Alison Killing: There’s a better way to die, and architecture can help

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Milenka Okuka

I'd like to tell you a story about death and architecture.

Želela bih da vam ispričam priču o smrti i arhitekturi.

A hundred years ago, we tended to die of infectious diseases like pneumonia,

Pre sto godina, umirali smo od zaraznih bolesti, poput upale pluća,

that, if they took hold, would take us away quite quickly.

koje su veoma brzo postajale fatalne, ukoliko bismo ih dobili.

We tended to die at home, in our own beds, looked after by family,

Umirali smo kod kuće, u svojim krevetima, dok je na nas pazila porodica,

although that was the default option

mada to je bila ustaljena praksa,

because a lot of people lacked access to medical care.

pošto dosta ljudi nije imalo pristup medicinskoj nezi.

And then in the 20th century a lot of things changed.

Onda se dosta toga promenilo u 20. veku.

We developed new medicines like penicillin

Razvili smo nove lekove, poput penicilina

so we could treat those infectious diseases.

kako bismo lečili te zarazne bolesti.

New medical technologies like x-ray machines were invented.

Izmišljene su nove medicinske tehnologije, poput rendgenskih zraka.

And because they were so big and expensive,

A pošto su bile tako velike i skupe,

we needed large, centralized buildings to keep them in,

za njih su nam bile potrebne velike, centralizovane zgrade

and they became our modern hospitals.

koje su postale moderne bolnice.

After the Second World War,

Nakon Drugog svetskog rata,

a lot of countries set up universal healthcare systems

mnoge zemlje su uspostavile jedinstvene sisteme zdravstvene nege

so that everyone who needed treatment could get it.

tako da bi negu mogao da dobije svako kome je potrebna.

The result was that lifespans extended from about 45 at the start of the century

Kao posledica toga, životni vek je porastao sa oko 45 na početku veka

to almost double that today.

do skoro duplo više danas.

The 20th century was this time of huge optimism about what science could offer,

20. vek je bio vreme ogromnog optimizma u vezi sa tim šta nauka ima da ponudi,

but with all of the focus on life, death was forgotten,

ali potpunim usredsređivanjem na život, zaboravili smo smrt,

even as our approach to death changed dramatically.

iako se naš pristup smrti promenio drastično.

Now, I'm an architect,

Ja sam arhitekta

and for the past year and a half I've been looking at these changes

i proteklih godinu i po posmatrala sam ove promene

and at what they mean for architecture related to death and dying.

i šta one znače za arhitekturu vezanu za smrt i umiranje.

We now tend to die of cancer and heart disease,

Sada umiremo od raka i bolesti srca

and what that means is that many of us will have a long period of chronic illness

i to znači da će mnogi od nas proći kroz dug period hronične bolesti

at the end of our lives.

pred kraj naših života.

During that period,

Tokom tog perioda,

we'll likely spend a lot of time in hospitals and hospices and care homes.

verovatno ćemo provesti dosta vremena u bolnicama i domovima za negu.

Now, we've all been in a modern hospital.

Svi smo bili u modernoj bolnici.

You know those fluorescent lights and the endless corridors

Znate ta fluorescentna svetla i beskrajne hodnike

and those rows of uncomfortable chairs.

i redove neudobnih stolica.

Hospital architecture has earned its bad reputation.

Arhitektura bolnica zaslužila je svoju lošu reputaciju.

But the surprising thing is, it wasn't always like this.

Ali iznenađujuće je to da nije bilo oduvek ovako.

This is L'Ospedale degli Innocenti, built in 1419 by Brunelleschi,

Ovo je "L'Ospedale degli Innocenti", koju je 1419. sagradio Bruneleski,

who was one of the most famous and influential architects of his time.

koji je bio jedan od najpoznatijih i najuticajnijih arhitekata svog vremena.

And when I look at this building and then think about hospitals today,

Kada pogledam ovu zgradu i razmislim o bolnicama danas,

what amazes me is this building's ambition.

zapanjuje me ambicija ove zgrade.

It's just a really great building.

To je prosto sjajna zgrada.

It has these courtyards in the middle

U sredini ima dvorišta

so that all of the rooms have daylight and fresh air,

tako da sve sobe imaju dnevnu svetlost i svež vazduh,

and the rooms are big and they have high ceilings,

a sobe su prostrane i imaju visoke plafone

so they just feel more comfortable to be in.

tako da je prosto udobnije boraviti u njima.

And it's also beautiful.

Takođe je prelepa.

Somehow, we've forgotten that that's even possible for a hospital.

Nekako smo zaboravili da to i može da bude slučaj sa bolnicom.

Now, if we want better buildings for dying, then we have to talk about it,

Ako želimo bolje zgrade u kojima se umire, onda moramo da pričamo o tome,

but because we find the subject of death uncomfortable,

ali pošto nam je tema smrti neprijatna,

we don't talk about it,

ne pričamo o tome

and we don't question how we as a society approach death.

i ne preispitujemo to kako mi kao društvo pristupamo smrti.

One of the things that surprised me most in my research, though,

Ipak, jedna od stvari koja me je najviše iznenadila u mom istraživanju

is how changeable attitudes actually are.

je koliko su stavovi promenljivi.

This is the first crematorium in the U.K.,

Ovo je prvi krematorijum u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu,

which was built in Woking in the 1870s.

koji je sagrađen u Voukingu 1870-tih.

And when this was first built, there were protests in the local village.

Kada je sagrađen, u lokalnom selu odvijali su se protesti.

Cremation wasn't socially acceptable, and 99.8 percent of people got buried.

Kremiranje nije bilo društveno prihvatljivo

i 99,8% ljudi je sahranjivano.

And yet, only a hundred years later, three quarters of us get cremated.

Ipak, samo sto godina kasnije, tri četvrtine nas se kremira.

People are actually really open to changing things

Ljudi su zapravo prilično otvoreni za promene,

if they're given the chance to talk about them.

ukoliko imaju prilike da o njima pričaju.

So this conversation about death and architecture

Želela sam da započnem ovaj razgovor

was what I wanted to start when I did my first exhibition on it

o smrti i arhitekturi kada sam uradila svoju prvu izložbu na tu temu

in Venice in June, which was called "Death in Venice."

u Veneciji u junu, koja se zvala "Smrt u Veneciji".

It was designed to be quite playful

Smišljena je da bude veoma razigrana

so that people would literally engage with it.

kako bi ljudi bukvalno učestvovali u njoj.

This is one of our exhibits, which is an interactive map of London

Ovo je jedna od naših izložbi koja je interaktivna mapa Londona

that shows just how much of the real estate in the city

gde se vidi koliko je zapravo nekretnina u gradu

is given over to death and dying,

namenjeno smrti i umiranju,

and as you wave your hand across the map,

i kako prolazite rukom preko mape,

the name of that piece of real estate, the building or cemetery, is revealed.

otkriva se ime te nekretnine, zgrade ili groblja.

Another of our exhibits was a series of postcards

Naša druga izložba predstavljala je niz razglednica

that people could take away with them.

koje su ljudi mogli da uzmu.

And they showed people's homes and hospitals

Prikazivale su domove ljudi i bolnice

and cemeteries and mortuaries,

i groblja i mrtvačnice

and they tell the story of the different spaces

i pričaju priču o različitim mestima

that we pass through on either side of death.

kroz koja prolazimo sa obe strane smrti.

We wanted to show that where we die

Hteli smo da pokažemo da je to gde umiremo

is a key part of how we die.

ključni deo toga kako umiremo.

Now, the strangest thing was the way that visitors reacted to the exhibition,

Najčudnije je bilo to kako su posetioci reagovali na izložbu,

especially the audio-visual works.

naročito na audio-vizuelna dela.

We had people dancing and running and jumping

Ljudi su plesali i trčali i skakali okolo

as they tried to activate the exhibits in different ways,

u pokušaju da aktiviraju izložbu na različite načine

and at a certain point they would kind of stop

i u nekom trenutku bi zastali

and remember that they were in an exhibition about death,

i setili se da su na izložbi o smrti,

and that maybe that's not how you're supposed to act.

i da možda ne bi trebalo tako da se ponašaju.

But actually, I would question whether there is one way

Ali ja bih se zapravo pitala da li postoji samo jedan način

that you're supposed to act around death,

na koji treba da se ponašate kod smrti,

and if there's not, I'd ask you to think about what you think a good death is,

a ako ne postoji, pitala bih vas da razmislite o tome šta je dobra smrt

and what you think that architecture that supports a good death might be like,

i kako mislite da treba da izgleda arhitektura koja podržava dobru smrt

and mightn't it be a little less like this and a little more like this?

i zar ne bi bila malo manje nalik na ovo, a malo više nalik na ovo?

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)