Why people believe weird things | Michael Shermer

3,042,824 views ใƒป 2008-04-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Danny Dankner ืžื‘ืงืจ: Roi Shpaner
00:25
I'm Michael Shermer, director of the Skeptics Society,
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ื”ื™ื™, ืื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืฉืจืžืจ, ืžื ื”ืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกืคืงื ื™ื,
00:27
publisher of "Skeptic" magazine.
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ืขื•ืจืš ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช Skeptic.
00:29
We investigate claims of the paranormal,
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืคืกื‘ื“ื•-ืžื“ืข
00:31
pseudo-science, fringe groups and cults, and claims of all kinds between,
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื•ืช ื•ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ
00:34
science and pseudo-science and non-science and junk science,
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ืžื“ืข ื•ืคืกื‘ื“ื•-ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืขื“ืจ ืžื“ืข ื•ืžื“ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืชื™,
00:37
voodoo science, pathological science, bad science, non-science,
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ืžื“ืข ื›ืฉืคื™ื, ืžื“ืข ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืžื“ืข ืจืข, ื”ืขื“ืจ ืžื“ืข
00:41
and plain old non-sense.
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ื•ืกืชื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฅ.
00:42
And unless you've been on Mars recently,
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ื•ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
00:44
you know there's a lot of that out there.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
00:46
Some people call us debunkers, which is kind of a negative term.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืคืจื™ื›ื™ ื›ื–ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื•
00:49
But let's face it, there's a lot of bunk.
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ืืš ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื–ื” - ื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืข
00:52
We are like the bunko squads of the police departments out there --
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ื•ืื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฆื•ื•ืช "ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื–ื‘ื ื™ื" ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™, ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืืช..
00:55
well, we're sort of like the Ralph Naders of bad ideas,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ "ืจืืœืฃ ื ื™ื™ื“ืจ" (ืขื•"ื“ ืœื•ื—ืžื ื™) ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืขื™ื --
00:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:00
trying to replace bad ideas with good ideas.
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืขื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:03
I'll show you an example of a bad idea.
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ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข.
01:04
I brought this with me,
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ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืื™ืชื™.
01:06
this was given to us by NBC Dateline to test.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืž"ืืŸ.ื‘ื™.ืกื™. ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ืŸ" (ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืชื—ืงื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”).
01:10
It's produced by the Quadro Corporation of West Virginia.
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ื–ื” -- ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงื•ื•ืื“ืจื• ืžืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”.
01:13
It's called the Quadro 2000 Dowser Rod.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ื”ืžื•ื˜ ื”ื’ืœืื™ ืงื•ื•ืื“ืจื• 2000".
01:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:17
This was being sold to high-school administrators for $900 apiece.
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ื–ื” ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ ืžื ื”ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ 900 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
01:23
It's a piece of plastic with a Radio Shack antenna attached to it.
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ื–ื• ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืืœื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืื ื˜ื ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
01:27
You could dowse for all sorts of things,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ื’ืœืื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืš ื”ื’ืœืื™ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”
01:29
but this particular one was built to dowse for marijuana
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ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ื‘ืชืื™ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.
01:32
in students' lockers.
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01:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:36
So the way it works is you go down the hallway,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื - ืืชื” ืฆื•ืขื“ ื‘ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืื” ื”ืื
01:40
and you see if it tilts toward a particular locker,
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ื–ื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื•ืื– ืืชื” ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ืชื.
01:43
and then you open the locker.
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01:44
So it looks something like this.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
01:46
I'll show you.
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ืืจืื” ืœื›ื.
01:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:50
Well, it has kind of a right-leaning bias.
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ืœื, ื–ื” -- ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
ืื– ืื ื™ ืืจืื” -- ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื“ืข, ืื– ื ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ.
01:53
Well, this is science, so we'll do a controlled experiment.
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ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
01:56
It'll go this way for sure.
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01:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:01
Sir, do you want to empty your pockets, please, sir?
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ืื“ื•ื ื™, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืจื•ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœืš. ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืื“ื•ื ื™?
02:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:06
So the question was, can it actually find marijuana in students' lockers?
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ืชื”, ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื?
02:09
And the answer is, if you open enough of them, yes.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื - ืื ืชืคืชื— ืžืกืคื™ืง ืชืื™ื, ื›ืŸ.
02:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:13
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
02:15
But in science, we have to keep track of the misses, not just the hits.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื“ืข, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ื’ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช, ืœื ืจืง ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช.
02:18
And that's probably the key lesson to my short talk here:
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืœืงื— ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืืชื™ ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื›ืืŸ,
02:21
This is how psychics work, astrologers, tarot card readers and so on.
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ื›ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื, ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืงืœืคื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื”ื.
02:25
People remember the hits and forget the misses.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช; ื”ื ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช.
02:27
In science, we keep the whole database,
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ื‘ืžื“ืข ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื,
02:29
and look to see if the number of hits somehow stands out
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ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืœืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
02:32
from the total number you'd expect by chance.
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ืœืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืจื™.
02:34
In this case, we tested it.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ.
02:35
We had two opaque boxes:
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืคืกื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืžื•ืช,
02:37
one with government-approved THC marijuana, and one with nothing.
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ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืจื™ืงื”.
02:41
And it got it 50 percent of the time --
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ื•ื–ื” ื–ื™ื”ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ 50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืคืขืžื™ื -
02:42
(Laughter)
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื˜ืœืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
02:44
which is exactly what you'd expect with a coin-flip model.
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02:47
So that's just a fun little example here of the sorts of things we do.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื ื—ืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
Skeptic ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™.
02:51
"Skeptic" is the quarterly publication. Each one has a particular theme.
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ื›ืœ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”.
02:54
This one is on the future of intelligence.
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02:56
Are people getting smarter or dumber?
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ื”ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ?
02:58
I have an opinion of this myself because of the business I'm in,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื“ืขื” ืžืฉืœื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืœื™.
03:01
but in fact, people, it turns out, are getting smarter.
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ 3 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื™ืงื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:04
Three IQ points per 10 years, going up.
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03:07
Sort of an interesting thing.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
03:08
With science, don't think of skepticism as a thing, or science as a thing.
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ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืžื“ืข, ืขืœ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืกืคืงื ื•ืช ื›ืขืœ "ื“ื‘ืจ" ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื“ืข ื›ืขืœ "ื“ื‘ืจ"
03:12
Are science and religion compatible?
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ื”ืื ืžื“ืข ื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื‘ืจื™-ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”?
03:14
It's like, are science and plumbing compatible?
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ: ื”ืื ืžื“ืข ื•ืฉืจื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™-ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”?
03:16
They're just two different things.
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ืืœื” - ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:17
Science is not a thing. It's a verb.
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ืžื“ืข ืื™ื ื• "ื“ื‘ืจ". ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ.
03:19
It's a way of thinking about things.
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ื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:21
It's a way of looking for natural explanations for all phenomena.
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ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช.
03:24
I mean, what's more likely:
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื”ื™ื, ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ -
03:25
that extraterrestrial intelligences or multi-dimensional beings
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ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื—ื•ืฅ-ืืจืฆื™ืช ืื• ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืขื•ืช ืืช
03:29
travel across vast distances of interstellar space
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ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื
03:31
to leave a crop circle in Farmer Bob's field in Puckerbrush, Kansas
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ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ ื‘ืคืงืจื‘ืจืืฉ, ืงื ื–ืก, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช Skeptic.com, ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•?
03:35
to promote skeptic.com, our web page?
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03:36
Or is it more likely that a reader of "Skeptic" did this with Photoshop?
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ืื• ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืงื•ืจืื™ Skeptic ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืฉื•ืค?
03:41
And in all cases we have to ask --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ -
03:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:44
What's the more likely explanation?
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ?
03:47
Before we say something is out of this world,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”,
03:49
we should first make sure that it's not in this world.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”.
03:51
What's more likely:
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ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ -
03:53
that Arnold had extraterrestrial help in his run for the governorship,
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ืฉืืจื ื•ืœื“ ื–ื›ื” ืœืงืฆืช ืขื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืฉืœื• ืœืžืฉืจืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ?
03:56
or that the "World Weekly News" makes stuff up?
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ืื• ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืจืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื™ ื ื™ื•ื– ืžืžืฆื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื?
03:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:00
The same theme is expressed nicely here in this Sidney Harris cartoon.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” - ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืคื”
ื‘ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ื ื™ ื”ืืจื™ืก.
04:05
For those of you in the back, it says here: "Then a miracle occurs.
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ืœืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ "ื•ืื– ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื ืก."
04:08
I think you need to be more explicit here in step two."
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"ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืชื™ื™ื."
04:11
This single slide completely dismantles the intelligent design arguments.
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ื”ืฉืงืฃ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืžืคื•ืจืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื™.
04:15
There's nothing more to it than that.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”.
04:17
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:18
You can say a miracle occurs,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื ืก.
04:19
it's just that it doesn't explain anything or offer anything.
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ืืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ.
04:22
There's nothing to test.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฆื™ืข ื“ื‘ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ.
04:24
It's the end of the conversation for intelligent design creationists.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชื‘ื•ื ื™.
04:27
And it's true, scientists sometimes throw terms out as linguistic place fillers --
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ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ - ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉื• ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ
ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื•ื ื™ - "ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”" ืื• "ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ" ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
04:32
dark energy or dark matter, something like that --
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04:34
until we figure out what it is, we'll call it this.
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ืขื“ ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ื–ื”, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืงืจื ืœื–ื” ื›ื›ื”.
04:37
It's the beginning of the causal chain for science.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช.
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชื‘ื•ื ื™, ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช.
04:40
For intelligent design creationists, it's the end of the chain.
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ืื– ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื–ื” - ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ
04:44
So again, we can ask this: what's more likely?
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04:46
Are UFOs alien spaceships, or perceptual cognitive mistakes, or even fakes?
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ื”ืื ืขื‘"ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืœืœ ืื• ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื?
04:50
This is a UFO shot from my house in Altadena, California,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ืช ืขื‘"ื ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืžื‘ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืœื˜ื“ื™ื ื”, ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
04:54
looking down over Pasadena.
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ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืžื˜ื” ืขืœ ืคืกื“ื™ื ื”.
04:56
And if it looks a lot like a Buick hubcap, it's because it is.
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืฆืœื—ืช ื’ืœื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืื™ืง, ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื–ื”.
04:59
You don't even need Photoshop or high-tech equipment,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืฉื•ืค, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื,
05:02
you don't need computers.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
05:03
This was shot with a throwaway Kodak Instamatic camera.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ืžืฆืœืžืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ืืง.
05:07
You just have somebody off on the side with a hubcap ready to go.
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฆื“ ืขื ืฆืœื—ืช ื’ืœื’ืœ ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื–ืจื™ืงื”.
05:10
Camera's ready -- that's it.
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ืžืฆืœืžื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” - ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ.
05:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:13
So, although it's possible that most of these things are fake
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื™ื
05:17
or illusions or so on, and that some of them are real,
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ืื• ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘, ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
05:20
it's more likely that all of them are fake, like the crop circles.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื.
05:23
On a more serious note, in all of science we're looking for a balance
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ื•ื”ืขืจื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื“ืข ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ
05:27
between data and theory.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”.
05:29
In the case of Galileo, he had two problems
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืœืื•, ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
05:33
when he turned his telescope to Saturn.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืฉืœื• ืœืฉื‘ืชืื™.
05:35
First of all, there was no theory of planetary rings.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
05:38
Second of all, his data was grainy and fuzzy,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื•ืจืขืŸ ื•ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ,
05:40
and he couldn't quite make out what he was looking at.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ.
05:43
So he wrote that he had seen --
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” -
05:45
"I have observed that the furthest planet has three bodies."
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"ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ื•ืคื™ื."
05:48
And this is what he ended up concluding that he saw.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื”.
05:51
So without a theory of planetary rings and with only grainy data,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœืœื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื’ื•ืจืขืŸ,
05:55
you can't have a good theory.
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
05:56
It wasn't solved until 1655.
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืคืชืจ ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1655.
05:58
This is Christiaan Huygens's book that catalogs all the mistakes
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ื–ื”ื• ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืœื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช
06:01
people made trying to figure out what was going on with Saturn.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ืฉื‘ืชืื™.
06:04
It wasn't till Huygens had two things:
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืขื“ - ืœื”ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:06
He had a good theory of planetary rings and how the solar system operated,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื•ืขืœืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
06:10
and he had better telescopic, more fine-grain data
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ื•ืื–, ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:13
in which he could figure out that as the Earth is going around faster --
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ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืข ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ -
06:17
according to Kepler's Laws -- than Saturn, then we catch up with it.
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ืงืคืœืจ - ืžืฉื‘ืชืื™, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
06:20
And we see the angles of the rings at different angles, there.
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ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื ื”.
06:24
And that, in fact, turns out to be true.
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ื•ื–ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
06:26
The problem with having a theory is that it may be loaded with cognitive biases.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”
ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœืš ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืกื” ื‘ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
06:31
So one of the problems of explaining why people believe weird things
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ืื– ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื
06:34
is that we have things, on a simple level,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
06:36
and then I'll go to more serious ones.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:38
Like, we have a tendency to see faces.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื.
06:40
This is the face on Mars.
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ืืœื” ื”ืคื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื -
06:42
In 1976, where there was a whole movement to get NASA to photograph that area
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1976 ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื ืืก"ื
ืœืฆืœื ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•
06:47
because people thought this was monumental architecture made by Martians.
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ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืื“ื™ื.
06:50
Here's the close-up of it from 2001.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืชื‘ืจืจ - ื”ื ื” ืชืงืจื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2001.
06:53
If you squint, you can still see the face.
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ืื ืชืฆืžืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื.
06:56
And when you're squinting,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืฆืžืฆืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืืชื ืœืžืขืฉื”
06:57
you're turning that from fine-grain to coarse-grain,
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื’ืก
07:00
so you're reducing the quality of your data.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืืชื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื›ื.
07:02
And if I didn't tell you what to look for, you'd still see the face,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ืœื—ืคืฉ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื,
07:06
because we're programmed by evolution to see faces.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืชื ืžืชื•ื›ื ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื.
07:08
Faces are important for us socially.
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ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
07:10
And of course, happy faces, faces of all kinds are easy to see.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื.
ืงืœ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื.
07:14
You see the happy face on Mars, there.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื, ืฉื.
07:16
(Laughter)
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07:17
If astronomers were frogs, perhaps they'd see Kermit the Frog.
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ืื™ืœื• ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืงืจืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืข.
07:20
Do you see him there? Little froggy legs.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืฉื?
07:22
Or if geologists were elephants?
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ืจื’ืœื™ ืฆืคืจื“ืข ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
ืื• ืื ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื™ืœื™ื?
07:25
Religious iconography.
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ืื™ืงื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช.
07:29
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:31
Discovered by a Tennessee baker in 1996.
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ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื” ืžื˜ื ืกื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996.
07:34
He charged five bucks a head to come see the nun bun
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื‘ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืœื—ืžื ื™ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื”
07:36
till he got a cease-and-desist from Mother Teresa's lawyer.
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ืขื“ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฆื• ื”ืฉื‘ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจืš-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืžื ืชืจื–ื”.
07:40
Here's Our Lady of Guadalupe and Our Lady of Watsonville, just down the street,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžื’ื•ืื“ืœื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘.
07:44
or is it up the street from here?
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืืŸ?
07:45
Tree bark is particularly good because it's nice and grainy, branchy,
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ืงืœื™ืคืช ืขืฅ ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช, ืžืกื•ืขืคืช,
07:49
black-and-white splotchy and you can get the pattern-seeking --
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ืžื•ื›ืชืžืช ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ืœื‘ืŸ, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช -
07:52
humans are pattern-seeking animals.
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ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช.
07:54
Here's the Virgin Mary on the side of a glass window in Sao Paulo.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืžืจื™ ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืกืื• ืคืื•ืœื•.
07:57
Here's when the Virgin Mary made her appearance on a cheese sandwich --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืžืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืกื˜ ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” -
ืฉืžืžืฉ ืื—ื–ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืงื–ื™ื ื• ื‘ืœืืก ื•ื’ืืก,
08:01
which I got to actually hold in a Las Vegas casino --
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08:03
of course, this being America.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
08:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:06
This casino paid $28,500 on eBay for the cheese sandwich.
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ื”ืงื–ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืœื 28,500 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืื™-ื‘ื™ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืกื˜ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”.
08:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:13
But who does it really look like? The Virgin Mary?
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ืืš ืœืžื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื•ืžื”, ืœื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืžืจื™?
08:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:17
It has that sort of puckered lips, 1940s-era look.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื.
08:21
Virgin Mary in Clearwater, Florida.
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ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืžืจื™ ื‘ืงืœื™ืจื•ื•ื˜ืจ, ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”.
08:23
I actually went to see this one.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
08:25
There was a lot of people there.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื - ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื• ืœืฉื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ -
08:26
The faithful come in their wheelchairs and crutches, and so on.
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ื›ืกืื•ืช ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘.
08:31
We went down and investigated.
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ื•ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื, ื—ืงืจื ื•.
08:33
Just to give you a size, that's Dawkins, me and The Amazing Randi,
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ - ื–ื” ื“ื•ืงื™ื ืก, ืื ื™ ื•ื”ืงื•ืกื ืจื ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
08:36
next to this two, two and a half story-sized image.
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ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช.
08:39
All these candles, thousands of candles people had lit in tribute to this.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ืืœืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืจื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืœื–ื”.
08:42
So we walked around the backside, to see what was going on.
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ืื– ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™, ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ,
08:45
It turns out wherever there's a sprinkler head and a palm tree,
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ืฉื ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืจืืฉ ืžืžื˜ืจื” ื•ืขืฅ ื“ืงืœ,
08:48
you get the effect.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜.
08:50
Here's the Virgin Mary on the backside, which they started to wipe off.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืžืจื™ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™, ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืžื—ื•ืง.
08:53
I guess you can only have one miracle per building.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื ืก ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
08:56
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:59
So is it really a miracle of Mary, or is it a miracle of Marge?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื ืก ืฉืœ ืžืจื™, ืื• ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื ืก ืฉืœ ืžืืจื’' ืกื™ืžืคืกื•ืŸ?
09:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:04
And now I'm going to finish up with another example of this,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
09:07
with auditory illusions.
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ื‘ืฉืžืข - ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื™ื•ืช.
09:10
There's this film, "White Noise," with Michael Keaton,
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ื™ืฉ ืกืจื˜, "ืจืขืฉ ืœื‘ืŸ",
ืขื ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืงื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื ื•.
09:13
about the dead talking back to us.
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09:15
By the way, the whole business of talking to the dead is not that big a deal.
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ืื’ื‘, ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžืชื™ื, ื–ื” ืœื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
09:19
Anybody can do it, turns out.
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09:20
It's getting the dead to talk back that's the really hard part.
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืชื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” - ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ืืžืช.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:23
(Laughter)
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ืจื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
09:25
In this case, supposedly, these messages are hidden in electronic phenomena.
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09:28
There's a ReverseSpeech.com web page where I downloaded this stuff.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ - ReverseSpeech.com , ืฉื ื”ื•ืจื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”.
09:32
This is the most famous one of all of these.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ืจืฆื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” - ื–ื” ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื”.
09:35
Here's the forward version of the very famous song.
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ื”ื ื” ื’ืจืกืช ื”ื”ืจืฆื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžืื•ื“.
09:38
(Music with lyrics)
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09:39
If there's a bustle in your hedgerow don't be alarmed now.
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09:45
It's just a spring clean for the May Queen.
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09:50
Yes, there are two paths you can go by, but in the long run,
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09:56
There's still time to change the road you're on.
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10:01
(Music ends)
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10:03
Couldn't you just listen to that all day?
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ื•ื•ืื•, ื”ืื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื?
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:06
All right, here it is backwards,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื”ื ื” ื”ืงื˜ืข ื‘ื”ืจืฆื” ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช,
10:07
and see if you can hear the hidden messages that are supposedly in there.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืื ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื•.
10:12
(Music with unintelligible lyrics)
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10:26
(Lyrics) Satan!
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10:27
(Unintelligible lyrics continue)
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10:41
What did you get? Audience: Satan!
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ืžื” ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื?
10:43
Satan. OK, at least we got "Satan".
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ: "ืฉื˜ืŸ")
10:45
Now, I'll prime the auditory part of your brain
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ: ืฉื˜ืŸ? ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืฉื˜ืŸ.
10:47
to tell you what you're supposed to hear, and then hear it again.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืžื™ืขืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื
ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ืืชื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข, ื•ืื– ื ืฉืžืข ื–ืืช ืฉื ื™ืช.
10:51
(Music with lyrics)
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11:17
(Music ends)
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11:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:20
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:26
You can't miss it when I tell you what's there.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืกืคืก ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื–ื” ืฉื.
11:29
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:32
I'm going to just end with a positive, nice little story.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื ื—ืžื“ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™
ืื•ื“ื•ืช - ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกืคืงื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—.
11:36
The Skeptics is a nonprofit educational organization.
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11:39
We're always looking for little good things that people do.
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ืื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
11:42
And in England, there's a pop singer.
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ื•ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืจืช ืคื•ืค.
11:44
One of the top popular singers in England today, Katie Melua.
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ื–ืžืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื›ื™ื•ื, ืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืžืœื•ืื”.
11:47
And she wrote a beautiful song.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจ ื™ืคื”ืคื”.
11:49
It was in the top five in 2005, called, "Nine Million Bicycles in Beijing."
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005, ื•ืฉืžื• "ืชืฉืขื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’."
11:55
It's a love story -- she's sort of the Norah Jones of the UK --
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื”ื‘ื” - ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”"ื ื•ืจื” ื’'ื•ื ืก" ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” -
11:58
about how she much loves her guy,
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ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”,
11:59
and compared to nine million bicycles, and so forth.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชืฉืขื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
12:02
And she has this one passage here.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื”.
12:04
(Music)
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12:05
(Lyrics) We are 12 billion light-years from the edge
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โ™ซ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 12 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžื”ืงืฆื” โ™ซ
โ™ซ ื–ื” ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ โ™ซ
12:11
That's a guess,
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12:13
No one can ever say it's true,
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โ™ซ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ โ™ซ
12:17
But I know that I will always be with you.
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โ™ซ ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืื”ื™ื” ืื™ืชืš โ™ซ
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื ื—ืžื“.
12:22
Michael Shermer: Well, that's nice. At least she got it close.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื”.
12:25
In America it'd be, "We're 6,000 light years from the edge."
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ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” "ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 6,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžื”ืงืฆื”."
12:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:29
But my friend, Simon Singh, the particle physicist now turned science educator,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื’, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื, ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ื,
12:33
who wrote the book "The Big Bang," and so on,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ" ื•ืขื•ื“.
12:35
uses every chance he gets to promote good science.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ืฆืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืžื“ืข ื˜ื•ื‘.
12:38
And so he wrote an op-ed piece in "The Guardian" about Katie's song,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžืืžืจ ื“ืขื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื“ื” ื’ืืจื“ื™ืืŸ" ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื˜ื™,
12:41
in which he said, well, we know exactly how far from the edge.
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ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืจื—ืง ืื ื• ืžื”ืงืฆื”.
12:46
You know, it's 13.7 billion light years, and it's not a guess.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” 12 - ื–ื” 13.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ, ื•ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ.
12:50
We know within precise error bars how close it is.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื›ืžื” ื”ืืžื“ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘.
12:54
So we can say, although not absolutely true, it's pretty close to being true.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขืœ-ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
12:58
And, to his credit, Katie called him up after this op-ed piece came out, and said,
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ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื•, ืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉืจื” ืืœื™ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืžืืžืจ.
ื•ืืžืจื”, "ืื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื‘ื•ื›ื”.
13:03
"I'm so embarrassed. I was in the astronomy club.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื“ืขืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ."
13:05
I should've known better."
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13:06
And she re-cut the song.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืจื›ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ.
13:08
So I will end with the new version.
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ื•ืืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
13:10
(Music with lyrics)
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โ™ซ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 13.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžื”ืงืฆื” โ™ซ
13:11
We are 13.7 billion light years
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13:13
from the edge of the observable universe.
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โ™ซ ืžืงืฆื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื ื” โ™ซ
โ™ซ ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง โ™ซ
13:17
That's a good estimate with well-defined error bars.
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โ™ซ ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ โ™ซ
13:21
And with the available information,
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โ™ซ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืื”ื™ื” ืื™ืชืš โ™ซ
13:24
I predict that I will always be with you.
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13:28
(Laughter)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:29
How cool is that?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื–ื”?
13:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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