The power of believing that you can improve | Carol Dweck | TED

5,848,240 views

2014-12-17 ・ TED


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The power of believing that you can improve | Carol Dweck | TED

5,848,240 views ・ 2014-12-17

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Željko Babić Recezent: Zrinka Gattin
00:13
The power of yet.
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Snaga riječi "još".
00:15
I heard about a high school in Chicago
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Čula sam za srednju školu u Chicagu
gdje su učenici morali položiti stanoviti broj predmeta da bi završili školovanje,
00:18
where students had to pass a certain number of courses to graduate,
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00:22
and if they didn't pass a course, they got the grade "Not Yet."
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a ukoliko nisu položili neki od predmeta, dobili bi ocjenu "Ne još".
00:28
And I thought that was fantastic,
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I pomislila sam kako je to fantastično,
00:30
because if you get a failing grade, you think, I'm nothing, I'm nowhere.
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jer ako dobiješ neprolaznu ocjenu, misliš si "Ja sam nitko i ništa."
00:34
But if you get the grade "Not Yet",
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Ali ako dobiješ ocjenu "Ne još"
00:37
you understand that you're on a learning curve.
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shvaćaš da se nalaziš na krivulji učenja.
00:40
It gives you a path into the future.
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To ti daje put u budućnost.
00:44
"Not Yet" also gave me insight
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"Ne još" mi je također dao uvid u ključan događaj na početku moje karijere,
00:48
into a critical event early in my career,
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00:52
a real turning point.
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pravu prekretnicu.
00:54
I wanted to see
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Željela sam vidjeti
00:56
how children coped with challenge and difficulty,
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kako se djeca nose sa izazovom i teškoćom
01:01
so I gave 10-year-olds
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pa sam desetogodišnjacima dala
01:04
problems that were slightly too hard for them.
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probleme koji su bili malo preteški za njih.
01:09
Some of them reacted in a shockingly positive way.
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Neki od njih reagirali su na iznenađujuće pozitivan način.
01:14
They said things like, "I love a challenge,"
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Govorili su stvari poput "Ja volim izazov."
ili "Znate, nadao sam se da će ovo biti informativno."
01:18
or, "You know, I was hoping this would be informative."
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01:23
They understood that their abilities could be developed.
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Razumjeli su da se njihove sposobnosti mogu razviti.
01:29
They had what I call a growth mindset.
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Imali su ono što ja zovem razvijajući misaoni sklop.
01:33
But other students felt it was tragic, catastrophic.
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No ostali učenici su osjećali da je to tragično, katastrofalno.
01:38
From their more fixed mindset perspective,
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Iz njihove perspektive, više fiksnog misaonog sklopa,
01:43
their intelligence had been up for judgment,
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njihova je inteligencija bila izložena prosuđivanju i oni su podbacili.
01:47
and they failed.
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01:50
Instead of luxuriating in the power of yet,
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Umjesto uživanja u moći "još",
bili su u čvrstom stisku tiranije sadašnjosti.
01:55
they were gripped in the tyranny of now.
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01:59
So what do they do next?
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I što oni čine zatim?
02:01
I'll tell you what they do next.
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Reći ću vam što čine zatim.
02:04
In one study, they told us they would probably cheat the next time
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U jednom istraživanju rekli su nam kako bi idući puta vjerojatno varali,
umjesto da uče više, kad bi pali na ispitu.
02:10
instead of studying more if they failed a test.
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02:14
In another study, after a failure,
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U drugom istraživanju su nakon neuspjeha
tražili nekoga tko je bio gori od njih,
02:17
they looked for someone who did worse than they did
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02:20
so they could feel really good about themselves.
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kako bi se mogli osjećati dobro.
02:25
And in study after study, they have run from difficulty.
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I u istraživanju za istraživanjem bježali su od teškoće.
02:31
Scientists measured the electrical activity from the brain
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Znanstvenici su izmjerili električnu aktivnost mozga
kada bi se učenici suočili sa greškom.
02:37
as students confronted an error.
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02:40
On the left, you see the fixed-mindset students.
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S lijeva vidite učenike s fiksnim misaonim sklopom.
02:44
There's hardly any activity.
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Gotovo da nema aktivnosti.
02:46
They run from the error.
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Oni bježe od greške.
Ne bave se njome.
02:49
They don't engage with it.
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02:51
But on the right, you have the students with the growth mindset,
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No s desna imate učenike s rastućim misaonim sklopom,
02:55
the idea that abilities can be developed.
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idejom da se sposobnosti mogu razviti.
02:59
They engage deeply.
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Oni se snažno angažiraju.
03:01
Their brain is on fire with yet.
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Njihov je mozak rasplamsan sa "još".
03:04
They engage deeply.
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Oni se snažno angažiraju.
Oni procesiraju grešku.
03:06
They process the error.
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03:08
They learn from it and they correct it.
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Oni uče od nje i ispravljaju je.
03:13
How are we raising our children?
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Kako mi odgajamo svoju djecu?
03:16
Are we raising them for now instead of yet?
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Odgajamo li ih za "sada" umjesto "još"?
03:21
Are we raising kids who are obsessed with getting As?
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Odgajamo li djecu koja su opsjednuta odličnim ocjenama?
03:26
Are we raising kids who don't know how to dream big dreams?
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Odgajamo li djecu koja ne znaju kako sanjati velike snove?
Njihov je najveći cilj dobivanje slijedeće odlične ocjene ili rezultata na testu?
03:32
Their biggest goal is getting the next A, or the next test score?
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03:39
And are they carrying this need for constant validation with them
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I nose li oni tu potrebu za stalnim potvrđivanjem sa sobom
03:45
into their future lives?
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u svoje buduće živote?
03:48
Maybe, because employers are coming to me and saying,
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Možda, jer poslodavci mi prilaze i govore
da smo već odgojili generaciju
03:52
"We have already raised a generation
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03:55
of young workers who can't get through the day
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mladih radnika koji ne mogu proći kroz dan
03:59
without an award."
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bez nagrade.
04:02
So what can we do?
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Dakle, što možemo učiniti?
04:05
How can we build that bridge to yet?
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Kako možemo sagraditi taj most do "još"?
04:09
Here are some things we can do.
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Evo nekih stvari koje možemo učiniti.
04:11
First of all, we can praise wisely,
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Prije svega, možemo hvaliti mudro, ne hvaliti inteligenciju ili talent.
04:15
not praising intelligence or talent.
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04:18
That has failed.
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To je podbacilo.
04:20
Don't do that anymore.
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Nemojte to više činiti.
04:22
But praising the process that kids engage in,
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Međutim, hvaljenje procesa u kojem djeca sudjeluju:
04:26
their effort, their strategies, their focus, their perseverance,
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njihov trud, njihove strategije, njihov fokus, njihovu ustrajnost,
04:30
their improvement.
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njihov napredak.
04:32
This process praise creates kids who are hardy and resilient.
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Taj proces pohvale
stvara djecu koja su srčana i otporna.
04:39
There are other ways to reward yet.
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Postoje i drugi načini da se nagradi "još".
04:42
We recently teamed up with game scientists
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Nedavno smo se udružili sa znanstvenicima
04:46
from the University of Washington
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sa Sveučilišta u Washingtonu
04:48
to create a new online math game that rewarded yet.
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kako bi stvorili novu online matematičku igru koja je nagrađivala "još".
04:54
In this game, students were rewarded for effort, strategy and progress.
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U toj igri, učenici su bili nagrađeni za trud, strategiju i napredak.
05:00
The usual math game
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Uobičajena matematička igra
05:02
rewards you for getting answers right, right now,
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nagrađuje vas za dobivanje ispravnog rezultata upravo sada,
05:07
but this game rewarded process.
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no ova je igra nagrađivala postupak.
05:10
And we got more effort,
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I dobili smo više truda,
više strategije,
05:13
more strategies,
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05:15
more engagement over longer periods of time,
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više angažmana duž većih vremenskih razdoblja,
05:19
and more perseverance when they hit really, really hard problems.
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i više ustrajnosti kada bi naletili na vrlo, vrlo teške probleme.
05:25
Just the words "yet" or "not yet," we're finding,
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Otkrivamo da već samo riječi "još" ili "ne još"
daju djeci veće samopouzdanje,
05:29
give kids greater confidence,
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05:32
give them a path into the future that creates greater persistence.
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daju im put u budućnost, koji stvara veću ustrajnost.
05:39
And we can actually change students' mindsets.
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I da zaista možemo promijeniti njihov misaoni sklop.
05:44
In one study, we taught them
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U jednom istraživanju smo ih naučili
05:47
that every time they push out of their comfort zone
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da svaki puta kada izađu iz svoje zone udobnosti
05:51
to learn something new and difficult,
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kako bi naučili nešto novo i teško,
neuroni u njihovom mozgu mogu stvoriti nove, jače veze
05:55
the neurons in their brain can form new, stronger connections,
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06:00
and over time, they can get smarter.
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i tokom vremena oni mogu postati pametniji.
06:04
Look what happened: In this study,
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Pogledajte što se dogodilo: u tom istraživanju
06:06
students who were not taught this growth mindset
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učenici koji nisu poučeni o razvijajućem misaonom sklopu,
06:10
continued to show declining grades over this difficult school transition,
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nastavili su dobivati sve slabije ocjene tokom tog teškog školskog razdoblja,
06:16
but those who were taught this lesson showed a sharp rebound in their grades.
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ali oni koji su naučili tu lekciju, pokazali su nagli skok u svojim ocjenama.
06:23
We have shown this now, this kind of improvement,
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To smo pokazali sada, tu vrstu napretka,
06:29
with thousands and thousands of kids, especially struggling students.
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već kod tisuća i tisuća djece, pogotovo učenika sa poteškoćama.
Stoga hajdemo pričati o jednakosti.
06:36
So let's talk about equality.
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06:40
In our country, there are groups of students
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U našoj zemlji, postoje skupine učenika
06:44
who chronically underperform,
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koji kronično podbacuju,
06:47
for example, children in inner cities,
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na primjer, djeca iz siromašnih dijelova gradova
06:50
or children on Native American reservations.
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ili djeca u rezervatima američkih Indijanaca.
06:54
And they've done so poorly for so long
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I podbacivali su toliko dugo da mnogi misle kako je to neizbježno.
06:57
that many people think it's inevitable.
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07:01
But when educators create growth mindset classrooms
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No kada nastavnici stvore razrede rastućeg misaonog sklopa ispunjene s "još",
07:07
steeped in yet,
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07:09
equality happens.
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jednakost se događa.
07:12
And here are just a few examples.
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Evo samo nekoliko primjera.
07:17
In one year, a kindergarten class in Harlem, New York
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Za jednu godinu je vrtićki razred u Harlemu, u New Yorku,
07:22
scored in the 95th percentile
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postigao uspjeh bolji od 95% ostalih na Državnom ispitu postignuća.
07:27
on the national achievement test.
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07:30
Many of those kids could not hold a pencil
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Mnoga od te djece nisu znala držati olovku kada su došla u školu.
07:35
when they arrived at school.
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07:37
In one year,
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Za jednu godinu,
07:40
fourth-grade students in the South Bronx, way behind,
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učenici četvrtog razreda u južnom Bronxu, od velikog su neuspjeha
07:45
became the number one fourth-grade class in the state of New York
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postali vodeći četvrti razred u državi New York,
07:51
on the state math test.
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na državnom testiranju iz matematike.
07:55
In a year, to a year and a half,
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Za godinu do godinu i pol,
07:59
Native American students in a school on a reservation
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učenici škola u rezervatima američkih Indijanaca
08:04
went from the bottom of their district to the top,
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došli su sa dna do samog vrha u svom okrugu,
08:11
and that district included affluent sections of Seattle.
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a taj je okrug uključivao i bogate četvrti Seattlea.
08:17
So the Native kids outdid the Microsoft kids.
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Tako su djeca starosjedilaca nadmašila djecu Microsofta.
To se dogodilo jer su značenja
08:25
This happened because the meaning of effort and difficulty were transformed.
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truda i teškoće bila transformirana.
08:32
Before, effort and difficulty
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Prije su zbog truda i teškoće
08:36
made them feel dumb, made them feel like giving up,
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osjećali da su glupi, osjećali kao da odustaju,
08:41
but now, effort and difficulty,
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ali sada, trud i teškoća,
08:45
that's when their neurons are making new connections,
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to je kada njihovi neuroni stvaraju nove veze,
08:49
stronger connections.
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jače veze.
08:50
That's when they're getting smarter.
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Kada postaju pametniji.
08:54
I received a letter recently from a 13-year-old boy.
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Nedavno sam primila pismo trinaestogodišnjeg dječaka.
Rekao je: "Draga profesorice Dweck,
09:00
He said, "Dear Professor Dweck,
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razumijem da se Vaš rad temelji na uvjerljivom znanstvenom istraživanju
09:04
I appreciate that your writing is based on solid scientific research,
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i zato sam odlučio da ga provedem u praksu.
09:11
and that's why I decided to put it into practice.
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Uložio sam više truda u školske aktivnosti,
09:16
I put more effort into my schoolwork,
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u odnos sa obitelji
09:20
into my relationship with my family,
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te u odnos sa djecom u školi,
09:23
and into my relationship with kids at school,
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09:27
and I experienced great improvement in all of those areas.
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i iskusio sam veliki napredak na svim tim poljima.
09:34
I now realize I've wasted most of my life."
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Sada shvaćam kako sam potratio većinu svog života."
09:41
Let's not waste any more lives,
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Nemojmo uzaludno trošiti više života,
jer jednom kada znamo
09:47
because once we know
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09:50
that abilities are capable of such growth,
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da su naše mogućnosti sposobne za takav rast,
09:56
it becomes a basic human right for children, all children,
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postaje osnovno ljudsko pravo djece, sve djece,
da žive na mjestima koja stvaraju rast,
10:03
to live in places that create that growth,
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10:08
to live in places filled with "yet".
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da žive na mjestima ispunjenim s "još".
10:14
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
10:16
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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