New experiments in self-teaching | Sugata Mitra

譯者: Lucy Chang 審譯者: Jeannie Cheng

Well, that's kind of an obvious statement up there.

上面的這些話，是大家都知道的

I started with that sentence about 12 years ago,

12年前，我從這句話開始，

and I started in the context

從開發中國家

of developing countries,

的環境開始

but you're sitting here from every corner of the world.

但是在座的各位，是從全世界各地來的

So if you think of a map of your country,

你們如果想像一下自己國家的地圖

I think you'll realize

你會發現

that for every country on Earth,

對每一個國家而言，

you could draw little circles to say,

你都可以畫出些小圈圈，說:

"These are places where good teachers won't go."

"這些是好老師不願意去的地方"

On top of that,

而且

those are the places from where trouble comes.

這些都是出現問題的地方

So we have an ironic problem --

這是個有點諷刺意味的問題

good teachers don't want to go

好老師不願意去

to just those places where they're needed the most.

那些最需要他們的地方

I started in 1999

我從1999年開始

to try and address this problem with an experiment,

針對這個問題做實驗

which was a very simple experiment in New Delhi.

這是個在新德里的很簡單的實驗

I basically embedded a computer

我基本上把一部電腦嵌進

into a wall of a slum in New Delhi.

一座位於新德里貧民窟的圍牆裡面

The children barely went to school, they didn't know any English --

那裡的孩子幾乎不上學。也完全不懂英文

they'd never seen a computer before,

他們從沒有看過電腦

and they didn't know what the internet was.

也不知道網際網路是什麼

I connected high speed internet to it -- it's about three feet off the ground --

我給這部電腦連上高速網路 - 電腦嵌在約一公尺高的牆面上

turned it on and left it there.

把電腦打開，然後就留在那裡

After this,

之後

we noticed a couple of interesting things, which you'll see.

我們注意到幾件有趣的事情，等一下你們也會看到

But I repeated this all over India

但我在全印度重複做這件事

and then through

也到

a large part of the world

世界的很多地方做同樣的實驗

and noticed

我注意到

that children will learn to do

孩子們會學著做

what they want to learn to do.

他們自己想學的東西

This is the first experiment that we did --

這是我們做的第一個實驗 -

eight year-old boy on your right

右手邊的八歲男孩

teaching his student, a six year-old girl,

正在教他的學生 - 一個六歲的小女孩

and he was teaching her how to browse.

他在教她如何上網

This boy here in the middle of central India --

這個孩子是在印度中部的

this is in a Rajasthan village,

這裡是一個拉加斯坦村落

where the children recorded their own music

在這裡，孩子們錄自己的音樂

and then played it back to each other

然後放給彼此聽

and in the process,

在這過程中

they've enjoyed themselves thoroughly.

他們完全陶醉其中

They did all of this in four hours

在第一次接觸電腦之後的

after seeing the computer for the first time.

4小時之內，他們完成這些作品

In another South Indian village,

在另一個南印度村落

these boys here

這些男孩子

had assembled a video camera

自己組了一個錄影機

and were trying to take the photograph of a bumble bee.

然後試著替一隻大黃蜂拍照

They downloaded it from Disney.com,

他們從迪士尼或類似的網站

or one of these websites,

下載程式

14 days after putting the computer in their village.

這是把電腦放在這裡14天之後完成的。

So at the end of it,

最後

we concluded that groups of children

我們的結論是：孩子們

can learn to use computers and the internet on their own,

可以自己學會用電腦和網際網路

irrespective of who

不論他們是誰

or where they were.

或住在哪裡

At that point, I became a little more ambitious

這時候，我開始有大一點的野心

and decided to see

決定去看看

what else could children do with a computer.

孩子可以用電腦做哪些其他的事

We started off with an experiment in Hyderabad, India,

我們從印度海得拉巴的實驗開始

where I gave a group of children --

在那裡，我給一群孩子--

they spoke English with a very strong Telugu accent.

他們講的英文有很重的泰盧固口音

I gave them a computer

我給他們一部電腦

with a speech-to-text interface,

附上語音辨識的介面

which you now get free with Windows,

現在，在Windows上就有免費的語音輸入

and asked them to speak into it.

我要他們對電腦說話

So when they spoke into it,

當他們對電腦說話時

the computer typed out gibberish,

電腦顯示的是亂七八糟的字

so they said, "Well, it doesn't understand anything of what we are saying."

他們說："電腦完全聽不懂我們說的話"

So I said, "Yeah, I'll leave it here for two months.

我說："對阿，我把電腦留在這裡兩個月，

Make yourself understood

你們要讓電腦

to the computer."

聽懂你們說的話"

So the children said, "How do we do that."

孩子說："這怎麼辦得到?"

And I said,

我說

"I don't know, actually."

"我也不知道"

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

And I left.

我就走了

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

Two months later --

兩個月之後

and this is now documented

這個實驗紀錄在

in the Information Technology

資訊技術

for International Development journal --

促進國際發展雜誌上

that accents had changed

口音改掉了

and were remarkably close to the neutral British accent

改成非常接近中性英式英語的口音

in which I had trained the speech-to-text synthesizer.

這就是我設的語音輸入合成器的口音

In other words, they were all speaking like James Tooley.

換句話說，他們講得像英國教育家詹姆士托利一樣

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

So they could do that on their own.

所以，證明他們可以自己學會

After that, I started to experiment

之後，我開始實驗

with various other things

各種不同的知識

that they might learn to do on their own.

看看他們是不是可以自己學會

I got an interesting phone call once from Columbo,

我接到一通從可倫波打來的電話

from the late Arthur C. Clarke,

是已故的亞瑟·克拉克爵士打來的

who said, "I want to see what's going on."

他說："我想聽聽你在做什麼"

And he couldn't travel, so I went over there.

因為他不能長途旅行，所以我就去找他

He said two interesting things,

他說了兩件有趣的事：

"A teacher that can be replaced by a machine should be."

"如果機器可以取代老師的話，就應該取代"

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

The second thing he said was that,

他說的第二件事是：

"If children have interest,

"當孩子們有興趣

then education happens."

教育就會出現"

And I was doing that in the field,

我就是在外面做這樣的教育

so every time I would watch it and think of him.

所以每次我看到這些，我就想起他

(Video) Arthur C. Clarke: And they can definitely

(影像)亞瑟·克拉克說："這些絕對可以

help people,

幫助人

because children quickly learn to navigate

因為孩子們很快就學會搜尋

the web and find things which interest them.

然後到裡面找有趣的東西。

And when you've got interest, then you have education.

當有了興趣，教育就自然產生"

Sugata Mitra: I took the experiment to South Africa.

我把這個實驗帶到南非去

This is a 15 year-old boy.

這是個15歲的男孩

(Video) Boy: ... just mention, I play games

(影像)男孩說: ...我玩遊戲

like animals,

像動物遊戲

and I listen to music.

我也聽音樂

SM: And I asked him, "Do you send emails?"

SM:我問他，"你會用電子郵件嗎?"

And he said, "Yes, and they hop across the ocean."

他說，"會啊，電子郵件一路跳過海洋"

This is in Cambodia,

這是在柬埔寨

rural Cambodia --

柬埔寨的郊區

a fairly silly arithmetic game,

這是個很呆的算術遊戲

which no child would play inside the classroom or at home.

孩子在教室或在家裡都不願意玩

They would, you know, throw it back at you.

他們會丟回給你

They'd say, "This is very boring."

說："這很無聊"

If you leave it on the pavement

如果你把這遊戲放在走道上

and if all the adults go away,

當大人都走開了

then they will show off with each other

他們就會彼此炫耀

about what they can do.

他們會答的題目

This is what these children are doing.

這就是孩子們正在做的..

They are trying to multiply, I think.

據我所知，他們正試著做乘法

And all over India,

全印度

at the end of about two years,

在兩年之後

children were beginning to Google their homework.

孩子們開始上網找家庭作業的答案

As a result, the teachers reported

結果，老師說

tremendous improvements in their English --

他們的英文進步神速

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

rapid improvement and all sorts of things.

在每一個方面都進步神速

They said, "They have become really deep thinkers and so on and so forth.

老師說:"他們變成深度的思想家"之類的

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

And indeed they had.

實際上也是真的

I mean, if there's stuff on Google,

我是說，如果在谷歌搜尋引擎上有答案

why would you need to stuff it into your head?

幹麻還要把答案東西塞在腦子裡?

So at the end of the next four years,

所以四年之後

I decided that groups of children can navigate the internet

我下了結論：成群的孩子可以一起上網搜尋

to achieve educational objectives on their own.

以這樣的自我學習，達成教育的目標。

At that time, a large amount of money

當時，有很多經費

had come into Newcastle University

給纽卡斯爾大學

to improve schooling in India.

來改進印度的教學

So Newcastle gave me a call. I said, "I'll do it from Delhi."

所以纽卡斯爾大學就打電話給我。我說："我在新德里這裡執行"

They said, "There's no way you're going to handle

他們說:"你不可能坐在新德里

a million pounds-worth of University money

來管理價值一百萬英鎊的

sitting in Delhi."

學校經費"

So in 2006,

所以，2006年

I bought myself a heavy overcoat

我買了一件很厚重的大衣

and moved to Newcastle.

搬到紐卡素去工作

I wanted to test the limits

我要試試看這個系統的

of the system.

極限在哪裡

The first experiment I did out of Newcastle

我到紐卡素做的第一個實驗，

was actually done in India.

發生在印度

And I set myself and impossible target:

我給自己一個不可能的目標:

can Tamil speaking

講泰米語的

12-year-old children

住在印度南部村落的

in a South Indian village

12歲孩子們

teach themselves biotechnology

可能用英文自學

in English on their own?

生物科技嗎?

And I thought, I'll test them, they'll get a zero --

我想："我給他們測驗，他們會得0分，

I'll give the materials, I'll come back and test them --

然後我給們素材，再回來測一次，

they get another zero,

他們會再得0分

I'll go back and say, "Yes, we need teachers for certain things."

然後我就回去說："在某些領域，還是需要老師教才行"

I called in 26 children.

我找了26個學生

They all came in there, and I told them

他們都進到教室裡，我對他們說

that there's some really difficult stuff on this computer.

在電腦裡，有個很難的東西

I wouldn't be surprised if you didn't understand anything.

你們如果不懂，我也不會很驚訝

It's all in English, and I'm going.

全部是英文的。而且，我要走了。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

So I left them with it.

我就讓他們自己弄清楚

I came back after two months,

兩個月之後，我回來

and the 26 children marched in looking very, very quiet.

那26個學生進來時，看起來非常安靜

I said, "Well, did you look at any of the stuff?"

我說:"你們讀過那篇文章了嗎?"

They said, "Yes, we did."

他們說:"讀了"

"Did you understand anything?" "No, nothing."

"你們學到什麼?" "什麼也沒學到"

So I said,

我說，

"Well, how long did you practice on it

"你們學習了多久之後，

before you decided you understood nothing?"

才確定你們什麼都沒學到?"

They said, "We look at it every day."

他們說:"我們每天都在看"

So I said, "For two months, you were looking at stuff you didn't understand?"

我說:"你們每天看這個搞不懂的東西，足足兩個月嗎?"

So a 12 year-old girl raises her hand and says,

一個12歲的女孩舉手說：

literally,

她這麼說

"Apart from the fact that improper replication of the DNA molecule

"除了知道DNA分子不正常的複製

causes genetic disease,

會造成基因上的疾病之外

we've understood nothing else."

我們沒有學到任何其他東西"

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

(Applause)

(掌聲)

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

It took me three years to publish that.

我花了三年才出版這篇論文

It's just been published in the British Journal of Educational Technology.

這論文剛剛在英國教育技術期刊上刊出

One of the referees who refereed the paper said,

其中一位評審寫：

"It's too good to be true,"

"好得令人難以置信"

which was not very nice.

這評語其實不太好

Well, one of the girls had taught herself

其中一個女孩子，

to become the teacher.

自學成為大家的老師

And then that's her over there.

畫面上的就是她

Remember, they don't study English.

大家記得，他們不懂英文

I edited out the last bit when I asked, "Where is the neuron?"

我剪掉最後的一小段。當時我問："神經元在哪裡?"

and she says, "The neuron? The neuron,"

她說，"神經元?神經元?"

and then she looked and did this.

然後她看著我，做這個動作

Whatever the expression, it was not very nice.

不管表情如何，都不太好看。

So their scores had gone up from zero to 30 percent,

他們的分數也從0分，提升到30分

which is an educational impossibility under the circumstances.

在這種環境下，已經是教育不可能做到的了!

But 30 percent is not a pass.

但是30分不及格

So I found that they had a friend,

後來，我發現他們有個朋友

a local accountant, a young girl,

是當地的會計師，一個年輕女生

and they played football with her.

他們和她一起玩足球

I asked that girl, "Would you teach them

我邀請那個女生，"妳教他們生物科技

enough biotechnology to pass?"

讓他們通過考試，好嗎?"

And she said, "How would I do that? I don't know the subject."

她說:"我怎麼會?我對這個學門不了解啊!"

I said, "No, use the method of the grandmother."

我說:"不必了解。只要用奶奶的方法就好了"

She said, "What's that?"

她說："那是什麼方法?"

I said, "Well, what you've got to do

我說:"妳只要

is stand behind them

站在後面

and admire them all the time.

一直讚美他們

Just say to them, 'That's cool. That's fantastic.

跟他們說:好棒啊，好厲害喔

What is that? Can you do that again? Can you show me some more?'"

那是什麼呢?你可以再做一次嗎?再多給我看幾招，好嗎?"

She did that for two months.

她就這樣做了2個月

The scores went up to 50,

分數提昇到50分

which is what the posh schools of New Delhi,

這分數是在新德里的高級學校

with a trained biotechnology teacher were getting.

有專業生物科技老師教導的學生的分數

So I came back to Newcastle

所以我回到紐卡素

with these results

帶著這些結果

and decided

我確定

that there was something happening here

這些現象

that definitely was getting very serious.

是很嚴肅的

So, having experimented in all sorts of remote places,

所以，在對偏遠地去做了這麼多實驗之後

I came to the most remote place that I could think of.

我到了全世界最偏遠的地方

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

Approximately 5,000 miles from Delhi

距離德里5000英哩遠

is the little town of Gateshead.

就是英國小鎮蓋茨黑德

In Gateshead, I took 32 children

在蓋茨黑德，我找了32個學生

and I started to fine-tune the method.

開始微調我用過的方法

I made them into groups of four.

我讓他們成為4人一組

I said, "You make your own groups of four.

我說："你們自己組成4人一組

Each group of four can use one computer and not four computers."

每4個人一組可以用1部電腦，而不是4部"

Remember, from the Hole in the Wall.

這是從"牆上的洞"來的經驗

"You can exchange groups.

"你可以換組

You can walk across to another group,

你可以到別的組去

if you don't like your group, etc.

如果你不喜歡自己這一組的話

You can go to another group, peer over their shoulders, see what they're doing,

你可以去別組，偷看，看他們在幹什麼

come back to you own group and claim it as your own work."

回來之後跟你的組員說，這是你自己的想法"

And I explained to them

我跟他們解釋說，

that, you know, a lot of scientific research is done using that method.

很多科學研究，都是用這種方法做出來的

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

(Applause)

(掌聲)

The children enthusiastically got after me and said,

那些孩子很急切的追著我問說:

"Now, what do you want us to do?"

"你要我們做什麼?"

I gave them six GCSE questions.

我給他們6個英國中等教育普通證明考試(GCSE)的題目

The first group -- the best one --

第一組，最好的那組

solved everything in 20 minutes.

在20分鐘之內解完所有題目

The worst, in 45.

最差的也在45分鐘之內解完題目

They used everything that they knew --

他們用了所有資源

news groups, Google, Wikipedia,

新聞、谷歌搜尋、維基百科

Ask Jeeves, etc.

AskJeeves(各種問題的解答網站)等

The teachers said, "Is this deep learning?"

老師說:"這樣有深度學習嗎?"

I said, "Well, let's try it.

我說:"試試看囉

I'll come back after two months.

2個月後我再回來

We'll give them a paper test --

我們給他們紙上的測驗 --

no computers, no talking to each other, etc."

不能用電腦、也不能互相交談等等，看結果如何"

The average score when I'd done it with the computers and the groups

用小組討論和電腦時，平均分數是

was 76 percent.

76分

When I did the experiment, when I did the test,

2個月之後，我再回來

after two months, the score

做測驗，分數是

was 76 percent.

76分

There was photographic recall

這些孩子像拍照一樣，

inside the children,

記得所有學過的東西。

I suspect because they're discussing with each other.

我猜想，這是因為他們彼此討論，所以記得。

A single child in front of a single computer

因為，單獨一個孩子坐在電腦前

will not do that.

是不可能記得所有東西的。

I have further results,

我還有進一步的結果

which are almost unbelievable,

幾乎是難以置信的結果

of scores which go up with time.

就是考試分數繼續往上提升

Because their teachers say

因為老師說，他們

that after the session is over,

課程結束之後

the children continue to Google further.

這些孩子繼續在網路上找答案

Here in Britain, I put out a call

在英國，我送出一個需求

for British grandmothers,

號召英國奶奶們

after my Kuppam experiment.

經過我的實驗之後，

Well, you know,

喔，大家都知道

they're very vigorous people, British grandmothers.

英國奶奶是很有活力的一群

200 of them volunteered immediately.

馬上有200位自願者

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

The deal was that they would give me

奶奶們給我

one hour of broadband time,

一個小時的寬頻上網時間

sitting in their homes,

坐在自己家裡

one day in a week.

每週只要一天即可

So they did that,

他們就照做

and over the last two years,

過去兩年之間

over 600 hours of instruction

有超過600小時的教導

has happened over Skype,

在Skype上進行

using what my students call the granny cloud.

用的技術，被我的學生稱為"雲端奶奶"

The granny cloud sits over there.

雲端奶奶坐在那裡

I can beam them to whichever school I want to.

我可以把她們發射到任何一所學校去

(Video) Teacher: You can't catch me.

(錄影)老師: "你抓不到我

You say it.

你們說一遍

You can't catch me.

你抓不到我"

Children: You can't catch me.

孩子:"你抓不到我"

Teacher: I'm the gingerbread man.

老師:"我是薑餅人"

Children: I'm the gingerbread man.

孩子:"我是薑餅人"

Teacher: Well done. Very good ...

老師:"很棒很棒!!"

SM: Back at Gateshead,

SM:"回到蓋茨黑德，

a 10-year-old girl gets into the heart of Hinduism

一位10歲的女孩在15分鐘之內

in 15 minutes.

學會印度教的精隨

You know, stuff which I don't know anything about.

這是我完全不懂的東西

Two children watch a TEDTalk.

兩個孩子在看TED網路視訊

They wanted to be footballers before.

他們以前想當足球明星

After watching eight TEDTalks,

在看了8場TED的演講之後

he wants to become Leonardo da Vinci.

他要當達文西

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

(Applause)

(掌聲)

It's pretty simple stuff.

這其實都很簡單

This is what I'm building now --

這是我現在正在做的

they're called SOLEs: Self Organized Learning Environments.

叫做SOLE：自我組織的學習環境

The furniture is designed

這些家具的設計

so that children can sit in front of big, powerful screens,

讓一群小朋友可以圍坐在很強大的電腦螢幕前

big broadband connections, but in groups.

可以寬頻上網，但是要一群小朋友才行

If they want, they can call the granny cloud.

如果他們想的話，可以呼叫雲端奶奶

This is a SOLE in Newcastle.

這是在紐卡素的SOLE

The mediator is from Pune, India.

畫面上的管理員來自印度

So how far can we go? One last little bit and I'll stop.

我們可以做到什麼程度呢? 再一點點我就結束了。

I went to Turin in May.

我5月去了義大利的都靈

I sent all the teachers away from my group of 10 year-old students.

我把老師支開，讓我單獨和一群10歲孩子在一起

I speak only English, they speak only Italian,

我只會講英文，他們只會講義大利文

so we had no way to communicate.

我們不能溝通

I started writing English questions on the blackboard.

我在黑板上寫英文題目

The children looked at it and said, "What?"

孩子們看著我，說:"什麼啦?"

I said, "Well, do it."

我說："解題阿"

They typed it into Google, translated it into Italian,

他們把問題輸入谷歌搜尋引擎，翻譯成義大利文

went back into Italian Google.

回到義大利文的谷歌搜尋引擎

Fifteen minutes later --

15分鐘之後

next question: where is Calcutta?

下一個問題：加爾各答在哪裡?

This one, they took only 10 minutes.

這個只花了10分鐘就答對了

I tried a really hard one then.

我又試了一題很難的

Who was Pythagoras, and what did he do?

畢達格拉斯是誰? 他做過什麼事情?

There was silence for a while,

剛開始，一度沉默

then they said, "You've spelled it wrong.

然後他們說："你寫錯了啦!"

It's Pitagora."

"應該是畢達哥拉斯啦"

And then,

然後

in 20 minutes,

在20分鐘之內

the right-angled triangles began to appear on the screens.

直角三角形的圖像，出現在螢幕上

This sent shivers up my spine.

這讓我脊椎發麻

These are 10 year-olds.

他們才10 歲

Text: In another 30 minutes they would reach the Theory of Relativity. And then?

文字: 再過30分鐘，他們可能查到相對論。然後呢?

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

(Applause)

(掌聲)

SM: So you know what's happened?

SM: 到底發生了什麼事呢?

I think we've just stumbled across

我想，我們正歪歪倒倒的

a self-organizing system.

走過了一個自我組織的系統

A self-organizing system is one

自我組織的系統是

where a structure appears

一個在沒有外界干擾的時候

without explicit intervention from the outside.

出現的完整架構。

Self-organizing systems also always show emergence,

自我組織的系統同時也顯示出一種演進，

which is that the system starts to do things,

這演進，就是系統開始用前所未有的方式

which it was never designed for.

來完成它的工作。

Which is why you react the way you do,

這就是你你有這些反應背後的原因

because it looks impossible.

因為乍看之下，這些演進是不可能的。

I think I can make a guess now --

我想我可以猜測：

education is self-organizing system,

教育是個自我組織的系統

where learning is an emergent phenomenon.

在教育系統裡，學習是一個漸進的現象

It'll take a few years to prove it, experimentally,

得花好幾年去實驗改進，

but I'm going to try.

但是我會繼續嘗試。

But in the meanwhile, there is a method available.

在此同時，有個可行的方法

One billion children, we need 100 million mediators --

10億個孩子，我們需要1億個協助者

there are many more than that on the planet --

我們有的比需要的還要多

10 million SOLEs,

1 千萬組SOLE

180 billion dollars and 10 years.

1千8百萬美金和10年的時間

We could change everything.

我們可以改變一切

Thanks.

謝謝

(Applause)

(掌聲)