New experiments in self-teaching | Sugata Mitra

986,393 views ใƒป 2010-09-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:17
Well, that's kind of an obvious statement up there.
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ื–ื• ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžืืœื™ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื›ืืŸ.
00:19
I started with that sentence about 12 years ago,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-12 ืฉื ื”,
00:22
and I started in the context
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ
00:25
of developing countries,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
00:27
but you're sitting here from every corner of the world.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืคื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:30
So if you think of a map of your country,
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžืคืช ืืจืฆื™ื›ื,
00:33
I think you'll realize
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ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืชื’ืœื•
00:35
that for every country on Earth,
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ืฉื‘ืžืคืช ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:37
you could draw little circles to say,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
00:39
"These are places where good teachers won't go."
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"ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื™ืœื›ื•."
00:43
On top of that,
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”,
00:45
those are the places from where trouble comes.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื”ื ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื•ืช.
00:48
So we have an ironic problem --
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื”.
00:50
good teachers don't want to go
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ืžื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœื›ืช
00:52
to just those places where they're needed the most.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืื•ืชื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื.
00:55
I started in 1999
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘-1999
00:58
to try and address this problem with an experiment,
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
01:01
which was a very simple experiment in New Delhi.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื“ืœื”ื™.
01:06
I basically embedded a computer
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื™ื‘ืฆืชื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘
01:09
into a wall of a slum in New Delhi.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื“ืœื”ื™.
01:13
The children barely went to school, they didn't know any English --
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ. ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
01:16
they'd never seen a computer before,
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ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืœื ืจืื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ื”,
01:18
and they didn't know what the internet was.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ื–ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
01:21
I connected high speed internet to it -- it's about three feet off the ground --
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ื—ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ -- ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื˜ืจ ืžื”ืจื™ืฆืคื” --
01:24
turned it on and left it there.
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ื”ืคืขืœืชื™ ื•ื”ืฉืืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื.
01:26
After this,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”,
01:28
we noticed a couple of interesting things, which you'll see.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื ื ื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืชืจืื•.
01:31
But I repeated this all over India
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ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•
01:34
and then through
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื’ื
01:36
a large part of the world
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:38
and noticed
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ื•ืฉืžื ื• ืœื‘
01:40
that children will learn to do
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ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
01:42
what they want to learn to do.
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ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
01:45
This is the first experiment that we did --
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• --
01:47
eight year-old boy on your right
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ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ
01:49
teaching his student, a six year-old girl,
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ืžืœืžื“ ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ืชื•, ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช ืฉืฉ,
01:52
and he was teaching her how to browse.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ.
01:56
This boy here in the middle of central India --
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ื™ืœื“ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ื•ื“ื• --
02:00
this is in a Rajasthan village,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืจืื’'ืกื˜ืืŸ,
02:02
where the children recorded their own music
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ืฉื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื
02:05
and then played it back to each other
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ื•ืื– ื ื™ื’ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
02:08
and in the process,
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ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”,
02:10
they've enjoyed themselves thoroughly.
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ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ื”ื ื•.
02:12
They did all of this in four hours
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš 4 ืฉืขื•ืช,
02:14
after seeing the computer for the first time.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
02:17
In another South Indian village,
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ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื•,
02:20
these boys here
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืืŸ
02:22
had assembled a video camera
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ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื• ืžืฆืœืžืช ื•ื™ื“ืื•
02:24
and were trying to take the photograph of a bumble bee.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื• ืœืฆืœื ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžื–ืžื–ืžืช.
02:26
They downloaded it from Disney.com,
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืื•ืชื” ืžืืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกื ื™,
02:28
or one of these websites,
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ืื• ืืชืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืื—ืจ,
02:30
14 days after putting the computer in their village.
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14 ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
02:36
So at the end of it,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
02:38
we concluded that groups of children
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ื”ืกืงื ื• ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
02:40
can learn to use computers and the internet on their own,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
02:43
irrespective of who
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ
02:45
or where they were.
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ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื ืื• ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
02:48
At that point, I became a little more ambitious
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืฉืืคืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขืœืชื”
02:51
and decided to see
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง
02:54
what else could children do with a computer.
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ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘.
02:57
We started off with an experiment in Hyderabad, India,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืขื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื™ื“ืจื‘ืื“, ื”ื•ื“ื•,
03:00
where I gave a group of children --
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ื‘ื• ื ืชืชื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื --
03:03
they spoke English with a very strong Telugu accent.
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ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขื ืžื‘ื˜ื ื—ื–ืง ืฉืœ ื˜ืœื•ื’ื• (ืฉืคื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•).
03:06
I gave them a computer
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ื ืชืชื™ ืœื”ื ืžื—ืฉื‘
03:08
with a speech-to-text interface,
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ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœ ืžืžืฉืง ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ-ื˜ืงืกื˜,
03:10
which you now get free with Windows,
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื—ื™ื ื ืขื ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช,
03:13
and asked them to speak into it.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื”ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื•.
03:15
So when they spoke into it,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืœืชื•ื›ื•,
03:17
the computer typed out gibberish,
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื“ืคื™ืก ื’'ื‘ืจื™ืฉ,
03:19
so they said, "Well, it doesn't understand anything of what we are saying."
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ืื– ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื."
03:21
So I said, "Yeah, I'll leave it here for two months.
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™, "ืื ื™ ืืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื.
03:23
Make yourself understood
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ืชื’ืจืžื• ืœืžื—ืฉื‘
03:25
to the computer."
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื."
03:27
So the children said, "How do we do that."
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืืœื•, "ืื™ืš ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช."
03:29
And I said,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™,
03:31
"I don't know, actually."
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"ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข."
03:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:35
And I left.
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ื•ืขื–ื‘ืชื™.
03:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:40
Two months later --
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ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ --
03:42
and this is now documented
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืชื•ืขื“
03:44
in the Information Technology
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ื‘ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ืข
03:46
for International Development journal --
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ืœืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขื•ืœืžื™ --
03:48
that accents had changed
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ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ืฉืชื ื”
03:50
and were remarkably close to the neutral British accent
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืœืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™
03:53
in which I had trained the speech-to-text synthesizer.
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ืฉืืœื™ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื ืชื™ืกื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ-ื˜ืงืกื˜.
03:56
In other words, they were all speaking like James Tooley.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื›ืžื• ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื˜ื•ืœื™.
03:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:01
So they could do that on their own.
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ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
04:03
After that, I started to experiment
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ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
04:05
with various other things
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ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:07
that they might learn to do on their own.
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ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
04:09
I got an interesting phone call once from Columbo,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืžืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•,
04:12
from the late Arthur C. Clarke,
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ืž ืืจืชื•ืจ ืก. ืงืœืืจืง ื”ืžื ื•ื—,
04:14
who said, "I want to see what's going on."
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ืฉืืžืจ "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ."
04:16
And he couldn't travel, so I went over there.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืกื•ืข, ืื– ื ืกืขืชื™ ืืœื™ื•.
04:19
He said two interesting things,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
04:21
"A teacher that can be replaced by a machine should be."
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"ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื•."
04:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:28
The second thing he said was that,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ื”ื™ื”,
04:30
"If children have interest,
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"ืื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
04:32
then education happens."
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ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืชืจื—ืฉ."
04:35
And I was doing that in the field,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—,
04:37
so every time I would watch it and think of him.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืฆืคื” ื‘ื–ื” ืื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
04:39
(Video) Arthur C. Clarke: And they can definitely
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(ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ) ืืจืชื•ืจ ืก. ืงืœืืจืง: ื•ื–ื” ืœื‘ื˜ื—
04:42
help people,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
04:44
because children quickly learn to navigate
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
04:46
the web and find things which interest them.
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
04:49
And when you've got interest, then you have education.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
04:52
Sugata Mitra: I took the experiment to South Africa.
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ืกื•ื’ืื˜ื” ืžื™ื˜ืจื”: ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื“ืจื•ื-ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
04:55
This is a 15 year-old boy.
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ื–ื”ื• ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ 15.
04:57
(Video) Boy: ... just mention, I play games
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(ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ) ื™ืœื“: ...ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
05:00
like animals,
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช,
05:03
and I listen to music.
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ื•ืžืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
05:06
SM: And I asked him, "Do you send emails?"
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ืก.ืž.: ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื•, "ื”ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ืœื— ืื™-ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื?"
05:08
And he said, "Yes, and they hop across the ocean."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”: "ื›ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ืžื“ืœื’ื™ื ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก."
05:12
This is in Cambodia,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”,
05:14
rural Cambodia --
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ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื›ืคืจื™ืช --
05:17
a fairly silly arithmetic game,
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ืžืฉื—ืง ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื™ ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜,
05:20
which no child would play inside the classroom or at home.
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ืฉืืฃ ื™ืœื“ ืœื ื™ืฉื—ืง ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
05:22
They would, you know, throw it back at you.
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ื”ื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืš
05:24
They'd say, "This is very boring."
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ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืขืžื.
05:26
If you leave it on the pavement
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ืื ืชืฉืื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื›ื”,
05:28
and if all the adults go away,
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ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
05:30
then they will show off with each other
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ื”ื ื™ืชืคืืจื• ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™
05:32
about what they can do.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
05:34
This is what these children are doing.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
05:36
They are trying to multiply, I think.
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ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
05:39
And all over India,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•,
05:41
at the end of about two years,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
05:43
children were beginning to Google their homework.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™-ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
05:46
As a result, the teachers reported
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื”, ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื•
05:48
tremendous improvements in their English --
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ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื --
05:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:54
rapid improvement and all sorts of things.
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ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
05:56
They said, "They have become really deep thinkers and so on and so forth.
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื•ื›ื•'.
05:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:02
And indeed they had.
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื›ืืœื”.
06:04
I mean, if there's stuff on Google,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ,
06:06
why would you need to stuff it into your head?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืœื ืื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ?
06:10
So at the end of the next four years,
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•,
06:12
I decided that groups of children can navigate the internet
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ื”ืกืงืชื™ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
06:15
to achieve educational objectives on their own.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™.
06:18
At that time, a large amount of money
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
06:20
had come into Newcastle University
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ื ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื•ืงืืกืœ
06:22
to improve schooling in India.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
06:25
So Newcastle gave me a call. I said, "I'll do it from Delhi."
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžื ื™ื•ืงืืกืœ. ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืžื ื™ื•-ื“ืœื”ื™.
06:28
They said, "There's no way you're going to handle
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืชื˜ืคืœ
06:30
a million pounds-worth of University money
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ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืื•ื ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”
06:33
sitting in Delhi."
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ืœื”ื™."
06:35
So in 2006,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘-2006,
06:37
I bought myself a heavy overcoat
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ืงื ื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืžืขื™ืœ ืขื‘ื”
06:39
and moved to Newcastle.
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ื•ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื ื™ื•ืงืืกืœ.
06:42
I wanted to test the limits
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช
06:44
of the system.
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ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
06:46
The first experiment I did out of Newcastle
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจื›ืชื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื™ื•ืงืืกืœ
06:48
was actually done in India.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
06:50
And I set myself and impossible target:
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ื”ืฆื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™ืช:
06:53
can Tamil speaking
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ื”ืื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 12 ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื
06:56
12-year-old children
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ืฉืคื” ื˜ืžื™ืœื™ืช
06:58
in a South Indian village
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ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื•,
07:01
teach themselves biotechnology
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื™ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
07:03
in English on their own?
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ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช?
07:05
And I thought, I'll test them, they'll get a zero --
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืื ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืคืก.
07:08
I'll give the materials, I'll come back and test them --
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ืืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชื
07:10
they get another zero,
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ื•ืื– ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืคืก.
07:12
I'll go back and say, "Yes, we need teachers for certain things."
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ื•ืื– ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื•ืจื™ื.
07:16
I called in 26 children.
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ืืกืคืชื™ 26 ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
07:18
They all came in there, and I told them
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”ื
07:20
that there's some really difficult stuff on this computer.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
07:22
I wouldn't be surprised if you didn't understand anything.
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ืฉืœื ืื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืชืข ืื ืœื ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ื›ืœื•ื.
07:25
It's all in English, and I'm going.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ื–ื‘.
07:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:30
So I left them with it.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฉืืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ื“.
07:32
I came back after two months,
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ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื,
07:34
and the 26 children marched in looking very, very quiet.
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื•ื ืจืื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืงื˜ื™ื.
07:36
I said, "Well, did you look at any of the stuff?"
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืื ื”ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ?
07:39
They said, "Yes, we did."
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ื”ื ืขื ื• ืฉื›ืŸ.
07:41
"Did you understand anything?" "No, nothing."
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"ื”ืื ื”ื‘ื ืชื ืžืฉื”ื•?" ื•ื”ื ืขื ื• ืฉืœื.
07:44
So I said,
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ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™,
07:46
"Well, how long did you practice on it
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"ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ืชื ืœืœืžื•ื“
07:48
before you decided you understood nothing?"
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœื•ื?"
07:50
They said, "We look at it every day."
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ื”ื ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
07:53
So I said, "For two months, you were looking at stuff you didn't understand?"
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ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™, "ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื?"
07:55
So a 12 year-old girl raises her hand and says,
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ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช 12 ื”ืจื™ืžื” ืืช ื™ื“ื” ื•ืืžืจื”,
07:57
literally,
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืš,
08:00
"Apart from the fact that improper replication of the DNA molecule
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"ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืœ ืœืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช DNA
08:03
causes genetic disease,
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื—ืœื” ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช,
08:05
we've understood nothing else."
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ืœื ื”ื‘ื ื ื• ื›ืœื•ื."
08:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:19
It took me three years to publish that.
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ืœืงื— ืœื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื–ื”.
08:21
It's just been published in the British Journal of Educational Technology.
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ื–ื” ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช.
08:24
One of the referees who refereed the paper said,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืชื™ื—ืก ืœื–ื” ื•ืืžืจ,
08:27
"It's too good to be true,"
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"ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™,"
08:30
which was not very nice.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืคื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“.
08:32
Well, one of the girls had taught herself
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ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื”
08:34
to become the teacher.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื”.
08:36
And then that's her over there.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื.
08:46
Remember, they don't study English.
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ื ืœื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
09:01
I edited out the last bit when I asked, "Where is the neuron?"
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ืขืจื›ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ, "ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืŸ?"
09:04
and she says, "The neuron? The neuron,"
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ื”, "ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืŸ? ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืŸ?"
09:06
and then she looked and did this.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื›ื›ื”.
09:09
Whatever the expression, it was not very nice.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื ื—ืžื“.
09:12
So their scores had gone up from zero to 30 percent,
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ืื– ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืœื• ืžืืคืก ืœ-30 ืื—ื•ื–,
09:15
which is an educational impossibility under the circumstances.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ.
09:18
But 30 percent is not a pass.
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ืื‘ืœ 30 ืื—ื•ื– ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจ.
09:21
So I found that they had a friend,
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ืื– ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื”,
09:23
a local accountant, a young girl,
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ืจื•ืืช-ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ืฆืขื™ืจื”,
09:25
and they played football with her.
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ื•ื”ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืฉื—ืง ืื™ืชื” ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
09:27
I asked that girl, "Would you teach them
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื”, "ื”ืื ืชืœืžื“ื™ ืื•ืชื
09:29
enough biotechnology to pass?"
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ื‘ื™ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื‘ืจื•?"
09:31
And she said, "How would I do that? I don't know the subject."
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช? ืื™ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื."
09:33
I said, "No, use the method of the grandmother."
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”, "ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืจืง ืชืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื."
09:35
She said, "What's that?"
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ื–ื”.
09:37
I said, "Well, what you've got to do
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื” ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
09:39
is stand behind them
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ื–ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื
09:41
and admire them all the time.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืคืขืœ ืžื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
09:44
Just say to them, 'That's cool. That's fantastic.
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ืจืง ืชื’ื™ื“ื™ ืœื”ื, "ื–ื” ื™ืคื”. ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ.
09:46
What is that? Can you do that again? Can you show me some more?'"
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ืžื” ื–ื”? ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืช ืฉื•ื‘? ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื?"
09:49
She did that for two months.
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ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื.
09:51
The scores went up to 50,
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœื• ืขื“ ืœ-50,
09:53
which is what the posh schools of New Delhi,
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ืœืžื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื
09:55
with a trained biotechnology teacher were getting.
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ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื“ืœื”ื™ ืขื ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
09:58
So I came back to Newcastle
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ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœื ื™ื•ืงืืกืœ
10:00
with these results
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ืขื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช
10:02
and decided
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™
10:04
that there was something happening here
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ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ
10:06
that definitely was getting very serious.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื ืจืื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
10:10
So, having experimented in all sorts of remote places,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืจื›ืชื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ื—ื™-ืืœ,
10:13
I came to the most remote place that I could think of.
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ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช.
10:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:19
Approximately 5,000 miles from Delhi
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ื›-5,000 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืžื“ืœื”ื™
10:22
is the little town of Gateshead.
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ื ืžืฆืืช ืขื™ืจ ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืกื”ื“.
10:24
In Gateshead, I took 32 children
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ื‘ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืกื”ื“ ืืกืคืชื™ 32 ื™ืœื“ื™ื
10:27
and I started to fine-tune the method.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื”.
10:30
I made them into groups of four.
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ 4.
10:33
I said, "You make your own groups of four.
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ืชืชื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื”.
10:35
Each group of four can use one computer and not four computers."
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ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื—ื“ ื•ืœื ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื”."
10:38
Remember, from the Hole in the Wall.
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืžื”"ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืงื™ืจ".
10:41
"You can exchange groups.
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"ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
10:43
You can walk across to another group,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช,
10:45
if you don't like your group, etc.
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ืื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื›ื•'.
10:47
You can go to another group, peer over their shoulders, see what they're doing,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช, ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
10:50
come back to you own group and claim it as your own work."
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ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœืš ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš."
10:53
And I explained to them
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ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื”ื
10:55
that, you know, a lot of scientific research is done using that method.
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ืฉืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืจื‘ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•.
10:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:00
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:07
The children enthusiastically got after me and said,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื™ื’ืฉื• ืืœื™ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉืืœื•,
11:09
"Now, what do you want us to do?"
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"ืžื” ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?"
11:11
I gave them six GCSE questions.
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ื ืชืชื™ ืœื”ื ืฉืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช GCSE.
11:14
The first group -- the best one --
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
11:16
solved everything in 20 minutes.
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ืคืชืจื” ื”ื›ืœ ืชื•ืš 20 ื“ืงื•ืช,
11:18
The worst, in 45.
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ื•ื”ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืชื•ืš 45 ื“ืงื•ืช.
11:21
They used everything that they knew --
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”ื --
11:23
news groups, Google, Wikipedia,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื’ื•ื’ืœ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”,
11:25
Ask Jeeves, etc.
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Ask Jeeves ื•ื›ื•'.
11:27
The teachers said, "Is this deep learning?"
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ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืชื”ื• ืื ื–ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืขืžื™ืง.
11:30
I said, "Well, let's try it.
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ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช,
11:32
I'll come back after two months.
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ื•ืฉืื ื™ ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื
11:34
We'll give them a paper test --
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ื•ืื– ื ืขืฉื” ืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ --
11:36
no computers, no talking to each other, etc."
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ืœืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืœืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'.
11:38
The average score when I'd done it with the computers and the groups
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ืขื
11:40
was 76 percent.
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื” 76 ืื—ื•ื–.
11:42
When I did the experiment, when I did the test,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืจื›ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”,
11:44
after two months, the score
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ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”
11:47
was 76 percent.
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76 ืื—ื•ื–.
11:50
There was photographic recall
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช
11:52
inside the children,
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ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
11:54
I suspect because they're discussing with each other.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื“ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื• ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.
11:57
A single child in front of a single computer
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ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื—ื™ื“
11:59
will not do that.
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ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
12:01
I have further results,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช,
12:03
which are almost unbelievable,
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื™ืืžื ื•ืช,
12:05
of scores which go up with time.
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ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
12:07
Because their teachers say
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ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื”ื, ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ
12:09
that after the session is over,
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ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื,
12:11
the children continue to Google further.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ.
12:14
Here in Britain, I put out a call
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืื ื™ ื”ื–ืžื ืชื™
12:16
for British grandmothers,
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ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
12:18
after my Kuppam experiment.
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ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™.... ืฉืœื™.
12:20
Well, you know,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
12:22
they're very vigorous people, British grandmothers.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช, ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
12:24
200 of them volunteered immediately.
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200 ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื• ืžื™ื™ื“.
12:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:28
The deal was that they would give me
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ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืชืงื“ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™
12:31
one hour of broadband time,
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ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื‘ืคืก ืจื—ื‘,
12:33
sitting in their homes,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืŸ,
12:35
one day in a week.
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
12:37
So they did that,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช.
12:39
and over the last two years,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
12:41
over 600 hours of instruction
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-600 ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื”
12:43
has happened over Skype,
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ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื“ืจืš ืกืงื™ื™ืค,
12:45
using what my students call the granny cloud.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื•ืช".
12:48
The granny cloud sits over there.
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ื”ืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื.
12:51
I can beam them to whichever school I want to.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืื™ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื”.
13:00
(Video) Teacher: You can't catch me.
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(ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ) ืžื•ืจื”: ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื™.
13:02
You say it.
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ืชืืžืจื• ื–ืืช ืืชื.
13:05
You can't catch me.
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ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื™.
13:08
Children: You can't catch me.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื™.
13:11
Teacher: I'm the gingerbread man.
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ืžื•ืจื”: ืื ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืขื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื ื’ื‘ื™ืœ.
13:14
Children: I'm the gingerbread man.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ืื ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืขื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื ื’ื‘ื™ืœ.
13:16
Teacher: Well done. Very good ...
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ืžื•ืจื”: ื™ืคื” ืžืื•ื“...
13:24
SM: Back at Gateshead,
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ืก.ืž.: ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื’ื™ื™ื˜ืกื”ื“,
13:26
a 10-year-old girl gets into the heart of Hinduism
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ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช 10 ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืœื‘ ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื
13:28
in 15 minutes.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš 15 ื“ืงื•ืช.
13:30
You know, stuff which I don't know anything about.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
13:36
Two children watch a TEDTalk.
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ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช TED.
13:38
They wanted to be footballers before.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœื ื™ื.
13:40
After watching eight TEDTalks,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘-8 ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช TED,
13:42
he wants to become Leonardo da Vinci.
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ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื“ื”-ื•ื™ื ืฆื™.
13:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:48
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:51
It's pretty simple stuff.
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ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
13:53
This is what I'm building now --
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืขืช.
13:55
they're called SOLEs: Self Organized Learning Environments.
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ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื™ื "ืกื•ืœืก": ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
13:58
The furniture is designed
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ื”ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘
14:00
so that children can sit in front of big, powerful screens,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ืžื•ืœ ืžืกื›ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
14:03
big broadband connections, but in groups.
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ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืคืก-ืจื—ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
14:06
If they want, they can call the granny cloud.
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ืื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืขื ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช.
14:09
This is a SOLE in Newcastle.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื•ืงืกืœ.
14:11
The mediator is from Pune, India.
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ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžื”ื•ื“ื•.
14:13
So how far can we go? One last little bit and I'll stop.
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ืื– ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข? ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ื•ืื ื™ ืืกื™ื™ื.
14:16
I went to Turin in May.
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ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืื™.
14:20
I sent all the teachers away from my group of 10 year-old students.
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ื”ืจื—ืงืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 10.
14:24
I speak only English, they speak only Italian,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืจืง ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืจืง ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช,
14:27
so we had no way to communicate.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืงืฉืจ.
14:29
I started writing English questions on the blackboard.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
14:33
The children looked at it and said, "What?"
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื•ืืžืจื•, "ืžื”?"
14:35
I said, "Well, do it."
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ืชืขืฉื• ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘."
14:37
They typed it into Google, translated it into Italian,
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ื”ื ื”ืงืœื™ื“ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™, ืชื™ืจื’ืžื• ืœืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช,
14:40
went back into Italian Google.
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ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื’ื•ื’ืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™.
14:42
Fifteen minutes later --
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15 ื“ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ....
14:52
next question: where is Calcutta?
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ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”: ืื™ืคื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื›ืœื›ืชื”?
14:57
This one, they took only 10 minutes.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืœื”ื ืจืง 10 ื“ืงื•ืช.
15:04
I tried a really hard one then.
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืฉืืœื” ืงืฉื”.
15:07
Who was Pythagoras, and what did he do?
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ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื”?
15:12
There was silence for a while,
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ื”ืฉืชืจืจ ืฉืงื˜ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื”,
15:14
then they said, "You've spelled it wrong.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื›ืชื‘ืช ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
15:16
It's Pitagora."
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ื–ื” ืคื˜ื’ื•ืจืก."
15:23
And then,
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ื•ืื–,
15:25
in 20 minutes,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš 20 ื“ืงื•ืช,
15:27
the right-angled triangles began to appear on the screens.
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจ-ื–ื•ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื’ื™ื.
15:29
This sent shivers up my spine.
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืœื— ื‘ื™ ืจืขื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
15:32
These are 10 year-olds.
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ืืœื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 10.
15:47
Text: In another 30 minutes they would reach the Theory of Relativity. And then?
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ื˜ืงืกื˜: ื‘ืขื•ื“ 30 ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช. ื•ืžื” ืื–?
15:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:52
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:01
SM: So you know what's happened?
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ืก.ืž.:ืื– ืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ?
16:03
I think we've just stumbled across
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช
16:05
a self-organizing system.
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ื‘ืขืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
16:07
A self-organizing system is one
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช
16:09
where a structure appears
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืืฉืจ ื‘ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื
16:11
without explicit intervention from the outside.
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ืœืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.
16:14
Self-organizing systems also always show emergence,
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื’ื ืžืจืื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
16:17
which is that the system starts to do things,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
16:19
which it was never designed for.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืœื‘ืฆืขื.
16:21
Which is why you react the way you do,
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืชื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื‘ืชื,
16:23
because it looks impossible.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
16:26
I think I can make a guess now --
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ืื ื™ ืžืขืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืฉืขืจื”.
16:29
education is self-organizing system,
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ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช,
16:31
where learning is an emergent phenomenon.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื”.
16:33
It'll take a few years to prove it, experimentally,
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ื™ืงื— ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื–ืืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ืช,
16:35
but I'm going to try.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื ืกื•ืช.
16:37
But in the meanwhile, there is a method available.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื”.
16:40
One billion children, we need 100 million mediators --
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœ-100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื --
16:43
there are many more than that on the planet --
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื --
16:45
10 million SOLEs,
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10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืœืก,
16:47
180 billion dollars and 10 years.
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180 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•-10 ืฉื ื™ื.
16:51
We could change everything.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ.
16:53
Thanks.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
16:55
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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