The power of believing that you can improve | Carol Dweck | TED

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

The power of yet.

Snaga fraze "za sada".

I heard about a high school in Chicago

Čula sam za srednju školu u Čikagu

gde đaci moraju da polože određen broj predmeta da bi maturirali,

where students had to pass a certain number of courses to graduate,

and if they didn't pass a course, they got the grade "Not Yet."

a ukoliko ne polože neki predmet dobiju ocenu "nedovoljan, za sada".

And I thought that was fantastic,

I pomislila sam kako je to sjajno,

because if you get a failing grade, you think, I'm nothing, I'm nowhere.

jer kada dobijete negativnu ocenu, mislite, ne vredim, izgubljena sam.

But if you get the grade "Not Yet",

Ali ako dobijete ocenu "nedovoljan, za sada",

you understand that you're on a learning curve.

shvatate da je učenje poput krive.

It gives you a path into the future.

To vam krči put za budućnost.

"Not Yet" also gave me insight

"Nedovoljan, za sada" mi je i osvetlilo kritične događaje s početka karijere,

into a critical event early in my career,

a real turning point.

istinske prekretnice.

I wanted to see

Želela sam da vidim

how children coped with challenge and difficulty,

kako deca izlaze na kraj s izazovima i poteškoćama,

so I gave 10-year-olds

pa sam zadala desetogodišnjacima

problems that were slightly too hard for them.

probleme koji su malčice preteški za njih.

Some of them reacted in a shockingly positive way.

Neki su reagovali zapanjujuće pozitivno.

They said things like, "I love a challenge,"

Govorili su stvari, kao: "Ja volim izazove",

ili: "Znate, nadala sam se da bi ovo moglo da bude poučno."

or, "You know, I was hoping this would be informative."

They understood that their abilities could be developed.

Razumeli su da se njihove sposobnosti mogu razvijati.

They had what I call a growth mindset.

Imali su, ono što zovem mentalnim sklopom usmerenim ka rastu.

But other students felt it was tragic, catastrophic.

Ali drugi đaci su to posmatrali kao tragediju, katastrofu.

From their more fixed mindset perspective,

Iz njihove perspektive okorelijeg mentalnog sklopa,

their intelligence had been up for judgment,

gledali su na to kao na procenu njihove inteligencije i omanuli su.

and they failed.

Instead of luxuriating in the power of yet,

Umesto da se naslađuju snagom "za sada",

njima je ovladala tiranija "sada".

they were gripped in the tyranny of now.

So what do they do next?

I šta su onda uradili?

I'll tell you what they do next.

Reći ću vam šta su onda uradili.

In one study, they told us they would probably cheat the next time

U jednom istraživanju su nam rekli da bi sledeći put verovatno varali,

umesto da uče više kad padnu na testu.

instead of studying more if they failed a test.

In another study, after a failure,

U drugom istraživanju, nakon neuspeha,

tražili su nekoga ko je prošao gore od njih,

they looked for someone who did worse than they did

so they could feel really good about themselves.

kako bi se osećali dobro u svojoj koži.

And in study after study, they have run from difficulty.

Nakon niza istraživanja, zaključak je da će da beže od poteškoća.

Scientists measured the electrical activity from the brain

Naučnici su merili električnu aktivnost mozga

đaka suočenih s greškom.

as students confronted an error.

On the left, you see the fixed-mindset students.

S leva, vidite đaka s okorelim mentalnim sklopom.

There's hardly any activity.

Gotovo da nema aktivnosti.

They run from the error.

Oni beže od grešaka.

Ne bave se njima.

They don't engage with it.

But on the right, you have the students with the growth mindset,

No s desna, imate đake s mentalnim sklopom usmerenim ka rastu,

the idea that abilities can be developed.

s pretpostavkom da se sposobnosti mogu razvijati.

They engage deeply.

Njihov angažman je izražen.

Their brain is on fire with yet.

Njihov um varniči zbog "za sada".

They engage deeply.

Njihov angažman je izražen.

Oni obrađuju grešku.

They process the error.

They learn from it and they correct it.

Uče iz nje i ispravljaju je.

How are we raising our children?

Kako vaspitavamo našu decu?

Are we raising them for now instead of yet?

Da li ih vaspitavamo za sad umesto "za sada"?

Are we raising kids who are obsessed with getting As?

Da li podižemo decu koja su opsednuta peticama?

Are we raising kids who don't know how to dream big dreams?

Da li podižemo decu koja ne znaju da sanjaju velike snove?

Njihov najveći cilj je da dobiju novu peticu ili novu ocenu na kontrolnom?

Their biggest goal is getting the next A, or the next test score?

And are they carrying this need for constant validation with them

I da li oni prenose tu potrebu za stalnim potvrđivanjem

into their future lives?

u svoju budućnost?

Maybe, because employers are coming to me and saying,

Možda, jer mi poslodavci prilaze i govore

kako smo već podigli jednu generaciju

"We have already raised a generation

of young workers who can't get through the day

mladih radnika koji ne mogu da preguraju dan

without an award."

ako ne dobiju nagradu.

So what can we do?

Dakle, šta možemo da uradimo?

How can we build that bridge to yet?

Kako da sagradimo taj most do "za sada"?

Here are some things we can do.

Evo šta možemo da uradimo.

First of all, we can praise wisely,

Pre svega, možemo da mudro pohvaljujemo, da ne hvalimo inteligenciju ili talenat.

not praising intelligence or talent.

That has failed.

To je zatajilo.

Don't do that anymore.

Ne radite to više.

But praising the process that kids engage in,

Već hvalite sam proces kojim su deca zaokupljena:

their effort, their strategies, their focus, their perseverance,

njihov trud, strategije, usredsređenost, istrajnost,

their improvement.

njihov napredak.

This process praise creates kids who are hardy and resilient.

Hvaljenjem samog procesa

stvarate decu koja su vredna i fleksibilna.

There are other ways to reward yet.

Postoje i drugi načini da nagradite "za sada".

We recently teamed up with game scientists

Nedavno smo se udružili sa naučnicima za igre

from the University of Washington

sa Univerziteta u Vašingtonu

to create a new online math game that rewarded yet.

kako bismo napravili matematičku internet igru koja nagrađuje "za sada".

In this game, students were rewarded for effort, strategy and progress.

U ovoj igri, đaci su nagrađivani za trud, strategiju i napredak.

The usual math game

Uobičajena matematička igra

rewards you for getting answers right, right now,

vas nagrađuje za trenutno dobijanje tačnog rezultata,

but this game rewarded process.

ali ova igra je nagrađivala postupak.

And we got more effort,

A mi smo dobili više truda,

više strategija,

more strategies,

more engagement over longer periods of time,

veći angažman tokom dužih vremenskih perioda,

and more perseverance when they hit really, really hard problems.

i veću istrajnost, kada bi naleteli na veoma, veoma teške probleme.

Just the words "yet" or "not yet," we're finding,

Pronašli smo da samo reči "za sada" i "nedovoljan, za sada",

daju deci više samopouzdanja,

give kids greater confidence,

give them a path into the future that creates greater persistence.

krče im put do budućnosti, a to stvara i veću istrajnost.

And we can actually change students' mindsets.

I zapravo možemo da promenimo mentalni sklop đaka.

In one study, we taught them

U jednom istraživanju, naučili smo ih

that every time they push out of their comfort zone

da svaki put kada se otrgnu od svog ustaljenog gledišta

to learn something new and difficult,

kako bi naučili nešto novo i teško,

neuroni u njihovom mozgu stvaraju nove, čvršće veze

the neurons in their brain can form new, stronger connections,

and over time, they can get smarter.

te vremenom mogu postati pametniji.

Look what happened: In this study,

Pogledajte šta se desilo: prema ovom istraživanju,

students who were not taught this growth mindset

đaci koji nisu podučavani da imaju mentalni sklop usmeren ka rastu,

continued to show declining grades over this difficult school transition,

nastavili su da dobijaju sve lošije ocene tokom ovog teškog školskog prelaza,

but those who were taught this lesson showed a sharp rebound in their grades.

ali oni koji su naučili ovu lekciju imali su drastične skokove u ocenama.

We have shown this now, this kind of improvement,

Ovo smo pokazali, ovaj napredak,

with thousands and thousands of kids, especially struggling students.

na primeru hiljada dece, naročito kod siromašnih đaka.

Zato razgovarajmo o jednakosti.

So let's talk about equality.

In our country, there are groups of students

U našoj zemlji, imamo grupe đaka

who chronically underperform,

koji hronično podbacuju,

for example, children in inner cities,

na primer, deca u gradovima iz unutrašnjosti,

or children on Native American reservations.

ili deca iz autohtonih američkih rezervata.

And they've done so poorly for so long

A oni su toliko dugo prolazili veoma loše da mnogi misle kako je to neizbežno.

that many people think it's inevitable.

But when educators create growth mindset classrooms

Ali kada pedagozi stvore uslove za umni rast, učionice ispunjene sa "za sada",

steeped in yet,

equality happens.

dolazi do jednakosti.

And here are just a few examples.

A evo vam samo nekoliko primera.

In one year, a kindergarten class in Harlem, New York

Za samo jednu godinu, odeljenje iz vrtića u Harlemu, u Njujorku,

scored in the 95th percentile

postiglo je vrhunske rezultate na Nacionalnom testu dostignuća.

on the national achievement test.

Many of those kids could not hold a pencil

Mnogi od njih nisu znali ni da drže olovku kada su krenuli u školu.

when they arrived at school.

In one year,

Za samo godinu dana,

fourth-grade students in the South Bronx, way behind,

đaci četvrtog razreda iz Južnog Bronksa, koji su veoma zaostajali,

became the number one fourth-grade class in the state of New York

postali su najbolje odeljenje četvrtog razreda u državi Njujork

on the state math test.

na državnom testu iz matematike.

In a year, to a year and a half,

Za samo godinu, godinu i po,

Native American students in a school on a reservation

američki đaci domoroci u školama iz rezervata

went from the bottom of their district to the top,

pomerili su se sa začelja do vrha liste u svom okrugu,

and that district included affluent sections of Seattle.

a taj okrug obuhvata i imućnije delove Sijetla.

So the Native kids outdid the Microsoft kids.

Dakle, domorodačka deca su prevazišla Majkrosoftovu decu.

Ovo se desilo jer je značenje

This happened because the meaning of effort and difficulty were transformed.

truda i teškoće preoblikovano.

Before, effort and difficulty

Ranije su se zbog truda i poteškoća

made them feel dumb, made them feel like giving up,

osećali glupima, imali su potrebu za odustajanjem,

but now, effort and difficulty,

ali sada zbog truda i poteškoća,

that's when their neurons are making new connections,

njihovi neuroni prave nove veze,

stronger connections.

jače veze.

That's when they're getting smarter.

Tada postaju pametniji.

I received a letter recently from a 13-year-old boy.

Nedavno sam primila pismo od jednog trinaestogodišnjaka.

Rekao je: "Draga profesorko Dvek,

He said, "Dear Professor Dweck,

cenim da je vaše pisanje zasnovano na temeljnom naučnom istraživanju

I appreciate that your writing is based on solid scientific research,

i zato sam odlučio da ga isprobam u praksi.

and that's why I decided to put it into practice.

Više se trudim u školi,

I put more effort into my schoolwork,

više se trudim u odnosima s mojom porodicom,

into my relationship with my family,

kao i u odnosima s decom u školi,

and into my relationship with kids at school,

and I experienced great improvement in all of those areas.

i osećam veliki napredak na svim ovim poljima.

I now realize I've wasted most of my life."

Sad shvatam da sam protraćio najveći deo svog života."

Let's not waste any more lives,

Hajde da ne traćimo živote,

jer kad jednom shvatimo

because once we know

that abilities are capable of such growth,

da su naše veštine sposobne za izuzetan napredak,

it becomes a basic human right for children, all children,

to će da postane osnovno ljudsko pravo za decu, za svu decu,

da žive na mestima koja im obezbeđuju taj napredak,

to live in places that create that growth,

to live in places filled with "yet".

da žive na mestima ispunjenim sa "za sada".

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)