Alzheimer’s Is Not Normal Aging — And We Can Cure It | Samuel Cohen | TED Talks

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Anja Saric

In the year 1901,

Godine 1901,

a woman called Auguste was taken to a medical asylum in Frankfurt.

žena zvana Augusta odvedena je u mentalnu ustanovu u Frankfurtu.

Auguste was delusional

Augusta je bila izgubljena

and couldn't remember even the most basic details of her life.

i nije mogla da se priseti najosnovnijih detalja iz svog života.

Her doctor was called Alois.

Njen doktor zvao se Aloiz.

Alois didn't know how to help Auguste,

Aloiz nije znao kako da pomogne Augusti,

but he watched over her until, sadly, she passed away in 1906.

ali ju je pazio sve dok, nažalost, nije preminula 1906.

After she died, Alois performed an autopsy

Nakon njene smrti, Aloiz je izvršio autopsiju

and found strange plaques and tangles in Auguste's brain --

i pronašao čudne mrlje i čvorove unutar Augustinog mozga -

the likes of which he'd never seen before.

kakve nikada pre nije video.

Now here's the even more striking thing.

Evo nečeg još zanimljivijeg.

If Auguste had instead been alive today,

Da je Augusta živa danas,

we could offer her no more help than Alois was able to 114 years ago.

ne bismo mogli da joj pružimo više pomoći nego pre 114 godina.

Alois was Dr. Alois Alzheimer.

Aloiz je bio dr Aloiz Alchajmer,

And Auguste Deter

a Augusta Diter bila je prva pacijentkinja

was the first patient to be diagnosed with what we now call Alzheimer's disease.

koja je imala ono što danas nazivamo Alchajmerovom bolešću.

Since 1901, medicine has advanced greatly.

Od 1901, medicina je značajno napredovala.

We've discovered antibiotics and vaccines to protect us from infections,

Otkrili smo antibiotike i vakcine koji nas štite od zaraza,

many treatments for cancer, antiretrovirals for HIV,

mnoge terapije za rak, antiretroviruse za HIV,

statins for heart disease and much more.

statine za bolesti srca kao i još mnogo toga.

But we've made essentially no progress at all in treating Alzheimer's disease.

Ali nismo napravili skoro nikakav pomak u lečenju Alchajmerove bolesti.

I'm part of a team of scientists

Ja sam deo tima naučnika

who has been working to find a cure for Alzheimer's for over a decade.

koji preko decenije radi na pronalasku leka za Alchajmerovu bolest.

So I think about this all the time.

Ja stalno razmišljam o ovome.

Alzheimer's now affects 40 million people worldwide.

Alchajmer sada pogađa 40 miliona ljudi širom sveta.

But by 2050, it will affect 150 million people --

Ali do 2050, od ove bolesti patiće 150 miliona ljudi -

which, by the way, will include many of you.

gde će pripadati i mnogi od vas.

If you're hoping to live to be 85 or older,

Ukoliko se nadate da ćete živeti 85 i više godina,

your chance of getting Alzheimer's will be almost one in two.

vaše šanse da imate Alchajmerovu bolest biće skoro jedan u dva slučaja.

In other words, odds are you'll spend your golden years

Drugim rečima, sve su šanse da ćete svoje zlatno doba provesti

either suffering from Alzheimer's

ili pateći od Alchajmera,

or helping to look after a friend or loved one with Alzheimer's.

ili pomažući u staranju oko prijatelja ili nekog dragog sa Alchajmerom.

Already in the United States alone,

Samo u Sjedinjenim državama,

Alzheimer's care costs 200 billion dollars every year.

briga o Alchajmerovoj bolesti košta 200 milijardi dolara godišnje.

One out of every five Medicare dollars get spent on Alzheimer's.

Jedan od svakih pet dolara za medicinsko osiguranje

troši se na Alchajmera.

It is today the most expensive disease,

To je najskuplja bolest današnjice,

and costs are projected to increase fivefold by 2050,

i predviđa se da će se troškovi povećati petostruko do 2050,

as the baby boomer generation ages.

kako stari generacija bejbi bumera.

It may surprise you that, put simply,

Možda će vas inznediti to što je Alchajmer, prosto rečeno,

Alzheimer's is one of the biggest medical and social challenges of our generation.

jedan od najvećih medicinskih i društvenih izazova naše generacije.

But we've done relatively little to address it.

Ali uradili smo relativno malo toga da bismo ga rešili.

Today, of the top 10 causes of death worldwide,

Od prvih 10 uzroka smrti širom sveta danas,

Alzheimer's is the only one we cannot prevent, cure or even slow down.

Alchajmerova bolest je jedini koji ne može da se spreči, izleči ili čak uspori.

We understand less about the science of Alzheimer's than other diseases

O nauci iza Alchajmera znamo manje nego kod drugih bolesti

because we've invested less time and money into researching it.

jer smo u istraživanje ove bolesti uložili manje vremena i novca.

The US government spends 10 times more every year

Vlada SAD svake godine troši 10 puta više novca

on cancer research than on Alzheimer's

na istraživanje raka nego Alchajmera

despite the fact that Alzheimer's costs us more

uprkos činjenici da nas Alchajmer košta više

and causes a similar number of deaths each year as cancer.

i prouzrokuje sličan broj mrtvih svake godine kao i rak.

The lack of resources stems from a more fundamental cause:

Manjak sredstava potiče iz osnovnijeg razloga:

a lack of awareness.

manjak svesti.

Because here's what few people know but everyone should:

Evo nečega što malo ljudi zna, a trebalo bi da znaju svi:

Alzheimer's is a disease, and we can cure it.

Alchajmerova bolest je zaista bolest i mi možemo da je izlečimo.

For most of the past 114 years,

Većinu proteklih 114 godina,

everyone, including scientists, mistakenly confused Alzheimer's with aging.

svako je mešao Alchajmera sa starenjem, uključujući i naučnike.

We thought that becoming senile

Mislili smo da je senilnost

was a normal and inevitable part of getting old.

normalan i neizbežan deo starenja.

But we only have to look at a picture

Ali samo treba da pogledamo sliku

of a healthy aged brain compared to the brain of an Alzheimer's patient

zdravog starijeg mozga u poređenju sa mozgom pacijenta Alchajmerove bolesti

to see the real physical damage caused by this disease.

da bismo videli stvarnu fizičku štetu koju nanosi bolest.

As well as triggering severe loss of memory and mental abilities,

Pored toga što izaziva ozbiljan gubitak sećanja i mentalnih sposobnosti,

the damage to the brain caused by Alzheimer's

šteta koju Alchajmer prouzrokuje na mozgu

significantly reduces life expectancy and is always fatal.

značajno smanjuje životni vek i uvek je smrtonosna.

Remember Dr. Alzheimer found strange plaques and tangles

Setite se da je dr Alchajmer na mozgu Auguste

in Auguste's brain a century ago.

pronašao čudne mrlje i čvorove pre jednog veka.

For almost a century, we didn't know much about these.

Skoro čitav vek o njima nismo znali puno.

Today we know they're made from protein molecules.

Danas znamo da se sastoje od molekula proteina.

You can imagine a protein molecule

Zamislite molekul proteina

as a piece of paper that normally folds into an elaborate piece of origami.

kao komad papira koji se normalno savija u kompleksan origami.

There are spots on the paper that are sticky.

Postoje lepljivi delovi papira.

And when it folds correctly, these sticky bits end up on the inside.

Kada se papir smota pravilno, ovi lepljivi delovi završe unutra.

But sometimes things go wrong, and some sticky bits are on the outside.

Ali ponekad stvari krenu kako ne treba i neki lepljiivi delovi završe napolju.

This causes the protein molecules to stick to each other,

Zbog ovoga se molekuli proteina lepe jedni za druge

forming clumps that eventually become large plaques and tangles.

i stvaraju grumenje koje se pretvara u mrlje i čvorove.

That's what we see in the brains of Alzheimer's patients.

To je ono što vidimo u mozgovima pacijenata od Alchajmera.

We've spent the past 10 years at the University of Cambridge

Proteklih 10 godina proveli smo na Univerzitetu Kembridž

trying to understand how this malfunction works.

pokušavajući da razumemo kako se dešava ova greška.

There are many steps, and identifying which step to try to block is complex --

Postoji mnogo koraka, a prepoznavanje koji korak treba da se blokira je složeno,

like defusing a bomb.

poput deaktiviranja bombe.

Cutting one wire might do nothing.

Ukoliko presečete jednu žicu, možda se neće desiti ništa.

Cutting others might make the bomb explore.

Ukoliko presečete druge, bomba će možda eksplodirati.

Moramo da otkrijemo koji tačno korak da blokiramo

We have to find the right step to block,

and then create a drug that does it.

i onda da stvorimo lek koji to radi.

Until recently, we for the most part

Sve do skoro, uglavnom smo sekli žice

have been cutting wires and hoping for the best.

i nadali se najboljem.

But now we've got together a diverse group of people --

Ali sada imamo raznovrsnu grupu ljudi -

medics, biologists, geneticists, chemists, physicists, engineers and mathematicians.

lekare, biologe, genetičare, hemičare, fizičare, inženjere i matematičare.

And together, we've managed to identify a critical step in the process

Zajedno, uspeli smo da otkrijemo ključni korak u procesu

and are now testing a new class of drugs which would specifically block this step

i sada isprobavamo novu vrstu lekova koji bi blokirali tačno ovaj korak

and stop the disease.

i zaustavili bolest.

Now let me show you some of our latest results.

Sada ću vam pokazati neke od najnovijih rezultata.

No one outside of our lab has seen these yet.

Niko van naše laboratorije nije ovo video do sada.

Let's look at some videos of what happened when we tested these new drugs in worms.

Pogledajmo neke snimke toga šta se desilo

kada smo ove nove lekove testirali na crvima.

So these are healthy worms,

Ovo su zdravi crvi,

and you can see they're moving around normally.

i možete videti da se kreću normalno.

These worms, on the other hand,

Sa druge strane, ovi crvi

have protein molecules sticking together inside them --

imaju molekule proteina unutar sebe koji se lepe -

like humans with Alzheimer's.

poput ljudi sa Alchajmerom.

And you can see they're clearly sick.

Jasno se vidi da su bolesni.

But if we give our new drugs to these worms at an early stage,

Ali ako naše nove lekove damo ovim crvima na vreme,

then we see that they're healthy, and they live a normal lifespan.

možemo videti da su zdravi i imaju normalan životni vek.

This is just an initial positive result, but research like this

Ovo je samo prvobitni pozitivni rezultat, ali istraživanja poput ovih

shows us that Alzheimer's is a disease that we can understand and we can cure.

pokazuju da je Alchajmerova bolest nešto što se može razumeti i lečiti.

After 114 years of waiting,

Nakon 114 godina čekanja,

there's finally real hope for what can be achieved

konačno postoji prava nada da se nešto može postići

in the next 10 or 20 years.

u narednih 10 ili 20 godina.

But to grow that hope, to finally beat Alzheimer's, we need help.

Ali da bi ta nada rasla, da konačno pobedimo Alchajmera, treba nam pomoć.

This isn't about scientists like me --

Ovde se ne radi o naučnicima poput mene -

it's about you.

već o vama.

We need you to raise awareness that Alzheimer's is a disease

Potrebno je da podignete svest o tome da je ovo bolest

and that if we try, we can beat it.

i da možemo da je pobedimo ako pokušamo.

In the case of other diseases,

Što se tiče drugih bolesti,

patients and their families have led the charge for more research

pacijenti i njihove porodice povele su inicijativu za još istraživanja

and put pressure on governments, the pharmaceutical industry,

i pritiskale vlade, farmaceutsku industriju,

scientists and regulators.

naučnike i pravnike.

That was essential for advancing treatment for HIV in the late 1980s.

To je bilo ključno za unapređivanje lečenja HIV-a krajem 80-tih godina.

Today, we see that same drive to beat cancer.

Danas vidimo istu inicijativu da se pobedi rak.

But Alzheimer's patients are often unable to speak up for themselves.

Ali pacijenti koji pate od Alchajmera često ne mogu sami da se oglase.

And their families, the hidden victims, caring for their loved ones night and day,

Njihove porodice, skrivene žrtve koje brinu o najdražima danonoćno,

are often too worn out to go out and advocate for change.

često su previše iznurene da izađu i bore se za promenu.

So, it really is down to you.

Tako da sve zaista pada na vas.

Alzheimer's isn't, for the most part, a genetic disease.

Alchajmer uglavnom nije genetska bolest.

Everyone with a brain is at risk.

Svako ko ima mozak je podložan bolesti.

Today, there are 40 million patients like Auguste,

Danas postoji 40 miliona pacijenata poput Auguste,

who can't create the change they need for themselves.

koji ne mogu da stvore promenu koja im je potrebna.

Help speak up for them,

Pomozite da se oni oglase

and help demand a cure.

i zahtevajte lek.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)