academy, that software, for roughly half of their math class.

Fan Khan Academy, fan servir aquest programa

per aproximadament la meitat de les classes de mates.

I want to be clear: we don't view this as a complete math education.

I vull deixar clar que no ho veiem com una formació complerta en matemàtiques.

El que fem, i el que està passant a Los Altos,

What it does is -- this is what's happening in Los Altos --

és que allibera temps.

it frees up time -- it's the blocking and tackling,

Això és agrupament i operacions,

making sure you know how to move through a system of equations,

per assegurar-nos que sabeu com funciona un sistema d'equacions,

i deixa temps lliure per a simulacions, per a jocs,

and it frees up time for the simulations, for the games,

per a mecànica, per a construir robots,

for the mechanics, for the robot-building,

per fer estimacions de l'alçada d'un turó segons la seva ombra.

for the estimating how high that hill is based on its shadow.

Doncs el paradigma és que el mestre arriba cada dia,

And so the paradigm is the teacher walks in every day,

every kid works at their own pace --

cada nen i nena treballa al seu ritme,

this is actually a live dashboard from the Los Altos school district --

i això és una pantalla en directe de l'escola del districte Los Altos;

és la pantalla del mestre.

and they look at this dashboard.

Every row is a student.

Cada fila és un estudiant.

Every column is one of those concepts.

Cada columna és un d'aquests conceptes.

Green means the student's already proficient.

El verd significa que l'alumne ja és proficient.

Blue means they're working on it -- no need to worry.

El blau significa que hi estan treballant; no cal patir.

Red means they're stuck.

El vermell significa que s'han encallat.

And what the teacher does is literally just say,

I el que fa el mestre literalment és dir:

"Let me intervene on the red kids."

"Vaig a intervenir en els de vermell."

Or even better, "Let me get one of the green kids,

O encara millor: "Vaig a buscar un alumne verd

que ja domina aquest concepte

who are already proficient in that concept,

perquè faci de línia d'atac

to be the first line of attack, and actually tutor their peer."

i ajudi el seu company."

(Applause)

(Aplaudiments)

Now, I come from a very data-centric reality,

Jo vinc d'una realitat molt dada-cèntrica,

so we don't want that teacher to even go and intervene

on no volem que el mestre vagi a intervenir

i li hagi de preguntar al nen o nena coses incòmodes:

and have to ask the kid awkward questions:

"Què és el que no has entès" o "Quina part has entès?"

"What don't you understand? What do you understand?" and all the rest.

i tota la resta.

So our paradigm is to arm teachers with as much data as possible --

El nostre paradigme en realitat és donar als mestres totes les dades possibles,

data that, in any other field, is expected,

dades que, en qualsevol altre camp, són ben normals,

in finance, marketing, manufacturing --

si et dediques a les finances, al màrqueting o a la fabricació.

so the teachers can diagnose what's wrong with the students

Així els mestres saben diagnosticar correctament els alumnes

so they can make their interaction as productive as possible.

i interactuar de manera tan productiva com sigui possible.

Now teachers know exactly what the students have been up to,

Ara els mestres saben exactament què han fet els alumnes,

how long they've spent each day, what videos they've watched,

el temps que hi han dedicat cada dia, els vídeos que han vist,

en quin moment feien pausa, quan deixaven de mirar els vídeos,

when did they pause the videos, what did they stop watching,

els exercicis que fan servir,

what exercises are they using, what have they focused on?

a què han dedicat més temps.

The outer circle shows what exercises they were focused on.

El cercle de fora mostra a quins exercicis han dedicat més temps.

The inner circle shows the videos they're focused on.

El cerle interior mostra quins vídeos han vist més.

Hi ha força granularitat de dades

The data gets pretty granular,

so you can see the exact problems the student got right or wrong.

per saber exactament quin problema l'alumne ha fet bé o malament.

Red is wrong, blue is right.

El vermell és error, el blau és encert.

The leftmost question is the first one the student attempted.

La pregunta més a l'esquerra és la primera que va respondre l'alumne.

Van veure el vídeo just aquí.

They watched the video over there.

I llavors veieu com, un dia, n'arriben a fer bé 10 de seguits.

And you can see, eventually they were able to get 10 in a row.

Amb els últims 10 problemes gairebé estem veient com l'alumne aprèn.

It's almost like you can see them learning over those last 10 problems.

També van més de pressa.

They also got faster -- the height is how long it took them.

L'alçada és el temps que han trigat.

When you talk about self-paced learning, it makes sense for everyone --

Quan es parla d'aprendre al propi ritme,

té sentit per a tothom (en termes educatius, "aprenentatge diferenciat")

in education-speak, "differentiated learning" --

but it's kind of crazy, what happens when you see it in a classroom.

però és al·lucinant veure-ho a l'aula.

Perquè cada cop que hem fet això,

Because every time we've done this, in every classroom we've done,

en cada aula que ho hem fet,

over and over again, if you go five days into it,

una vegada i una altra, passats 5 dies,

there's a group of kids who've raced ahead

hi ha un grup de nens i nenes que s'han avançat

i n'hi ha que van una mica més lents.

and a group who are a little bit slower.

In a traditional model, in a snapshot assessment,

En un model tradicional, si es fes un control,

es diria: "Aquests són els brillants, aquests són els lents.

you say, "These are the gifted kids, these are the slow kids.

Potser els hauríem de tractar diferent.

Maybe they should be tracked differently.

Potser els hauríem de separar de classe."

Maybe we should put them in different classes."

Però quan deixes que cada alumne vagi al seu ritme,

But when you let students work at their own pace --

i això ho veiem una vegada i una altra i una altra,

we see it over and over again --

you see students who took a little bit extra time

veus alumnes que triguen una mica més de temps

amb un concepte o un altre,

on one concept or the other,

but once they get through that concept,

però un cop entenen el concepte

es posen al dia.

they just race ahead.

And so the same kids that you thought were slow six weeks ago,

Els mateixos alumnes que fa 6 setmanes ens semblaven lents,

you now would think are gifted.

ara ens semblarien brillants.

And we're seeing it over and over again.

Això ho veiem una vegada i una altra.

It makes you really wonder

I realment et fa pensar

how much all of the labels maybe a lot of us have benefited from

si les etiquetes de què molts ens hem beneficiat

were really just due to a coincidence of time.

es devien només a una coincidència en el temps.

Now as valuable as something like this is in a district like Los Altos,

Per molt valor que tingui una cosa així

en un districte com Los Altos,

our goal is to use technology

el nostre objectiu és fer servir la tecnologia

to humanize, not just in Los Altos, but on a global scale,

per humanitzar, no només a Los Altos, sinó a escala global,

what's happening in education.

el que està passant a l'educació.

And that brings up an interesting point.

I, de fet, això porta a un punt interessant.

Molts dels esforços per humanitzar l'aula

A lot of the effort in humanizing the classroom

is focused on student-to-teacher ratios.

se centren en la quantitat d'alumnes per mestre.

In our mind, the relevant metric is:

La nostra idea és que la unitat rellevant

és el temps humà valuós que cada alumne

student-to-valuable-human-time- with-the-teacher ratio.

té amb el mestre.

So in a traditional model, most of the teacher's time

En un model tradicional, gran part del temps del mestre

is spent doing lectures and grading and whatnot.

es dedica a classe magistral, posar notes i coses així.

Maybe five percent of their time is sitting next to students

Potser dediquen un 5% del temps a seure amb els alumnes

i treballar amb ells realment.

and working with them.

Now, 100 percent of their time is.

Així passem al 100% del temps.

So once again, using technology, not just flipping the classroom,

Un cop més, amb la tecnologia, no només capgires l'aula,

you're humanizing the classroom, I'd argue,

sinó que humanitzes l'aula, estimo,

5 o 10 vegades més.

by a factor of five or 10.

As valuable as that is in Los Altos,

Per valuós que això sigui a Los Altos,

imagine what it does to the adult learner,

imagineu-vos l'efecte sobre l'estudiant adult

who's embarrassed to go back and learn stuff

a qui li fa vergonya tornar enrere per aprendre

they should have known before going back to college.

el que ja hauria de saber, abans de tornar a la universitat.

Imagineu-vos l'efecte sobre

Imagine what it does to a street kid in Calcutta,

els nens i nenes del carrer de Calcuta

who has to help his family during the day,

que han d'ajudar la família durant el dia,

and that's the reason he or she can't go to school.

i per això no poden anar a l'escola.

Ara poden dedicar dues hores al dia per compensar,

Now they can spend two hours a day and remediate,

or get up to speed and not feel embarrassed

o per posar-se al dia sense passar vergonya

pel que saben o no saben.

about what they do or don't know.

Now imagine what happens where --

Imagineu-vos el que passa on...

we talked about the peers teaching each other

hem parlat d'iguals que s'ensenyen entre ells

dins d'una aula.

inside of a classroom.

Però el sistema està unificat.

But this is all one system.

There's no reason why you can't have that peer-to-peer tutoring

No hi ha cap raó per no tenir

aquest suport entre iguals

beyond that one classroom.

més enllà de l'aula.

Imagine what happens if that student in Calcutta

Imagineu-vos que l'estudiant de Calcuta

all of the sudden can tutor your son,

de sobte pot donar classes al vostre fill,

or your son can tutor that kid in Calcutta.

o que el vostre fill pot donar classes al nen de Calcuta.

And I think what you'll see emerging

I crec que veureu com apareix

is this notion of a global one-world classroom.

aquesta noció d'una aula global del món.

And that's essentially what we're trying to build.

Essencialment, això és el que volem construir.

Thank you.

Gràcies.

(Applause)

(Aplaudiments)

Bill Gates: I'll ask about two or three questions.

Salman Khan: Oh, OK.

(Applause continues)

(Applause ends)

BG: I've seen some things you're doing in the system,

Bill Gates: He vist algunes coses que feu al sistema

that have to do with motivation and feedback --

que tenen a veure amb la motivació i el feedback

energy points, merit badges.

com punts d'energia, medalles d'honor.

Tell me what you're thinking there.

Explica'm què en penses.

SK: Oh yeah. No, we have an awesome team working on it.

SK: Ah, sí. No, tenim un equip fantàstic treballant-hi.

I have to be clear, it's not just me anymore.

Que quedi clar que ja no sóc només jo.

Encara faig tots els vídeos,

I'm still doing all the videos,

but we have a rock-star team doing the software.

però tenim un equip de programadors fantàstics.

We've put a bunch of game mechanics in there, where you get badges,

Sí, hi hem inclòs certes mecàniques de joc

per guanyar medalles,

we're going to start having leader boards by area, you get points.

començarem a tenir classificacions de líders per zona, i també punts.

It's actually been pretty interesting.

És força interessant.

Just the wording of the badging,

Només amb els noms de les medalles i els punts que donem per fer certes coses,

or how many points you get for doing something,

ja veiem que, a nivell de sistema,

we see on a system-wide basis,

like tens of thousands of fifth-graders or sixth-graders

hi ha milers de nens de cinquè i de sisè

que fan una cosa o una altra

going one direction or another, depending what badge you give them.

segons la medalla que volen.

(Laughter)

(Rialles)

BG: And the collaboration you're doing with Los Altos,

BG: I la col·laboració que feu amb Los Altos,

how did that come about?

¿com va sorgir?

SK: Los Altos, it was kind of crazy.

SK: Los Altos, va ser boníssim.

Un cop més, no m'esperava entrar a les aules.

Once again, I didn't expect it to be used in classrooms.

Someone from their board came and said,

Em van venir de la seva junta per dir-me:

"What would you do if you had carte Blanche in a classroom?"

"Què faries si tinguessis carta blanca en una aula?"

I vaig respondre: "Bé, doncs només que cada alumne anés al seu ritme

I said, "Well, every student would work at their own pace,

o alguna cosa així, amb una pantalla per al mestre."

on something like this, we'd give a dashboard."

I em van dir: "Ah, que radical. Ens ho hem de rumiar."

They said, "This is kind of radical. We have to think about it."

I la resta de l'equip i jo pensàvem:

Me and the rest of the team were like, "They're never going to want to do this."

"No acceptaran mai de la vida."

Però literalment el dia següent ens van dir: "Comencem d'aquí a 2 setmanes?"

But literally the next day they were like, "Can you start in two weeks?"

(Rialles)

(Laughter)

BG: Així doncs, ho esteu fent amb matemàtiques de cinquè?

BG: So fifth-grade math is where that's going on right now?

SK: Són dues classes de cinquè i dues de setè.

SK: It's two fifth-grade classes and two seventh-grade classes.

I ho fan a nivell de districte.

They're doing it at the district level.

El que els encanta és que ara poden seguir aquests alumnes.

I think what they're excited about is they can follow these kids,

No només el que fan a l'escola.

not only in school; on Christmas, we saw some of the kids were doing it.

Ara fins i tot per Nadal hem vist que hi ha alumnes que ho fan.

We can track everything, track them as they go through the entire district.

Ho podem seguir perfectament.

Es pot fer el seguiment al llarg de tot el districte.

Through the summers, as they go from one teacher to the next,

A l'estiu, o quan passen d'un mestre a un altre,

hi ha aquesta continuïtat de dades

you have this continuity of data that even at the district level, they can see.

que es poden veure a nivell de districte.

BG: Algunes vistes que han sortit

BG: So some of those views we saw were for the teacher

eren per a que el mestre

to go in and track actually what's going on with those kids.

entri i segueixi el que fan realment els seus alumnes.

So you're getting feedback on those teacher views

Així doncs, t'arriben comentaris de les pantalles que tenen els mestres

i de com ho interpreten?

to see what they think they need?

SK: Oh yeah. Most of those were specs by the teachers.

SK: I tant. La majoria estan basades en especificacions dels mestres.

També en vam fer per als alumnes, perquè tinguessin les seves dades,

We made some of those for students so they could see their data,

però sobretot treballem molt estretament amb els mestres.

but we have a very tight design loop with the teachers themselves.

I literalment ens diuen: "Està bé, però..."

And they're saying, "Hey, this is nice, but --"

Like that focus graph, a lot of the teachers said,

Com el gràfic de la dedicació, que molts mestres ens dèien:

"Tinc la impressió que molts alumnes van saltant

"I have a feeling a lot of the kids are jumping around

en lloc de centrar-se en un tema."

and not focusing on one topic."

Per això vam fer el diagrama.

So we made that focus diagram.

So it's all been teacher-driven. It's been pretty crazy.

Tot ho hem fet juntament amb els mestres.

Ha estat molt fort.

BG: Is this ready for prime time?

BG: Esteu a punt per a la màxima audiència?

Do you think a lot of classes next school year should try this thing out?

Creieu que el curs que ve s'haurien de provar les vostres classes?

SK: Yeah, it's ready.

SK: Sí, està a punt.

We've got a million people on the site already,

Ja se'ns connecten un milió de persones,

so we can handle a few more.

en podem acollir unes quantes més.

(Rialles)

(Laughter)

No, no reason why it really can't happen

No, no hi ha cap raó perquè no es faci

in every classroom in America tomorrow.

a totes les aules dels Estats Units demà mateix.

BG: And the vision of the tutoring thing.

BG: I la visió d'això de les tutories.

The idea there is, if I'm confused about a topic,

La idea és que, si tinc dubtes d'alguna matèria,

somehow right in the user interface,

d'alguna manera a la interfície d'usuari

I'd find people who are volunteering,

trobaré voluntaris per ajudar-me,

maybe see their reputation,

potser puc consultar quina reputació tenen,

and I could schedule and connect up with those people?

per quedar i treballar amb aquestes persones?

SK: Absolutely. And this is something I recommend everyone in this audience do.

SK: Exacte. I això

ho recomano a tothom del públic.

Those dashboards the teachers have, you can go log in right now

Ara mateix ens podem fer una pantalla com la dels mestres

and you can essentially become a coach

i bàsicament fer-nos tutors

for your kids, your nephews, your cousins,

dels nostres fills, o nebots, o cosins,

or maybe some kids at the Boys and Girls Club.

potser dels nens i nenes del Club Infantil.

I tant, et pots convertir en mentor, en tutor,

And yeah, you can start becoming a mentor, a tutor,

really immediately.

gairebé al moment.

But yeah, it's all there.

Però sí, hi és tot.

BG: Well, it's amazing.

BG: Bé, és impressionant.

I think you just got a glimpse of the future of education.

Crec que acabem de veure l'escola del futur.

BG: Thank you. SK: Thank you.

Gràcies. (SK: Gràcies).

(Applause)

(Aplaudiments)